FNDH 400 exam 1

galactose

6 member ring, not naturally found in nature alone, normally found in lactose

glucose

6 member ring, product of photo synthesis, major source of energy in our bodies

Viscous

: refers to the capacity of certain fibers to form a thick gel-like consistency.

Understand what a "calorie," as used by the public, represents

A "calorie" referred to by the general public is otherwise known as a kilocalorie (kcals). A kilocalorie is the amount of energy needed to raise 1 kilogram of water 1 degree Celsius.

Placebo

A harmless pill, medicine, or procedure prescribed more for the psychological benefit to the patient than for any physiological effect.

p-value

A p-value of anything smaller than 0.05 is commonly considered statistically significant, but 0.05 is not considered statistically significant.

confidence interval

Large confidence intervals indicate less confidence in value Small confidence indicate more confidence in value

sucrolose

Non-nutritive Identical structurally to sucrose but the alcohol groups replaced with chlorine molecules

Understand how oligosaccharides are structurally different from other polysaccharides, implications of this, and how Beano works

Oligosaccharides contain alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds which are not digested and reach the colon. In the colon, bacteria ferment the oligosaccharides which leads to flatulence. Beano helps reduce flatulence because it contains an enzyme (alpha-galactosidase) which is able to cleave this bond.

Know what sugar alcohols are and why they are a good option for products like chewing gum

Sugar alcohols are good for use in chewing gum because unlike sucrose, bacteria do not feed on and ferment sugar alcohols. When sucrose is used, bacteria ferment it, making acid. The acid leads to tooth decay and eventually cavities.

Amylopectin

branched chain of glucose molecules with alpha 1-4 bonds between the linear ones, and alpha 1-6 bonds between the branch points.

Macronutrients

carbohydrates, proteins, and fats needed in larger amounts

Zoochemicals

come from animals and are believed to provide health benefits beyond what the traditional nutrients do.

phytochemicals

come from plants (phyto) and are believed to provide health benefits beyond the traditional nutrients.

case control

compare people with and without disease to find common exposures

cross sectional

compares two or more populations at the same point in time

6. Animal study

doesn't take into consideration the physiology of humans

Monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose 1 sugar

sucrose

have alpha bonds, which form a "V" shape between the sugars glucose and fructose

maltose

have alpha bonds, which form a "V" shape between the sugars glucose and glucose

lactose

have beta bonds, which form a "/" shape between the sugars glucose and galactose

amylose

linear chain of glucose molecules with alpha 1-4 bonds in between

cohort studies

look at a group of subjects and measure their baseline through food frequency questionnaires. They start with different exposure levels to a certain eating or lifestyle, then are followed for a period of time to see if a disease develops.

simple carb

monosaccharide 1 and disaccharide 2 sugars

5. cross-sectional study

no time element & only based on group outcomes Why ranked below case-control? It doesn't take into account individuals characteristics it compares different populations at the same time · 6. Animal study

Luo Han Guo

non nutritive, natural

stevia

non nutritive, natural

Advantame

non- nutritive, Similar structure to aspartame and neotame but has a higher acceptable daily intake.

Acesulfame-potassium (K)

non-nutritive Not digested or absorbed and is heat stable.

Neotame

non-nutritive, aspartame 2.0 just contains an additional side group, Makes it heat stable. It breaks down the into the same amino acids as aspartame but in amount that are of little concern to those with PKU

saccharine

non-nutritive, oldest is sweet but leaves a bitter after-taste because it triggers both receptors

aspartame

nutritive, does not provide meaningful calories,Broken down into amino acids during digestion and provides 4kcals/g. It loses sweetness when heated. Made of aspartate and phenylalanine (which is a concern for those with PKU)

OR, RR, HR

odd ratios OR relative risks RR Hazard ratios HR 1= neutral >1 = increase risk <1= decrease risk 2= twice the risk 0.5= half the risk

complex carb

oliogosaccharide (3-10) and polysarccharide (<10)

blinding

open label (both researcher and subject know the treatment) single-blind- only the researcher knows and double blind- (neither know.)

clinical trials

prospective and provide an intervention, are the gold standard of scientific research. They are a controlled study using consenting people to find the safety and effectiveness of different items/regimens.

nonfermentable, non viscous fiber

reduce constipation and risk of colon cancer. It contributes to the bulk of stool and reduces the amount of time the matter can stay in the colon. (whole wheat, whole grain cereals, broccoli, and other vegetables)

Fermentable

refers to whether the bacteria in the colon can ferment or degrade the fiber into short chain fatty acids and gas.

4. case control

retrospective and requires subjects to remember past diet

Polysaccharides

starch, fiber, glycogen

vitro

studies performed outside of living organisms, and therefore cannot give insight as to how digestion or bioavailability affect things. Cells are grown in a lab and provided nutrients as well as conditions similar to the human body. (37 degrees Celsius, 5% CO2)

Disaccharide

sucrose(gf), lactose(g-galactose), maltose (gg) 2 sugar- the bonding name is glycosidic

1. Systematic literature reviews-

systematic literature reviews related to a certain research question. it synthesizes findings from multiple studies & research articles

randomization

the sick and healthy will ideally be evenly distributed between the groups

fermentable, viscous fiber:

to decrease blood cholesterol and sugar concentrations, thus also lowering the risk of heart disease and diabetes,(oats, rice, psyllium seeds, soy, and some fruits) viscous nature slows absorption of glucose which aids in controlled blood glucose levels. It lowers blood cholesterol by binding bile acids and causing them to be excrete, causing more cholesterol to be used in bile acids.

Micronutrients

vitamins and minerals needed in smaller amounts

functional foods

· Functional foods are thought to provide health benefits beyond what the traditional nutrients do in foods.

fructose

5 member ring, found in fruits used commercially in many beverages. is the sweetest of the monosarccharides

Epidemiology

Trying to find connections (correlations) between food and health conditions.

2. Clinical trial

(causality) the relationship between cause and effect. They have an intervention.

3. cohort

- prospective and does not provide intervention

7. vitro

- weakest review due to weakest form of evidence overall; does not take into account digestion or bioavailability in humans

starch

A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.

Some compounds can be both phytochemicals and zoochemicals.

An example of compounds that can be classified as both are the yellow carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin. Kale, spinach, and corn contain phytochemicals and are good sources of lutein and zeaxanthin. Whereas egg yolks contain zoochemicals and are also a good source of these carotenoids.

Know what nutrients provide energy and how much

Carbohydrate: 4 (kcals/g) · Protein: 4 (kcals/g) · Lipids: 9 (kcals/g) Vitamins, minerals, and water do NOT provide energy Alcohol is NOT a nutrient but it does provide energy (7 kcals/g)

Understand the compositional difference/similarity of high-fructose corn syrup and sucrose; know how these differences/similarities impact expected outcomes from consuming them.

High-fructose corn syrup provides about the same amount of fructose, we digest carbohydrates down to free monosaccharides before they are taken up and absorbed. Thus, what we get from consuming high-fructose corn syrup and sucrose is about the same amount of fructose

glycogen

The animal storage form of glucose. like amylopectin but is more branched; the branch points are alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds, while the linear bonds are alpha 1-4 bonds. The multiple branch points allows glucose to be cleaved off at a faster rate when needed by the body.

animal studies

These studies are less expensive, and easier to control than with humans. However, their physiology and metabolisms are different than humans, as well as models of disease, which makes it hard to interpret results.