food dev pt 2

Cultural Racism and Agriculture

"On the most basic level, the agricultural settlement was universally recognized as the line separating civilization from savagery—the domestication of the "Wild West" and the creation of a "civilized" and "productive" society." Ontario, CA and the citrus colony - white, middle class, christian colony that became planning model.

Bayer Crop Science spokesperson Charla Lord

"There is an extensive body of research on glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides, including more than 800 rigorous registration studies required by EPA, European and other regulators, that confirms that these products are safe when used as directed," the statement continued. Glyphosate is one of the most widely used herbicides in the U.S., according to the National Pesticide Information Center, which also says the herbicide has "carcinogenic potential." According to Reuters, Bayer faces about 8,000 more lawsuits on the herbicide.

Employers and Consumers

-Barriers -Sufficient candidate pool of workers of color Implicitbias

Free-Range Farming

-Better protection from predators and the weather -Under the control of humans -Animals lives on the farm are much shorter than they would be in the wild (however, ideally, this death is painless and stress free) ■There is a range - the ideal is not the norm - Each of these elements of ideal free-range farming can be incorporated on a scale ■Vegetarian Agriculture - These ideals apply to non-meat eaters as well, animals are farmedfor non-meat products and conditions can be consistent (CAFOs exist for egg/milk production as well)

The most likely users of H-2A labor are:

-Full-time growers -Large farms -Farms earning total cash receipts of at least $250,000 H-2A workers are most likely to pick: -Tobacco -Apples -Sweet potatoes -Tomatoes -Nursery stock (ferns, flowers, etc.)

Why industrial animal agriculture?

-High efficiency -Maximizing profits -Minimizing the price of food at the supermarket

Workers barriers

-Lack of training -Social networks -Transportation -Childcare -Interactions with the criminal justice system

What are the effects?

-Quality of live for people who live near and work on AFOs -Contamination in the meat and water supply -Farm-bred viruses and antibiotic resistant bacteria

Do Animals Have Rights? Carl Cohen -Cohen, Carl.1997.Do animalshaverights?. Ethics&Behavior

-Why does he argue that animals can not be the bearers of rights? -Philosophers have struggled with this question, where do our rights come from? What does Cohen offer as an answer tothis? -Do individuals or groups qualify for the possession of rights? Whatimplications does this have, according to Cohen? -How does "Inherent value" play into this debate? What isCohen'sprimaryargumentforwhyhuman rights outweighanimalrights

Huff Our 5-Step Recipe for Social Change

1. FRAME 2. CONNECT 3. FOCUS 4. CHALLENGE 5. ACTION

What makes an animal well-off? "Five Freedoms" Framework

1.Freedom from health and thirst - by ready access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health and vigor 2.Freedom from discomfort - by providing an appropriate environment including shelter and a comfortable resting area 3.Freedom from pain, injury, or disease - by prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment 4.Freedom to express normal behavior - by providing sufficient space, proper facilities, and company of the animals' own kind 5.Freedom from dear and distress - by ensuring conditions andtreatment that avoid mental suffering

The Restaurant Industry

11 million workers One of the fastest growing sectors in the US economy Workers occupy seven out of ten lowest paid occupations Restaurant workers experience poverty at nearly three times the rate of workers overall, and workers of color experience poverty at nearly twice the rate of white restaurant workers 20% of restaurant jobs provide livable-wages, and fine-dining servers in big cities make between $50,000-$150,000 annually - Women and people of color face significant barriers in obtaining thesepositions White workers are more likely to be interviewed and twice as likely to be hired, as equally or better- qualified workers of color applying to the same establishment 81% of management and 78% of higher-level non- management are occupied by white workers

Important Amendments

13th : abolishes slavery, and involuntary servitude, except aspunishment for a crime 15th : prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on race,color or previous condition of servitude 19th:prohibitsthe denial of therighttovotebased onsex

When The U.S. Government Tried To Replace Migrant Farmworkers With High Schoolers

1965. On Cinco de Mayo, newspapers across the country reported that Secretary of Labor W. Willard Wirtz wanted to recruit 20,000 high schoolers to replace the hundreds of thousands of Mexican agricultural workers who had labored in the United States under the so-called Bracero Program. farmers complained — in words that echo today's headlines — that Mexican laborers did the jobs that Americans didn't want to do, and that the end of the Bracero Program meant that crops would rot in the fields. "They can do the work," Wirtz said at a press conference in Washington, D.C., announcing the creation of the project, called A-TEAM — Athletes in Temporary Employment as Agricultural Manpower. "They are entitled to a chance at it." Standing beside him to lend gravitas were future Baseball Hall of Famers Stan Musial and Warren Spahn and future Pro Football Hall of Famer Jim Brown. Problems arose immediately for the A-TEAM nationwide. In California's Salinas Valley, 200 teenagers from New Mexico, Kansas and Wyoming quit after just two weeks on the job. "We worked three days and all of us are broke," the Associated Press quoted one teen as saying. Students elsewhere staged strikes. At the end, the A-TEAM was considered a giant failure and was never tried again. "There's nothing you can say to us that [migrant laborers] are rapists or they're lazy," he says. "We know the work they do. And they do it all their lives, not just one summer for a couple of months. And they raise their families on it. Anyone ever talks bad on them, I always think, 'Keep talking, buddy, because I know what the real deal is.' "

Food Insecurity

25% of people lived in families that had experienced one or more of the three problems; 20% had encountered shortages of food, and the remaining 5% had worried about shortages. Nearly 50% of people in low-income families (below 200 percent of the poverty level) experienced some worries about or difficulty affording food, compared to 14% of those in families with higher incomes, a statistically significant difference.

What is Structural Racism

A lens - an analysisA way to understand what is happening and how race impacts it.A tool to develop strategy First steps, bigger strides and boundary crossings. Fixing a problem may require starting on a different problem.

Why Study Majority-Minority Cities?

A majority-minority city refers to those jurisdictions whose population is composed of less than 50% non-Hispanic whites. Currently, 7 out of the 15 most populous American cities are majority-minority.23The US Census estimates that America as a wholewill become majority-minority by 2043.24 By focusing on majority-minority cities this study is positioned to capture the complex dynamics that shape opportunities and employment conditions for workers of color inan increasingly diverse society. The service sector, and in particular the restaurant industry continues to displace manufacturing asa primary driver of the economy. Although the industry is responsible for many poverty level jobs, it provides livable-wage jobs to nearly twenty percent of its workforce, and has the potential to provide a sustainable career ladder to millions of workers.18

Structural Racism

A system in which public policies, institutional practices, cultural representations, and other norms work in various, often reinforcing ways to perpetuateracial group inequity. It identifies dimensions of our history and culture that have allowedprivileges associated with "whiteness" and disadvantages associated with "color" to endure and adapt over time. Structural racism is not something that a few people or institutions choose to practice. Instead it has been a feature of the social, economic and political systems in which we all exist.

A right, unlike an interest, is a valid claim, or potential claim, made by a moral agent, under principles that govern both the claimant and the target of the claim.

Animals cannot be the bearers of rights because the concept of rights is essentially human; it is rooted in and has force within a human moral world.

Do Animals Have Rights? Carl Cohen

Animals do not have rights. Right does not apply in their world. We do have many obligations to animals, of course, and I honor Regan's appreciation of their sensitivities.I also honor his seriousnessof purpose, and his alwayscivil and always rational spirit. But he is, I submit, profoundly mistaken.

Public Health & Safety

Animals in such close confinement, along with some of the feed and animal management methods employed in the system, increase pathogen risks and magnify opportunities fortransmission from animals to humans -Prolonged worker contact with animals -Increased pathogen transmission within a herd or flock -Increased opportunities for the generation of antimicrobial resistant bacterial or new stains of viruses Communities near CAFOs are subject to air and water pollution that can effect all people, especially children, elderly, and those with existing health problems -Respiratory symptoms, disease and impaired function -Neurobehavioral symptoms and impaired function

Monsanto Roundup & Dicamba Trial Tracker

April 23, 2021 Trial lawyers accuse Monsanto, Bayer of "pay-to-appeal scheme," allege "fraud" lawyers who led the nationwide U.S. Roundup litigation through three trial victories and forced Monsanto owner Bayer AG into an $11 billion settlement have notified a federal court that they have uncovered evidence of fraud in a secret deal between Monsanto and a lone plaintiff's lawyer who has not been active in the litigation until recently. lawyers from three firms involved in the three successful Roundup trials alerted the court to what they said was an effort by Monsanto to "buy" a favorable appellate court ruling. The agreement between Monsanto and one plaintiff and his attorney is a "pay-to-appeal scheme," according to plaintiffs' lawyers Aimee Wagstaff, Brent Wisner and Jennifer Moore. The legal team asks the court to dismiss the appeal they allege is the focus of the scheme. Monsanto co primary hope at this point is to get a U.S. Supreme Court finding that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's approval of its products, and stance that those products are not likely to cause cancer, essentially bars complaints that Monsanto didn't warn of any cancer risk with its herbicides. Monsanto is asserting the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) preempts state laws and a duty to warn. The legal team for the nationwide litigation point out in their filing this week that while there is robust scientific evidence associating Roundup exposure to NHL, there is a lack of scientific evidence associating Roundup to MFH, differentiating the case from the bulk of others filed against the company.

COVID-19 AND FARMWORKERS National Center for FW Health -Feb. 2021

As of January 31st, 2021, 99% of rural counties in America had reported positive COVID-19 cases and 96% had reported one or more deaths. More than 3.7millionrural residents have tested positive for COVID-19 and 69,405deaths among rural Americans have been attributed to the disease. The current prevalent case rate in rural counties is 819.6 cases per 10,000 residents and the current death rate is 15.1per 10,000 residents. The prevalent case rate is now higher in rural counties than urban counties. In late May, theprevalent case rate was 28.95 per 10,000 residents in rural areas, so the prevalence of COVID-19 in rural counties has increased 28-fold in seven months. Because of COVID outbreaks in over 700 meatpacking and food processing plants, U.S. beef and pork production declined by 40% in the summer of 2020. Produce processing plants have reported declines in production as well, and the U.S. apple industry has lost $174 million during the pandemic. Mass layoffs of agricultural workers have been reported in various locations in order to meet social distancing guidelines, low product demand, and due to positive cases among a cohort of workers. Many workers fear testing for COVID since a positive test may mean a permanent job loss. Research by the CDC found that Hispanic or Latino workers employed in food production or agriculture had a substantially higher prevalence of COVID-19 compared to non-Hispanic workers in those industries. Among the 31 states who reported data, only 37% of workers in those industries were Hispanic or Latino but they represented 73% of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases in the food processing and agriculture industries.

Obesity Among Latino Children Within a Migrant Farmworker Community

Background: Childhood obesity has increased substantially among Latino children, placing them at risk for its related health consequences. Limited attention has been given to childhood obesity among Latino migrant farm-working communities. Purpose: To examine, within a migrant farm-working community, (1) the prevalence of obesity among Latino children and parents and (2) parent perceptions of children's weight status and intentions to take corrective action. Results: Forty-seven percent of the children were overweight (20%) or obese (27%). In comparison to preschool-aged children, those in elementary and middle school were more likely to be obese. In elementary school, girls were more likely than boys to be overweight or obese. Child obesity was associated with parent obesity. Parental concern about their child's weight was associated with child obesity but not with child overweight. Parental concern was associated with parent intention to address the child's weight, particularly in older children. Analysis was completed in 2012. Conclusions: Interventions are needed that address both childhood obesity and parent weight status among Latino migrant farmworkers. Prevention programs that address the weight status of Latino children who are overweight, but not necessarily obese, are also needed, as their parents tend to be no more concerned about a child who is overweight than one who is normal weight. https://bb.uvm.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-3613785-dt-content-rid-66738259_1/courses/202101-12610/Obesity%20in%20children.pdf

So many more issues in public health ...................

Behavioral Health Cancer Children's Health Diabetes Eye Care Family Violence HIV/AIDs Hepatitis Immunizations Oral Health Tuberculosis Women's Health

How Depression Impacts Efforts to Address Obesity Among Farmworkers

Biological, lifestyle, and environmental factors all affect obesity, both in the general population and among farmworkers. A recent study by investigators at the Western Center for Agricultural Health and Safety (WCAHS) sheds light on this gap in research and suggests that depression may reduce the effectiveness of workplace weight-loss programs over 70 percent of farmworkers, the majority of whom are Latino immigrants, are overweight or obese. Latino immigrant farmworkers in the United States are more likely to be overweight or obese than U.S.-born Latinos and other Latino immigrants, and they have a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes (26-39 percent) and metabolic syndrome (56 percent). Somewhere between 20-50 percent of immigrant farmworkers may have clinical depression, compared to just 7.6 percent of adults in the U.S. Overall, 27% of participants met the criteria for high risk for depression. suggesting that depressive symptoms may have had a negative impact on farmworkers' success in the program, in particular among women.

it is possible for important social change to occur through deliberate political and policy action. BOVE

But notice the limits of each of the examples cited here. Each involves taking a fairly simple policy step and maintaining political support for carrying out that policy.

QUESTIONS WE MUST ASK

Can we address food prices for farmers without addressing wages for workers disproportionately people of color? Raising prices requires raising ability to pay. Can we address policy reform without broadening our base of support amongst people of color and blunting the power of symbolic racism or race neutrality? Country will be 50% non-White by 2050. Can we address land consumption and environmental degrdadation without addressing white flight from urban areas? Root causes deeply racialized.

Circa 2010, over 10 billion land animals were farmed on industrial animal farms in the US alone (Humane Society)

Chickens for meat, chickens for eggs, geese, ducks, cows for milk, cattlefor beef, and pigs

Children in U.S. Agriculture

Child agricultural workers may work on farms under three different scenarios: Those who work on their parents' or family member's farm Those who work on local farms part-time or during the summer to earn extra money. Those who feel compelled to work out of economic necessity, often migrating alone or with their families from farm to farm. http://www.ncfh.org/uploads/3/8/6/8/38685499/fs-child_labor2018.pdf

• Children who work in the fields are exempt from minimum wage provisions in certain cases

Children working in all other occupations are required to be paid minimum wage.

WHAT THE FOOD SYSTEMS MOVEMENTMENT CAN DO

Create a long-term strategy that demands structural transformation of the economy through new access to credit strategies, investment vehicles that create a new political economy When evaluating policies always know who benefits and who doesn't Alliance building with unlikely suspects who stand to benefit; alliances with Latinos in particular Strategies to take race on constructively in the public debate; combat colorblindness Capacity-building of community members for vision and policies for communities

Cultural Representations

Cultural representations refer to popular stereotypes, images, frames and narratives that are socialized and reinforced by media, language and other forms of mass communication and "common sense." Cultural representations can be positive or negative, but from the perspective of the dismantling structural racism analysis, too often cultural representations depict people of color in ways that are dehumanizing, perpetuate inaccurate stereotypes, and have the overall effect of allowing unfair treatment within the society as a whole to seem fair, or 'natural.'

Diversity

Diversity has come to refer to the various backgrounds and races that comprise a community, nation or other grouping. In many cases the term diversity does not just acknowledge the existence of diversity of background, race, gender, religion, sexual orientation and so on, but implies an appreciation of these differences. The structural racism perspective can be distinguished from a diversity perspective in that structural racism takes direct account of the striking disparities in well-being and opportunity areas that come along with being a member of a particular group and works to identify ways in which these disparities can be eliminated.

CONVENTIONAL GROUND BEEF = $3.99/lb ORGANIC GRASS FED GROUND BEEF =$8.99/lb

Do humans have the right to eat meat affordably? Do all humans have the right to eat meat? Do animals raised for food (meat/products) have the right to the "FiveFreedoms"? Who's rights are more important - the humans right to this food source or the animals rights to these standards of living? - We talked a lot about poverty - do people living in poverty not have the right to eat meat? Should this be reserved for the rich?

National Call to Action! 10 Strategies for Achieving U.S. Food Waste Reduction Goals

Engage and educate consumers Catalyze food-industry involvement Collect and share better data Measure and reduce farm losses Standardize food expiration dates Scale food-recovery capacity Expand recycling of food scraps Foster entrepreneurship and innovation Mobilize public and private financing Enhance coordination

Animal Welfare

Ethical question - What constitutes a reasonable life for animals and what kind of quality of life do we owe these animals? This is challenging because it is an ethical dilemma that transcends objective scientific measures and incorporates values-basedconcerns: -Animal health and disease -Ability to move around -Right to see daylight, be outside -Stress levels

Ethnicity

Ethnicity refers to the social characteristics that people may have in common, such as language, religion, regional background, culture, foods, etc. Ethnicity is revealed by the traditions one follows, a person's native language, and so on. Race, on the other hand, describes categories assigned to demographic groups based mostly on observable physical characteristics, like skin color, hair texture and eye shape.

Cheap Eats, Cheap Labor: The Hidden Human Costs Of Those Lists

Everyone loves a cheap eats list. A treasure map to $1 tacos! $4 banh mi! $6 pad Thai! More often than not, the Xs that mark the cheap spots are in the city's immigrant enclaves. Indeed, food media is never so diverse as when it runs these lists, its pages fill with names of restaurateurs and chefs of color. I've been told flatly by Yelpers, customers and food reviewers that my restaurant is too expensive "for Vietnamese food." https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/02/12/512905725/cheap-eats-cheap-labor-the-hidden-human-costs-of-those-lists

The article in Natural Geographic about feeding the world suggests we:

Expand our agricultural footprint

Agriculture is among the greatest contributors to global warming, emitting more greenhouse gases than all our cars, trucks, trains, and airplanes combined—largely from methane released by cattle and rice farms, nitrous oxide from fertilized fields, and carbon dioxide from the cutting of rain forests to grow crops or raise livestock. The future of food nat geo

Farming is the thirstiest user of our precious water supplies and a major polluter, as runoff from fertilizers and manure disrupts fragile lakes, rivers, and coastal ecosystems across the globe. Agriculture also accelerates the loss of biodiversity. As we've cleared areas of grassland and forest for farms, we've lost crucial habitat, making agriculture a major driver of wildlife extinction.

Farmworkers are exposed to pesticides in the fields.

Farmworker families are also exposed. Paraoccupational exposure results from direct contact with farmworkers, such as parents or household members. Children and family members may also be exposed by pesticide applications and from pesticide drift. Toxic exposures don't just happen to farmworkers. Migrant workers may be exposed to household and industrial cleaners, industrial manufacturing products, and other chemical exposures. Chemical exposure poses a huge range of health risks.

It is estimated that more than half of farmworker households are food insecure.

Farmworkers in migrant housing may face added food insecurity due to lack of access to transportation, food storage, and cooking facilities. It is estimated that more than half of farmworker households are food insecure. Several studies estimate that more than half of farmworker house-holds are food insecure.

Food System Structure Has Impacted Our Lives Greatly

Food marketing labor (assemblers, manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers and eating places) has been growing (13.8 million in 1998;17% increase from a decade before) 4x the number of farm workers. 73% of the growth is in "away from home" eating places Prepared foods were 12.5% of at-home food expenditures in 1995.

The H-2A Program

H-2A is a seasonal agricultural visa that allows employers to hire workers from abroad on a short term basis as non- immigrant "guest workers." In order to hire guest workers, employers must: -Meet certain wage and working conditions -Prove there is a shortage of U.S. workers -Demonstrate that the job is temporary

Outmoded child labor laws from the 30s fail to cover children working in agriculture. Considered the most dangerous industry open to children, agriculture claimed the lives of 75 percent of children under 16 who died from work-related injuries in 2010. Thousands more are injured every year.

H.R. 2342: CARE Act of 2013 amends the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 to define "oppressive child labor," for the purposes of the Act's child labor prohibitions. Efforts to pass laws extending protection have been stuck in Congressional committees since 2009. In 2012 then President Obama tried to issue an executive order ending exploitation of children on larger farms. The farm lobby campaigned aggressively and the White House cancelled the order.

How Many Slaves Work for You?

I discovered that 60 slaves work for me — cutting the tropical wood for my furniture, harvesting the Central Asian cotton in my shirts or mining the African precious metals used in my electronics. One way to reduce our complicity and attack human trafficking is to participate in Made in a Free World, a platform started by Slavery Footprint to show companies how to eliminate forced labor from their supply chains. A smartphone app also allows consumers to identify items made by forced labor and send letters to the manufacturers, demanding that they investigate the origins of the raw materials used in their products. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/01/opinion/how-many-slaves-work-for-you.html

whites are carefully taught not to recognize white privilege, as males are taught not to recognize male privilege

I have come to see white privilege as an invisible package of unearned assets that I can count on cashing in each day, but about which I was "meant" to remain oblivious. White privilege is like an invisible weightless knapsack of special provisions, maps, passports, codebooks, visas, clothes, tools, and blank checks.

Immigrant and migrant populations work in some of the riskiest industries in the country including agriculture, forestry, fishing and construction.

Immigrants have higher rates of injury and fatality compared to workers in other sectors. In fact, foreign born workers are more likely to die on the job than those born in the US.

Nobodies Does slavery exist in America?

Immokalee (which rhymes with "broccoli" and means "my home" in Seminole) is bordered on the south by the Big Cypress swamp, and surrounded on all other sides by citrus groves and tomato fields. The town's official population is about twenty thousand, but during the growing season, between November and May, it increases to nearly twice that. The town looks more like a work camp than like an American community. Municipal authorities provide little in the way of public services; for several days In 2001, a county sheriff's deputy was sentenced to fourteen years in prison for dealing crack and shaking down local drug dealers. parts of the Southeast, agricultural workers are quartered in trailer camps miles from town; Immokalee's pickers, as citrus and tomato workers are often called, live in plain sight, densely concentrated between First and Ninth Streets, close to the South Third Street pickup spot. Those who don't live there are forced either to walk a great distance twice a day or to pay extra for a ride to work . As a result, rents near the parking lot are high. The town's largest landlord, a family named Blocker, owns several hundred old shacks and mobile homes, many rusting and mildew-stained, which can rent for upward of two hundred dollars a week, a square-footage rate approaching Manhattan's. (Heat and phone service are not provided.) It isn't unusual for twelve workers to share a trailer. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2003/04/21/nobodies

Farmers Lose: The New Sharecropping

In 1997, 1/3 of crops and livestock produced under contract Marketing contracts - sets price before commodity is market ready and farmer retains control (fruit & vegetables 40%, dairy 60% of market Production contracts - contractor controls production (70% of poutry and egg market) Consolidation of market means buyer controls terms. In 1997, US grown and consumed agricultural prices increased 4.7% in 1996 and farmer's received 4.4% less

Systemic Racism

In many ways "systemic racism" and "structural racism" are synonymous. If there is a difference between the terms, it can be said to exist in the fact that a structural racism analysis pays more attention to the historical, cultural and social psychological aspects of our currently racialized society.

In U.S. Restaurants, Bars And Food Trucks, 'Modern Slavery' Persists

In restaurants, bars and food trucks across America, many workers are entrapped in a form of modern slavery. That's according to a new report by Polaris, an organization that fights human trafficking and helps survivors. In the report the group offers a detailed portrait of human trafficking as it occurs in the U.S., breaking it down into 25 distinct business models, from nail salons to hotel work and domestic service. He called the report the largest data set on human trafficking in the U.S. ever compiled and publicly analyzed. The Polaris team analyzed 32,208 reports of human trafficking, and 10,085 reports of labor exploitation processed through its hotlines for victims between 2007 and 2016. The goal: to identify profiles of traffickers and their victims — and the methods they use to recruit and control them — across industries, in order to better thwart them. Some victims were forced to provide both sex and labor. Women from Latin America — including many minors — come to America beguiled by promises of good wages, safe migration or even a romantic relationship. They're put to work selling drinks, and sex, at bars and cantinas, says Jennifer Penrose, data analysis director for Polaris and co-author of the report. https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/03/29/521971468/in-u-s-restaurants-bars-and-food-trucks-modern-slavery-persists

Urbanization

In the mid-west--development of large, mechanized farms that pushed small farmers out of business - "The displacement of families from agricultural lands also concerned a growing American eugenics movement that debated the effects of migration on the U.S. 'racial stock.'"

Farm Raised Fish

Increased Demand for fish is going up! Must have documentation stating the fish was raised to FDA standards Keep documents for 90 days from the sale of the fish

Individual Racism

Individual racism can include face-to-face or covert actions toward a person that intentionally express prejudice, hate or bias based on race.

Consider

Industrial Animal Agriculture -Provides affordable meat -Negative environmental impacts -Negative community impacts -Poor conditions for workers and for animals Alternative Animal Agriculture -Much more expensive meat -Better on the environment -Better for communities -Usually better conditions for workers and animals** *consider livable wage, prosperity, future of farming

Institutional Racism

Institutional racism refers to the policies and practices within and across institutions that, intentionally or not, produce outcomes that chronically favor, or put a racial group at a disadvantage. Poignant examples of institutional racism can be found in school disciplinary policies in which students of color are punished at much higher rates that their white counterparts, in the criminal justice system, and within many employment sectors in which day-to-day operations, as well as hiring and firing practices can significantly disadvantage workers of color.

Vegan Utopia

Is following a vegan diet the only way to live morally? How would it impact the quality of life for humans who very much enjoy these products? ■Animals play a valuable, often essential, role in agriculture as a source of fertilizer, as grazers, and elements of thriving ecosystems ■Much land is not fit for farming - this land can be used to sustain these animals that we can use as a food source ■Cows, chickens, and other animals have a life because of the shelter and healthcare provided by farmers Is there something morally wrong with killing plants, which are also living cells that are crucial elements of thriving ecosystems?

"What is it like to be a migrant worker in Vermont?" — Hannah Lindner-Finlay, Westminster West

John Gooden, who travels from Jamaica to work at Harlow Farm in Westminster, doesn't even like that word, migrant. "Migrant, it's like you run away. And you have nowhere to stay," he says. "They give us a little piece of paper, so if the cops stop us on the road, you can show the paper. And [they] say, 'Oh, these guys are legal.'" John is authorized to work at this organic farm — he has an H-2A visa, which allows for foreign workers to do seasonal agricultural work. And as long as he doesn't stay past its expiration date, he's on solid legal ground. Immigrants who work here year-round, without authorization, aren't so secure — especially these days. he prefers immigrants not migrants ppl w/o authorization are not so secure Since Gerald's first season, the crew of men from Jamaica has grown. And Gerald has worked his way up to "dock boss," or dock manager — though everyone on the farm calls him Policeman. Police for short. Being a migrant worker is not a one size fits all experinece

Why CAFOs?

Lets breakdown and question this statement "Industrial farming is highlyefficient"... This is a very cost effective way of producing food...BUT This way of producing food may not be the way of producing food that has the least cost to all of us in society...why is that? -Environment & Externalities -Public Health & Safety -Animal Welfare & Ethics -Quality of Life

Quality of Life

Life in rural America and persistent poverty - lack of economic diversity, few options for work or professional advancement, high unemployment rates Transformation of American Agriculture - Industrialization has changed the face of rural America from family-owned farms producing a diverse mix of crops and food animals to large-scale operations producing just one animal species or growing one crop - which has fared poorly for rural communities Instead of having control over the decisions made on the farm, farmers have to sign contracts with big buyers to assure payment, but these contracts often require significant capital investments to meet demand - These contracts make it almost impossible to have free, competitive open markets because the price of goods is controlled by the buyer ■Quality of Life for farm owners, workers, neighbors, and communities ■Who lives near these facilities? Environmental racism?

While many restaurants have their own internal structure of jobs and job titles, a common pattern for classifying occupations is applicable throughout the industry.

Managerial and Supervisory Positions. These positions include General Managers, Assistant Managers, Wine Directors/Sommeliers, Chefs and Sous Chefs. Many of these positions require specific vocational training or experience. Front-of-the-House (FOH) Positions. These positions involve direct customer contact, and include Hosts, Maitre D's, Bussers, Food Runners, Servers, Captains, Bartenders, and Barbacks. • Back-of-the-House (BOH) Positions. These positions involve no direct guest contact, and include Cleaners, Dish- washers, Preparatory Cooks, Line Cooks, and Chefs. Both the front-of-the-house and the back-of-the-house contain positions that can be categorized into tiers based on compensation and other aspects of job quality, which we refer to as Tier I and Tier II within both FOH and BOH. This study closely examines the differences in outcome associated between these two tiers, and in particular the outcomes associated with Tier I FOH positions in fine-dining. As Figure 2 demonstrates, Tier I positions include those such as servers and bartenders in FOH, and chefs and sous chefs in BOH, while Tier II positions include those such as bussers and runners in FOH, and prep cooks and dishwashers in BOH. https://bb.uvm.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-3613761-dt-content-rid-66738265_1/courses/202101-12610/REPORT_The-Great-Service-Divide.pdf

Migrant Health Issues

Migrants struggle with similar challenges as other underserved populations regarding access to health care, but face the additional barriers of mobility, language, and cultural differences, lack of familiarity with local health care services, and limited eligibility to publicly and privately funded health care programs. While the uninsured rate for underserved Americans has dropped since the adoption of the Affordable Care Act, anecdotal evidence indicates that many migrant workers like farmworkers are unable to afford co-pays and deductibles. Migrants are on the move -- but their health care might not follow. Their migratory lifestyles bring them out of their provider networks, reducing access further. Undocumented workers remain ineligible for coverage under the ACA. Fear of deportation and contact with governmental agencies makes access to health care even more complicated for undocumented migrants.

The following are the Department of Labor's (pdf) standards for children working in the fields:

Minors who are at least 16 years of age may perform any farm job, including agricultural occupations declared hazardous by the Secretary of Labor, at any time, including during school hours. Minors who are at least 14 years of age may work outside of school hours in any agricultural occupation except those declared hazardous by the Secretary of Labor.

Farmworkers Are on the Frontlines of Climate Change. Can New Laws Protect Them? As temperatures heat up, farmworkers face mounting health risks. Some advocates are creating and expanding laws to protect them.

Most people are unaware that the abundant produce available in modern supermarkets—tomatoes, strawberries, even oranges—is all picked by hand. And because farmworkers are often paid by the piece, they pick as fast as they can, even when that means neglecting to take breaks and drinking water. summer of 2018 was the fourth-warmest since record keeping began and it caused serious problems for farmworkers, who already face a legion of health challenges. The National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reported that 23 states across the West, South, and Northeast recorded above average daytime highs NOAA's Climate Prediction Center suspect the current El Niño weather pattern may last well into 2019, making this year's upcoming summer the hottest yet. constant daily heat exposure that causes health problems down the road invisible, "This is a public health issue," said Economos. "But it's also a justice issue, because people who feed us deserve strong protections from the effects of climate change.

STRUCTURAL RACISM ANALYSIS

Multiple institutions (electoral, education system, health care system, transportation and many others) make up our structural arrangements; They Interact and create incentives and disincentives for one another often in complex and sometimes subtle ways; The structural arrangements are NOT race, gender, class neutral (and these are mutually constructing); Impact is cumulative and have created multi-generational exclusions from opportunities that manifest today.

The Center for Social Inclusion

National Policy Advocacy Organization Promote opportunity by dismantling structural racism WHAT WE DO (Catalyst and a Bridge) Partner with communities and national organizations Develop reform ideas through partnerships and applied research Inform the public Convene stakeholders Nurture multiracial alliances Support advocacy strategies to promotestructural reforms

The Public Cost of Low Wages in the Full-Service Restaurant Industry

Nearly half of the families of full-service restaurant workers are enrolled in one or more public-assistance programs The cost of public assistance to families of workers in the full service restaurant industry is $9,434,067,497 Tipped restaurant workers live in poverty at 2.5 times the rate of theoverall workforce Restaurant workers as a whole experience poverty at a rate over twice that of the overall workforce - 20.9% Large, full-service restaurant companies like Darden and DineEquity pay their workers so little that many of the employees of these companies rely on taxpayer- funded programs Thetaxpayercost of a singleOliveGarden is$196,970annually

What Structural Racism Isn't

Not an anti-discrimination paradigm Not about intentional discrimination Not about a single institution (although institutional behavior matters in the analysis)

Climate change disproportionately affects the poor more than other populations.

Outdoor workers like migrant farmworkers are particularly vulnerable. Climate change is estimated to affect the health of outdoor workers through increased temperatures, more extreme weather, degraded air quality, and more vector borne diseases. Migrants may have a higher risk of being exposed to these changes as a result of substandard housing (that may lack insulation and air conditioning) and outdoor work (resulting in increase in heat stress and other heat-related illnesses). They also may have fewer resources to help them adapt to the changes.

A lesson from the past. Populism

Post Reconstruction reaction to economic inequity.Farmers, tenant farmers, sharecroppers, low wage urban workers formed the movement by members of the Farmer's Alliance and Knights of Labor. The party's platform included public ownership of railroads and utilities; agraduatedincometax; meaningfuldebtorrelief; popular,directelectionofPresidentandSenators;afreeandfair ballot honestly counted; powerful farm cooperatives; nationaltreasuryassistancetofarmersatlowinterestrates; federalpublicworksprogramsforabolitionofnationalbanks;and a working day of eight hours. Many of these proposals such as the direct election of senators and the income tax, moved into the political mainstream and be adopted over the next few decades. Black Populists in the South helped to launch the party in the region. Uniting with Black Populists became a strategic maneuver to obtain economic reform for White Populists. It ultimately died when White poplist leaders broke ranks on racial justice.

American Journal of Preventive Medicine Child obesity within the context of family Obesity Among Latino Children Within a Migrant Farmworker Community Javier I. Rosado PhD, Suzanne Bennett Johnson PhD, Kelly A.Mc Ginnity MSc, Jordan P. CuevasPhD

Previous research has given little attention to obesity among children from migrant farm-working families. Results from the current study point out that the prevalence of obesity is substantial among this population. Almost half (47.1%) of the children in this study were either obese or overweight. This number is higher than that in other national studies but consistent with reports available from rural communities. The higher prevalence of overweight/obesity may be attributed, in part, to the family lifestyle that is fostered by the occupation of migrant farmworkers. Child health is affected, as well as adult health: Nearly 83% of parents in this study had a BMI that fell into either the obese or overweight categories. Other studies with migrant farmworkers have found similar numbers of overweight and obese adults. This highlights the importance of addressing weight with the entire family, as the health of both the parents and children is at risk.

What are fish farms?

Principle form of aquaculture - involves raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosures, usually for food Different than fish hatcheries, which are facilities that release juvenile fish into the wild for recreational fishing or to supplement a species presence in a certain location

Why Race Matters

Race has been one of the drivers of bad structural arrangements that hurt us all. Communities of color are miners' canaries. Hit first and hardest. Communities of color are pivotal to strategies to transform structures that produce and reproduce poverty because how race is used for bad policy development and demographic shifts.

Some Implications: Race Matters

Racial Disparities are symptoms of structural arrangements. They tell us something about where to look for what isn't working. Alternative food production strategies matter, but without a structural race analysis will not solve structural inequities Everyone is harmed by structural racism, but communities of color may be harmed first and/or hardest. Food system transformation requires transforming structural racism.

STRUCTURAL RACISM AND HEALTH INEQUITIES

Racial minorities bear a disproportionate burden of morbidity and mortality. While this body of research has been invaluable in advancing knowledge on health inequities, it still locates the experiences of racism at the individual level. Yet, the health of social groups is likely most strongly affected by structural, rather than individual, phenomena. The structural forms of racism and their relationship to health inequities remain under-studied. This article reviews several ways of conceptualizing structural racism, with a focus on social segregation, immigration policy, and intergenerational effects. Studies of disparities should more seriously consider the multiple dimensions of structural racism as fundamental causes of health disparities. Studies find that individuals who report experiencing racism exhibit worse health than people who do not report it (Williams and Mohammed, 2009)

Common Views on Race and Poverty

Racism isn't really a significant problem any longer. It's about class, not race. "While it's certainly true that rates of poverty are shockingly high in the African-American community, they do not, in fact, represent a majority, a plurality, or even a quarter of the impoverished." Ezra Klein, American Prospect staff writer Solving racial disparities is important, but won't solve big problems, like global warming or the corporate conglomeration of the food system.

Racial and Gender Occupational Segregation in the RestaurantIndustry

Report by ROC (Restaurant Opportunities Centers United) "The Occupational Jim Crow" GUESS WHO... •Higher paying, more exclusive bartender and server positions •Server positions - lower paying, casual full-service restaurants •Lower paying busser, runner, or kitchen position in full service or limited-service fast food establishments •Who sees the largest segregation in wage? •Who is excluded from the most lucrative segments of the industry?

Health Risks To Farmworkers Increase As Workforce Ages

Researchers point to a number of causes for dwindling farmworkers: tighter border controls; higher prices charged by smugglers; well-paying construction jobs and a growing middle-class in Mexico that doesn't want to pick vegetables for Americans. 90 percent of California's crop workers were born in Mexico. But in recent years, fewer have migrated to the U.S., according to the U.S. Department of Labor. the average farmworker is now 45 years old, according to federal government data. Harvesting U.S. crops has been left to an aging population of farmworkers whose health has suffered from decades of hard labor.= injury Lopez is a U.S. citizen and has Medicare. He hopes to work for almost another decade, until his wife, who is 61 and picks broccoli, can collect her Social Security. Workers in the fields who have diabetes often cannot take their insulin because they have no place to refrigerate it, says Marquez. And they miss doctors' appointments during the busy harvesting seasons because many don't get paid when they don't work. Faced with an aging and dwindling workforce, Mission Ranches' McKinsey says farmers are trying to mechanize planting and harvesting to reduce their labor needs. But machines can only do so much, McKinsey says. You can replace the human hand in a factory, perhaps. But out here, the fields are bumpy and the winds are strong and you need people to bring the plants to life.

FASTCO 3 Principles To Guide Designing For Social Change

Solving the complicated and interconnected problems facing the world requires giving people agency, access, and the ability to take action. "Wicked problems" are those messy issues that are "more complex than we fully grasp, and open to multiple interpretations based on one's point of view." Poverty, obesity, or adequate health care are all perfect examples of wicked problems. RECOGNIZING THE INTERPLAY OF SYSTEMS AND HUMANS A FRAMEWORK FOR DESIGNING SOCIAL CHANGE PRINCIPLE 1: AGENCY PRINCIPLE 2: ACCESS PRINCIPLE 3: ACTION

5 steps

Step One: Freeze Agriculture's Footprint Step Two: Grow More on Farms We've Got Step Three: Use Resources More Efficiently Step Four: Shift Diets Step Five: Reduce Waste

'It's not fair, not right': how America treats its black farmers

Sugarcane farmers can't survive without large crop loans. For the Provosts, who say they suffered decades of discrimination, this could be the end of the line Each year in Louisiana, farmers produce 13m tons of sugarcane, generating $3bn. It is a lucrative crop to produce, due to regulated production limits and tariff-rate quotas that protect US supply from foreign competition. It is, as the American Sugar Cane League proudly notes, "arguably the most successful crop in the history of our state". he endured years of discrimination in the form of coercive contracts, fraud, below-market crop loans, vandalism, and retaliation for speaking out about the mistreatment of black farmers - until he was finally forced out of business in 2015. "They took my livelihood, my family's legacy," says June, his voice swelling with grief. "They took what I love."

It Is Legal For Kids To Work On Tobacco Farms, But It Can Make Them Sick In the U.S., children under the age of 18 are legally barred from purchasing cigarettes or other tobacco products. But they are allowed to harvest tobacco on farms.

The Fair Labor Standards Act, which governs child labor, makes exceptions to child labor laws for small farms and allows hires as young as 12 for larger ones. During tobacco picking season, some of the smaller farms in North Carolina will hire kids as young as 7 years old, says Melissa Bailey Castillo, outreach coordinator at the Kinston Community Health Center in Kinston, N.C. While the U.S. government has acknowledged the risks of tobacco farming, it's still legal for kids at age 12 to work on a tobacco farm of any size with parental permission, and there's no minimum age for children to work on small tobacco farms or those owned by family. Human Rights Watch interviewed 33 children, ages 13 to 17, who worked on tobacco farms in North Carolina. Nearly all of the children interviewed described experiencing symptoms of nausea, vomiting, headaches, dizziness, skin irritation or respiratory symptoms either during or after work. https://www.npr.org/2018/07/13/628585912/it-is-legal-for-kids-to-work-on-tobacco-farms-but-it-can-make-them-sick

Human Rights examples

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (United Nations GeneralAssembly) -Right to equal treatment -Right to protection of the law -Right to citizenship -Right against cruelty, inhuman punishment -Right to education -Right to healthcare Righttoadequatestandardofliving

Farm Worker Wage Trends

The average farm worker makes $9.06 an hour, compared to $16.75 for non-farm production workers. • Real wages for farm workers increased one-half of one percent (.5 percent) a year on average between 2000 and 2006. If there were a shortage, wages would be rising much more rapidly. • Farm worker earnings have risen more slowly in California and Florida (the states with the most fruit and vegetable production) than in the United States as a whole. The average household spends only about $1 a day on fresh fruits and vegetables. Labor costs comprise only 6 percent of the price consumers pay for fresh produce. • Thus, if farm wages were allowed to rise 40 percent, and if all the costs were passed on to consumers, the cost to the average household would be only about $8 a year.

Fighting Racism From the USDA, Black Farmers Gain Power Through Co-ops

The federation upholds a vision of local production for local consumption and seeks to defend the family land needed for that local production. The second winner, the Black Fraternal Organization of Honduras, has a similar mission and values. Some of the Federation of Southern Cooperatives farmers continue working land that was deeded to their ancestors by the US government after they were freed from slavery. This is the case with Ben Burkett, president of the Mississippi Association of Cooperatives, which is a member of the federation. He farms the 164 acres that his great-grandfather was given by the government in 1889. Burkett still has the land title signed by President Grover Cleveland. Institutional racism in the agricultural policies of the USDA is to blame for the loss of Black land Burkett says he believes the co-op structure is the only way to survive as a farmer in the rural South

The Public Costof Low Wagesin the Full-Service Restaurant Industry

The full-service restaurant industry currently employs over 4 million people and employment is expected to grow by nearly 10% by 2022.1,2 Despite the industry's growth, restaurant workers occupy eight of the ten lowest-paid occupations reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics; at least five of these are in full-service Nearly half of the families of full-service restaurant workers are en- rolled in one or more public-assistance programs. The cost of public assistance to families of workers in the full-service restaurant industry is $9,434,067,497 per year. Tipped restaurant workers live in poverty at 2.5 times the rate of the overall workforce.8 Restaurant workers as a whole experience poverty at a rate over twice that of the overall workforce - 20.9%.9 Large full-service restaurant companies like Darden and DineEquity pay their workers so little that many of the employees of these compa- nies rely on taxpayer-funded programs.10 The taxpayer cost of a single Olive Garden is $196,970 annually.11

MCN Migrant Health Issues

The health issues that face migrant and other mobile underserved populations are similar to those faced by the general population but are often magnified or compounded by their migratory lifestyle. Mobility results in poor continuity of care and simultaneously increases the need for care. Behavioral Health Cancer Children's Health Diabetes Eye Care Family Violence HIV/AIDs Hepatitis Immunizations Oral Health Tuberculosis Women's Health

Occupational Segregation & Inequality in the US Restaurant Industry

The restaurant industry employs nearly 11 million workers and is one of the fastest- growing sectors of the U.S. economy. Despite the industry's growth, restaurant workers occupy seven of the ten lowest-paid occupations reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.2 The economic position of workers of color in the restaurant industry is particularly precarious. Restaurant workers experience poverty at nearly three times the rate of workers overall, and workers of color experience poverty at nearly twice the rate of white restaurant workers.4

Children in the Fields

The stereotype of a farm worker is usually an adult male. In actuality, however, hundreds of thousands of children and teens work as hired farm laborers in fields across the United States. the Association of Farmworker Opportunity Programs (pdf)estimates that there are approximately 500,000 to 800,000 farm workers under the age of 18. For one thing, children in agriculture are the least protected by law compared to other sectors. Since 1938, federal labor laws have excluded child farm workers from labor protections provided to other working children. For instance, unlike other occupations, children twelve and younger (with a special waver) can legally work in agriculture. Farm work is hard work, and it is often done in extreme conditions. In addition to inadequate labor laws, children working in agriculture face exposure to dangerous weather conditions, equipment, and pesticides. Sun is not the most hazardous thing children are exposed to, though; exposure to toxic pesticides at an early age can affect farm worker children for the rest of their lives. In a 1995 article, Landrigan and Carlson (pdf) determined that children are "disproportionately exposed to pesticides compared with adults due to their greater intake of food, water, and air per unit of body weight." addition to the physical strains of farm labor, it's important to also recognize the psychological and emotional strain that agricultural work can have on children. In a job that is inherently unstable, some children are left to cope by themselves as they follow the harvest to earn as much as they can.

Urban Communities of Color Lose

Thegrocerygap: TheCenterforFoodandJusticeattheUrbanandEnvironmental Policy Institute found that middle- and upper-income communities in Los Angeles County have twice as many supermarkets per capita as low-income communities; the same study found that predominantly white communities have three times the supermarkets of predominantly black communities, and nearly twice those of predominantly Latino communities. A study of several states found that wealthy neighborhoods had over three times as many supermarkets as low-income neighborhoods. Largestoresselllowerpricedgoods.Grocerystoresinlowerincome neighborhoods tend to be smaller and more expensive than in income neighborhoods. Food prices sometimes as much as 49 percent higher than those of supermarkets. Environmentaldegradationdisproportionatelyinnon-White communities

Understanding Society Innovative thinking about a global world

There are a few considerations that make it clear that reforms leading to large social change in a short time will be very difficult. The interconnected nature of these difficult social problems means that attacking one component of causes may inadvertently worsen another source of causation, making the original problem worse. Another source of difficulty in addressing large system social problems is the question of scale of the resources that any actor can bring to bear on a large social problem. Private organizations have limited resources, and governments are increasingly constrained in their use of public resources by anti-tax activism ities are chronically caught in fiscal crises that make long-term investments difficult or impossible. !!Change sometimes occurs, and it sometimes occurs as a result of determined and intelligent strategic work by one or more agents of change. Recent examples in Michigan include the "Grand Bargain" that resolved the Detroit bankruptcy;

Don't Ask How to Feed the 9 Billion

There are no hungry people with money; there isn't a shortage of food, nor is there a distribution problem. There is an I-don't-have-the-land-and-resources-to-produce-my-own-food, nor-can-I-afford-to-buy-food problem. And poverty and the resulting hunger aren't matters of bad luck; they are often a result of people buying the property of traditional farmers and displacing them, appropriating their water, energy and mineral resources, and even producing cash crops for export while reducing the people growing the food to menial and hungry laborers on their own land. \A majority of the world is fed by hundreds of millions of small-scale farmers, some of whom are themselves among the hungry. The rest of the hungry are underpaid or unemployed workers. But boosting yields does nothing for them.

Progress & Retrenchment

This term refers to the pattern in which progress is made through the passage of legislation, court rulings and other formal mechanisms that aim to promote racial equality. Brown v. Board of Education and the Fair Housing Act are two prime examples of such progress. But retrenchment refers to the ways in which this progress is very often challenged, neutralized or undermined. In many cases after a measure is enacted that can be counted as progress, significant backlashes—retrenchment—develop in key public policy areas. Some examples include the gradual erosion of affirmative action programs, practices among real estate professionals that maintain segregated neighborhoods, and failure on the part of local governments to enforce equity oriented policies such as inclusionary zoning laws.

5 Mindsets to Bring Positive Change Across Society

To contribute to human progress, it is not enough to be intelligent, resourceful, or well-connected. Those are all factors that play a significant role but aren't the true driving forces of disruptive innovation. Stimulating positive change at civilization level also requires certain mindsets and ways of thinking. There are five mindsets that will allow us to leave a positive mark on humanity. Curiosity and Critical Thinking Intelligent Optimism Risk-taking Moonshot Thinking ("The combination of a huge problem, a radical solution to that problem, and the breakthrough technology that just might make that solution possible is the essence of a moonshot." Cosmic Perspective It's all about having a positive impact on the world

Above on Educating Workers "We have not been very fair to these people who provide our food," said Antonio Tovar, the interim executive director for The Farmworker Association of Florida.

Tovar also believed that heat-related incidents are under-reported. Heat stress can be easily misdiagnosed or ignored Another hurdle is language. Besides written information explaining heat stress, signage needs to be pictorial because many indigenous Central American workers speak a Mayan dialect, and understand neither Spanish nor English. "Whistleblower protection is very important, because many farmworkers fear deportation, or just losing their jobs if they report their bosses," adds Devine. "We need more employers willing to work with us," said Mac. "We want to show that implementing these measures either maintain or increase productivity for the farmer's bottom line. Heat stress slows workers and the physiological effects can injure them if not addressed." https://civileats.com/2019/02/27/farmworkers-are-on-the-frontlines-of-climate-change-can-new-laws-protect-them/

OSHA Inaction

U.S. Department of Labor's Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has no regulations for heat stress, despite well-documented temperature increases. OSHA's general-duty clause requires employers to provide a safe workplace with access to potable water and shade, but offers no specific standards to guard workers who labor long hours in excessive heat. Advocates say that's not enough. provide better heat protection for farmworkers in 2011, which was rejected. In July 2018, a coalition sent another petition to OSHA requesting regulations for heat stress, and is still waiting for a response. Heading the campaign are the United Farmworkers (UFW) and Farmworker Justice, joined by 130 other organizations.

Rights in the US

US Bill of Rights - Civil Rights -1st : separation of church and state -2nd : individual right to keep and bear arms -4th : guards against unreasonable searches and seizures -searches require a warrant unless supported by probablecause -5th : right to due process and grand jury -6th : right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury -7th : right to trial by jury in certain civil cases -8th : forbids the imposition of excessive bails or fines -9th : the enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people -10th : reinforces the principles of separation of powers between federal and state, powers not delegated to the US are reserved for the States or to the people

People of color have the highest obesity rates in the US. Food marketing is part of the problem. https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2018/9/28/17910518/black-hispanic-obesity-rates-food-marketing-mcdonalds-commercials-sprite-fast-food-junk-food

University of San Diego marketing professor Aarti Ivanic discusses how race and food marketing intersect. Think of commercial for a "health" food — yogurt, Vitaminwater, orange juice. Chances are the star of the ad was white Ivanic has examined the role that race plays in food marketing in research articles like "To Choose (Not) to Eat Healthy: Social Norms, Self‐Affirmation, and Food Choice," and finds - that brands perpetuate racial stereotypes about food consumption by marketing healthful foods to white audiences, and fast and junk foods to black and Hispanic people. Advertising food in this way, according to Ivanic, may be one of the many factors (along with food deserts, poverty, and race-related stress) contributing to the disproportionate amount of obesity in communities of color. Healthier foods are promoted to whiter, affluent people, and some of the research shows that unhealthy food tends to be marketed in venues where you've got lower-income people, where you've got African Americans, where you've got Hispanics. !!! You have a white actress like Jane Lynch appearing in coconut water ads, but you can expand. Put someone who's African American, Hispanic, or Asian in these ads. Put someone from a different social group in these commercials. It's in the mindset.

White Privilege

White privilege, or "historically accumulated white privilege," as we have come to call it, refers to whites' historical and contemporary advantages in access to quality education, decent jobs and liveable wages, homeownership, retirement benefits, wealth and so on. The following quotation from a publication by Peggy Macintosh can be helpful in understanding what is meant by white privilege: "As a white person I had been taught about racism that puts others at a disadvantage, but had been taught not to see one of its corollary aspects, white privilege, which puts me at an advantage. . . White privilege is an invisible package of unearned assets which I can count on cashing in every day, but about which I was meant to remain oblivious." (Source: Peggy Macintosh, "Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack." excerpted from Working Paper #189 White Privilege and Male Privilege a Personal Account of Coming to See Correspondences through Work in Women's Studies. Wellesley, MA: Wellesley College Center for the Study of Women (1989).)

Human Right

a right that is believed to belong justifiably to every person. -Inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or any otherstatus -These rights are all interrelated, interdependent and indivisible -Universal and inalienable -Equal and non-discriminatory -Both rights AND obligations (United Nations Human Rights)

Privilege

an invisible package of unearned assets that I can count on cashing in each day,but about which I was "meant" to remain oblivious. --Peggy McIntosh

Maquiladoras

are assembly plants in developing countries, often involving textiles, electronics and auto parts that can be assembled with low skilled workers 1965 Border Industrialization Program - Mexico and US -Jobs for impoverished Mexicans -Stem illegal immigrants -Tax incentives, cheaper labor costs and less regulations for US companies 1994 NAFTA boom in maquiladoras Labor conditions in maquilaboras -Young women -No water, no bathroom breaks - fast production -Exposure to toxic chemicals (no building codes) -Transportable machines -Low wages -No benefits, no severance - can leave claiming "bankruptcy"

National Values

are behaviors and characteristics that we as members of a society are taught to value and enact. Fairness, equal treatment, individual responsibility, and meritocracy are examples of some key national values in the United States. When looking at national values through a structural racism lens, however, we can see that there are certain values that have allowed structural racism to exist in ways that are hard to detect. This is because these national values are referred to in ways that ignore historical realities. Two examples of such national values are 'personal responsibility' and 'individualism,' which convey the idea that people control their fates regardless of social position, and that individual behaviors and choices alone determine material outcomes.

Migrants who are en route to a new location may encounter additional health risks such as

as heat or cold stress, dehydration, and exposure to disease, when crossing borders or traveling within a country. Migrants are more vulnerable while on the move, which may cause increased incidences of trafficking and exploitation;

Building on the findings of Behind the Kitchen Door, this study provides a deeper analysis of apparent and not-so-apparent inequalities in the fine-dining establishments of these three majority minority cities. Using both qualitative and quantitative methodologies this study demonstrates that

discrimination is pervasive in all phases of restaurant employment, from when a worker first seeks entry into a workplace (hiring and placement phase), to how he or she is treated while working (workplace conditions), and the worker's future in that workplace (promo- tion or advancement).

Racial Equity

efers to what a genuinely non-racist society would look like. In a racially equitable society, the distribution of society's benefits and burdens would not be skewed by race. In other words, racial equity would be a reality in which a person is no more or less likely to experience society's benefits or burdens just because of the color of their skin. This is in contrast to the current state of affairs in which a person of color is more likely to live in poverty, be imprisoned, drop out of high school, be unemployed and experience poor health outcomes like diabetes, heart disease, depression and other potentially fatal diseases. Racial equity holds society to a higher standard. It demands that we pay attention not just to individual-level discrimination, but to overall social outcomes.

Above

experiencing depression may make weight loss more difficult. Even under optimal circumstances, making lifestyle and behavioral changes can be challenging, and the high stress faced by farmworkers (including issues such as poverty, undocumented status, the lack of access to healthcare, food insecurity, and unsafe working and living conditions) can make maintaining lifestyle and behavioral changes even more difficult. This is an especially important finding that should be taken into account in the design of health programs for farmworkers, whose lives are marked by events that likely contribute to chronic stress and greater likelihood of depression.

Amnesty (immigration)

governmental pardon for violating policies related to immigration. Immigration amnesty would include the federal government forgiving individuals for using false documentation such as social security numbers, identification cards, and driver's licenses, in order to gain employment in the U.S. and continue to remain in the country. Amnesty would allow illegal immigrants or undocumented aliens to gain permanent residency in the United States.

Groundskeeper Accepts Reduced $78 Million Award In Monsanto Cancer Suit

groundskeeper who won a massive civil suit against Bayer's Monsanto claiming that the weedkiller Roundup caused his cancer has agreed to accept $78 million, after a judge substantially reduced the jury's original $289 million award. Dewayne "Lee" Johnson, a Northern Californian groundskeeper and pest-control manager, was 42 when he developed a strange rash that would lead to a diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in August 2014. His groundskeeper duties included mixing and spraying hundreds of gallons of Roundup, the company's glyphosate-containing weedkiller — sued Monsanto in June, testifying that the herbicide likely caused his cancer. In August, jurors unanimously agreed and awarded him a total of $289 million, with $250 million in punitive damages ...San Francisco Superior Court Judge Suzanne Bolanos slashed the punitive damages when she ruled the ratio between the compensatory damages and the punitive damages must be 1 to 1, reducing them from $250 million to $39.25 million. "In enforcing due process limits, the Court does not sit as a replacement for a jury but only as a check on arbitrary awards," she wrote. Bayer Crop Science spokesperson Charla Lord told NPR in an emailed statement: "The Court's decision to reduce the punitive damage award by more than $200 million is a step in the right direction, but we continue to believe that the liability verdict and damage awards are not supported by the evidence at trial or the law and plan to file an appeal with the California Court of Appeal.

The new "blue revolution

has delivered cheap, vacuum-packed shrimp, salmon, and tilapia to grocery freezers, has brought with it many of the warts of agriculture on land: habitat destruction, water pollution, and food-safety scares. During the 1980s vast swaths of tropical mangroves were bulldozed to build farms that now produce a sizable portion of the world's shrimp. Aquacultural pollution—a putrid cocktail of nitrogen, phosphorus, and dead fish—is now a widespread hazard in Asia, where 90 percent of farmed fish are located. To keep fish alive in densely stocked pens, some Asian farmers resort to antibiotics and pesticides that are banned for use in the United States, Europe, and Japan. The U.S. now imports 90 percent of its seafood—around 2 percent of which is inspected by the Food and Drug Administration. In 2006 and 2007 the FDA discovered numerous banned substances, including known or suspected carcinogens, in aquaculture shipments from Asia.

Migrant housing is associated with:

pesticides exposures; unsafe drinking water; crowding; substandard and unsafe heating, cooking and electrical systems; inadequate sanitation; and dilapidated structures. Clinicians need to be aware of these additional health and well-being risks for migrant patients.

Immigrant

term to describe an individual who emigrates to a country other than the country they were born in. Immigrant intent - the concept under U.S. immigration law that undocumented individuals intend to remain in the U.S. permanently even if they are applying for a temporary immigrant status. Immigrant intent is the primary reason that applications for tourist and student visas are denied by U.S. Consulates.

Right

that which is morally correct, just, or honorable. A moral or legal entitlement to have or obtain something or to act in a certain way.

Monsanto "ulterior motives"

the "first payment" was triggered by filing a notice of appeal. I expressed my concern that Monsanto had concocted this settlement agreement in an attempt to create favorable appellate law for itself. Madison confirmed that this was her understanding as well, stating that she believed Monsanto had "ulterior motives." According to Wool, Madison said her client had only a "very slim chance" of winning the appeal Monsanto was inducing them to file. Still, her client would obtain a "high" value from Monsanto, she told Wool, according to the declaration.April 1, 2021 New Roundup cancer trials loom despite Bayer settlement efforts Ken Moll is girding for battle. Moll, a Chicago-based personal injury attorney, has dozens of lawsuits pending against the former Monsanto Co., all alleging the company's Roundup weed killers cause non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and he is now preparing several of those cases for trial.

Language barriers

the difficulties experienced by a person in information processing due to the lack of proficiency or functional level of a specific language. Language barriers differ from low literacy in that a person is fluent in another language/s.

On October 31, 2018, Public Citizen released an in-depth report called "Unworkable,"documenting heat-related problems in Florida's farmworker community.

vital statistics throughout the day to document the effects of heat. Even before work, they found that 75 percent of workers were dehydrated. On at least one day, 80 percent of workers had a temperature of at least 100.4º F. Mac compares the increased temperature to having a fever every day of your life. the response from small farmers is very encouraging. "They are interested in ways to keep workers productive and safe in order to compete with the big operations, so they ask to work with us," said Mac. "We've had good luck with them because they know these interventions have to occur." National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), during the summer months of 2018, Florida's outdoor workers in every county were exposed to dangerous levels of heat between 7 a.m. and 7 p.m., exceeding NIOSH's safe limit for moderate labor at least 45 percent of the time. Coalition of Immokalee Workers has advanced a Fair Food Program, which includes a requirement for access to shade and available potable water. The program includes audits and a complaint mechanism for workers, but it has no legal teeth. And for those working on farms that haven't signed on to the program, protection is nonexistent.

Land Dispossession Based on Race

• In 1823 the Supreme Court ruled that Indians could live on "US" land but could not hold title. The US' "right of discovery" trumped Native people's right of "occupancy." • By 1871, the federal government ended its practice of signing treaties with Native Americans. Adopted "Indian Homestead Act," -- the Dawes Act. President Theodore Roosevelt described it as "a mighty pulverizing engine to break up the tribal mass." • By 1932, the sale of "unclaimed" land and allotted land resulted in the loss of two-thirds of the more than 100-million acres Native Americans had held prior to the Dawes Act. • Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago (1848) ending U.S.-Mexican War and was supposed to protect Hispanic land ownership. Individually owned farms, communally owned ejidos—forests, rangeland had been inalienable under Mexican law. U.S. govt. only recognized individual farm ownership. Hispanics lost 90 % of land base. • Black land ownership, largely southern and linked to Civil War and reconstruction policies. But land loss thanks to fraud, theft, heirs property.

Read the fine print

■ A youth 14- or 15-years-old can work in agriculture, on any farm, but only during hours when school is not in session and only in non-hazardous jobs. ■ ■ A youth 12 or 13 years of age, can work in agriculture on a farm only if a parent has given written permission or is working on the same farm. Again, the work can be performed only during hours when school is not in session and in non-hazardous jobs. ■ Youth younger than 12 can work in agriculture on a farm only if the farm is not required to pay the Federal minimum wage. ■ A youth that is 16 years old or older, can work on any farm, including during hours when school is in session, on any day, for any number of hours, and in any job. ■ Some exemptions exist. For example, youths of any age may work at any time in any job on a farm owned or operated by their parents, or someone standing in place of their parent. ■ State Child Labor Laws for agriculture may differ from state to state.

Timeline of Agricultural Labor in the U.S.

■1600s: Indentured servants were brought from England to work in the fields. They were guaranteed passage into the colonies in exchange for their labor ■1650s-1800s: When indentured servants weren't providing enough labor, African people were brought to the U.S. as slaves to work in the fields and as domestic servants ■After 1848: Following the end of the Mexican-American War (1846-1848), tens of thousands of migrant workers from Mexico began arriving in the United States. In many cases, they freely moved across the border for temporary jobs and then returned home ■1865-1866: The Black Codes were created after the Civil War. Their intention was to limit the rights of black people. The laws included requiring a special permit for black people who wanted towork in anything other than agricultural labor, prohibiting them from raising their own crops and requiring that they seek permission to travel. These laws were repealed in 1866 because they were tooharsh. CONT ON SLIDES

Timeline of Agricultural Labor in the U.S. 2

■1970s-Today: As African Americans moved to other industries, there was ashortage of labor in the fields. Immigrants, primarily from Latin America, began to work in thefields. - Today, most farm workers are immigrants from Latin America, and it's calculated that up to 75% of them are undocumented. The vast majority of our nation's farm workers are from Mexico and Central America, although many African Americans and immigrants from other regions of the world (particularly Asia) continue to work in the fields. ■Today: Demand for H-2A visas has been growing steadily over the years, reaching a high in 2017. During the first three quarters of 2017, the Department of Labor issued visas to fill over 160,000 labor positions, a nearly 20 percent increase from the 133,419 positions approved at the same time last year. - H-2A workers make up only 7 percent of the crop workforce in the country. The large majority are, instead, undocumented workers. (Economic PolicyInstitute)

Environment & Externalities

■Animal waste in such volumes may exceed the capacity of the landscape to absorb the nutrients and neutralize pathogens ■According to the EPA, the annual production of manure produced by animal confinement facilities exceeds that produced by humans by at least three times -This manure carries excess nutrients and farm chemicals that make their way into waterways, lakes, groundwater, soils, and airways -Runoff also carries antibiotics and hormones, pesticides, and heavymetals ■Green house gas emissions from all livestock operations accountfor 18% if all anthropogenic greenhouse has emissions (UN Report, 2006) - Exceeding transportation ■Eutrophication: an excess of nutrients in a body of water, mostly nitrates and phosphates from erosion and runoff of surrounding lands that cause dense growth of plant life and death of aquatic animal life due to lack of oxygen

Alternative Animal Agriculture

■Animals other than those traditionally raised that are commonly produced in small scale operations and provide a product for a specialty market ■What practices indicate alternative? - Free-range: Raising domestic animals outdoors in ways that they take advantage of their natural tendencies Room to roam outdoors Elements that allow animals to take advantage of their natural proclivities

U.S. Citizenship, a how-to

■Be born in the United States ■Have at least one parent who is a U.S. citizen ■Be naturalized after 5 years of legal permanent residency ...How to become a legal permanent resident? An immediate family member sponsors you An employer sponsors you -H1 Visas: for "skilled" labor (example: engineers, workers areallowed to change employers) -H2 Visas: for "unskilled" labor (example: farm workers, workers are not allowed to change employers) H2A: agricultural workers H2B: non-agriculturalworkers(landscaping, construction,forestry,planting,hospitality)

Child labor Issues

■Danger ■Harsh conditions ■Exposure to herbicides and pesticides ■Emotional strain ■Lack of education

The Big Five

■Darden Restaurants ■Dine Equity ■Bloomin' Brands ■Brinker International CrackerBarrel

Modern Day Farmworkers

■Farm workers are U.S. citizens, legal permanent residents, seasonal laborers on special guest worker visas (H-2A workers), or undocumented workers ■There are an estimated 2.5 million farmworkers laboring on our nation's farms and ranches, cultivating and harvesting crops and raising andtending to livestock ■According to the NAWS, approximately 48% of farmworkers lack work authorization. However, this estimate may be low due to a variety of factors - Undocumented farmworkers may not feel comfortable answering this question accurately or may choose not to participate in the survey due to fear.Respondents who did not answer this question may be undocumented; their responses were excluded from the calculations of the undocumented percentage of the population. ■Some sources estimate that as much as 70% or more of the workforce is undocumented. Nature of the job: ■Rough, dangerous working conditions ■Low compensation ■Rights? - healthcare coverage? included in national labor protections? voting power? experience sexual harassment and discrimination - able to report crimes?

Child Labor stats

■For one thing, the majority of working children in the U.S. work in agriculture—approximately 70% approximately 500,000 farm workers under the age of 18 Since 1938, federal labor laws have excluded child farm workers from labor protections provided to other working children. For instance, unlike other occupations, children over the age of 12 can legally work in agriculture with their parent's permission or with their parents on the same farm. The only exception is that it cannot be during school hours. For particularly dangerous jobs, all other industries place a minimum age restriction of 18, but for farm workers the minimum age is 16 for especially dangerous jobs.

Terminology

■Free-range -We can only guess how many farms reach the free-range ideal -USDA applies this term only to meat birds. Producers have to demonstrate to the USDA that the bird was allowed access to the outdoors. ■Legally Regulated by the USDA -Free-range: indicates that the flock was provided shelter in a building with unlimited access to food, fresh water, and continues access to the outdoors (which may or may not be fenced, covered, or enclosed bynetting) -Cage-free: indicates that the flock was able to freely roam with unlimited access to food and fresh water (no specification of "roam") -Natural: must be minimally processed and contain to artificial ingredients (does not include standards about farm practices - only processing of meat and eggs) -Humane: not regulated by the USDA

Farm Workers in the U.S.

■Historically: -Imported from other countries with vulnerable populations -Have been a disenfranchised group of workers -Not been granted the right to vote

Industrial Animal Agriculture

■Instead of using the term "factory farm," the EPA uses the term "AFO" - AFO: animal feeding operation ■AFOs are agricultural enterprises where animals are kept and raised in confined situations. AFOs congregate animals, feed, manure and urine, dead animals, and production operations on a small land area. Feed is brought to the animals rather than the animals grazing or otherwise seeking feed in pastures, fields, or on rangeland (EPA). - CAFO: concentrated animal feeding operation

Different Positions on Free-Range Agriculture

■It's morally worse than industrial farming and, in fact, morally wrong ■It's morally better than industrial farming, but still wrong ■It's morally permissible (in some forms) ■It's morally required

Vegetarian Animal Agriculture

■We don't just kill animals for food, in many cases we also use animals for food ■Vegetarian ideal involves no killing of animals -This ideal is almost never met: male chickens on an egg farm, older female chickens that can't produce eggs, male cows on a dairyfarm... -What happens to them?