FORCHM 2 quiz 1

What is the purpose of the second step (organic layer) in the Duquenois‐Levine test?

10 drops of conc HCl--> shows purple color

By weight, how much of opium is comprised of morphine?

8‐19%

Which of the following detectors is NOT suitable for an HPLC analysis? (A) Flame Ionization Detector (FID) (B) Mass Spec Detector (MSD or QQQ) (C) Diode Array Detector (DAD) (D) Fluorescence Detector

A

The Scott Test is a preliminary colorimetric method to analyze cocaine. Which of the following statement(s) is(are) true about the Scott Test? A. The Scott Rest regent includes Cobalt(II) thiocyanate and cobalt thiocyanate reacts with cocaine to produce another complex with chromophores. B. The Scott Test is an enzymatic reaction and the color produced disappears in 15 seconds. C. In the Scott Test, a peroxide reagent (such as H2O2) and a base (such as NaOH) required to develop the color. D. In the Scott Test, three colors (i.e., blue, pink and blue) indicate a positive result E. The Scott test has been responsible for widespread false positives and false convictions. Therefore, a follow-up test is needed for confirmation.

A & D

Describe Kastle‐Meyer test for blood

A presumed blood sample is first collected with a swab. A drop of phenolphthalein reagent is added to the sample, and after a few seconds, a drop of hydrogen peroxide is applied to the swab. If the swab turns pink rapidly, it is said to test presumptive positive for blood. Waiting for periods over 30 seconds will result in most swabs turning pink naturally as they oxidize on their own in the air

It is reported that drinking-and-driving is responsible for over 50% of all fatal highway crashes involving two or more cars are alcohol related over 65% of all fatal single car crashes are alcohol related. Over 36% of adult pedestrian accidents are alcohol related. Which of the following statement(s) is (are) true about the effects of alcohol and presumptive/confirmatory tests on ethanol? (A) In most states, the legal body alcohol content (BAC) is 0.08%. If you are under age 21, it is also against the law to drive with a BAC of 0.02 or more, or with any presence of alcohol in your body. (B) The elimination of ethanol by human body is a first order kinetics. Therefore, after alcohol consumption, the half-life of ethanol in human body is a constant. (C) Ethanol, the intoxicating drug found in beer, wine and distilled spirits is the most common analyte of interest in forensic laboratories. In recent years, marihuana has become a close second. (D) Breathalyzer is a spectrophotometric measurement of a chemical reaction involving alcohol that produces a color change. When a person blows into a breathalyzer, the ethanol reacts with water at the anode and is oxidized to form acetic acid. Meanwhile, at the cathode, oxygen from the atmosphere is reduced to form water. (E) A confirmatory test of ethyl glucuronide (EtG) by LC-MS/MS can measure urine specimens positive for EtG for 72+ hours.

A,C,D,E

Which the following drug(s) can be found in plants naturally? (A) Cocaine (B) Salicylic acid (C) Heroin (D) Methamphetamine (E) Ecstasy (MDMA)

A,C,E

What does ADME stand for?

Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion

What drug is analyzed by forensic labs more often than any other drugs?

Alcohol/ "ethanol"

How to detect saliva?

Alpha amylases reaction with starch

If the IR absorbance spectrum for a previously unidentified drug matches that of an Lamphetamine HCl standard in the NIST database, which of the following would be a justifiable conclusion? A. The unknown is L-amphetamine hydrochloride. B. The unknown could be D-amphetamine hydrochloride. C. The unknown could be L-amphetamine sulfate. D. The unknown could be methamphetamine hydrochloride.

B

The decomposition of drug A follows the first order kinetics. The decomposition rate constant is 2.85 x 10-5 s -1 (at 25.0 °C and 1.00 atm). What is the half-life of the decomposition reaction of drug A? (ln 2 = 0.693) (A) 1.98 h (B) 4.11 x 10-5 s (C) 2.43 x 10-4 s (D) 405 min

B

The density of an unknow gas is measured to be 1.251 x 10-3 g/cm3 . What is the mass (g) of gas stored in a chamber of 5.001 cm long, 4.00 cm wide, and 2.2 cm high? D = m/v (A) 55 (B) 5.50 (C) 55044 (D) 5.5 x 10

B

Teichmann Test and Takayama Test were discontinued. Why?

Because DNA tests are better

. Saliva is an extracellular fluid produced and secreted by salivary glands in the mouth. Which of the following test is the best to detect saliva? (A) Christmas Tree Stain Test (B) Marquis Test (C) Phadebas Test (D) Teichmann Test

C

Chemical formula for Tylenol

C8H9NO2

How low level is the Kastle‐Meyer test capable of detect blood dilutions?

Capable of detect blood dilutions as low as 1x107

Describe Scott test for Cocaine

Cobalt thiocyanate • Hydrochloric acid (HCl) • Chloroform • Used when cocaine is suspected. • Cocaine turns blue with the first solution and with the third solution and pink with the second solution.

What color is produced using Cobalt Thiocyanate reagent?

Cocaine turns colors into: pink and blue

Describe column separation

Column chromatography separates substances based on differential adsorption of compounds to the adsorbent as the compounds move through the column at different rates which allow them to get separated in fractions.

Are chromatography tests presumptive or confirmatory methods?

Confirmatory

Chemical formula for salicylic acid

C₇H₆O₃

Chemical formula for aspirin

C₉H₈O₄

From the right FTIR spectrum of an unknow substance, what are the vibrations of peaks a and b? (A) O-H stretching (alcohol) (B) C=C bending (aromatic) (C) C=O stretching (carbonyl) (D) C-H stretching (methyl, methylene)

D

In Microsoft Excel, how to refer to an unchanged cell as a reference? For instance, let's assume that you have the formula =(G2/A2)*H2 in cell I2. If you copy this cell to I3 then the formula will now read: =(G3/A3)*H3. However, you wish to use H2 as an unchanged cell, i.e., =(G3/A3)*H2. Which of the following formula should you use? A. =(G2/A2)*!H!2 B. =(G2/A2)*@H@2 C. =(G2/A2)*#H#2 D. =(G2/A2)*$H$2

D

For a chemical compound to become a marketable drug, that drug (compound) must have favorable properties in addition to efficacy (its therapeutic effect) and safety. These properties are summarized in the acronym ADME. ADME includes the following steps (but not limited to): (A) Administration (B) Advancement (C) Drug Potency (D). Metabolism (E). Excretion

D & E

Which stereoisomer of amphetamine is more potent?

D-form is much more potent than the L-form

Which government agency is enforcing the controlled substances law in the U.S.?

Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)

Of the following reagents, which (in the slides)ones are used for enhancement and which are used for presumptive identification?

E: Fluorescein E: Leucocrystal Violet (LCV) E/I: Leucomalachite Green (LMG) E: Luminol/Bluestar I: Phenolphthalein I: Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB)/Hema‐Stix

TRUE OR FALSE The tetrahydrocannabinols (THC), include many tetrahydrocannabinol isomers which are the components of marijuana. Δ9-THC and Δ8-THC have identical chemical structures and identical potency

FALSE

TRUE OR FALSE: Drugs fall into basic categories: narcotics, depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and other (such as alcohol, steroids, etc.). The narcotics substances including such as heroin and codeine Schedule II controlled substances.

FALSE

TRUE OR FALSE: Forensic investigators often use luminol to detect trace amounts of blood at crime scenes, as it reacts with the iron in hemoglobin. Immediately after exposed to various wavelengths of UV lights in the presence of blood, luminol returns to its excited state emitting a photon of light which can be seen in the dark. This is called 'chemiluminescence.'

FALSE

TRUE OR FALSE: Teichmann Test and Takayama Test are presumptive tests to test human blood and semen, respectively. Teichmann Test and Takayama Test were discontinued and are generally replaced by the GC/MS tests

FALSE

TRUE OR FALSE: In 1900, Karl Landsteiner, an Austrian biologist, physician, and immunologist, distinguished the four blood groups A, B, AB, and O. He received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1911 for having developed the modern system of classification of blood groups

False

True or False: All DNA tests are confirmatory tests.

False

What crystal form will be produced when Platinic Chloride is added to cocaine?

Feathery, spiny, combs, sometimes K- or V-shaped.

What is hashish? What is hashish oil? How are they produced?

Hashish is a product made from cannabis. The resin on the plant is gathered by scraping the plant material or (more commonly) pressing the material between the hands. Hashish oil is produced by extracting cannabis resin in a suitable organic solvent. Traditionally, ethanol, ether or chloroform have been used. In recent years, isobutanol (used in cigarette lighters) has become popular. Most, but not all, of the solvent evaporates from the product. But residues remain, and are consumed by the user. Failure to completely evaporate isobutanol commonly results in facial burns among users.

What is Hemastix test?

Hemastix are most commonly used as a dip and read test for blood in urine.

What physical/chemical law applies to these breath analyzers?

Henry's Law

Name two types of substances which can be detected using Marquis reagent

Heroin/Morphine Violet • Ecstasy Black • Amphetamines Brown

What are honey oil, cannabis oil and hemp oil?

Honey Oil The term 'honey oil' is a synonym for hashish oil. Hashish oils have 40% to 80% THC content by weight. • Cannabis Oil Many producers sell a diluted (with other inert oils) form of hashish oil as 'cannabis oil.' There is no scientific/legal difference. • Hemp Oil The term 'hemp oil' refers to the oils squeezed from the seeds of the cannabis plant. The seeds generally have little or no THC.

Describe immunoassay and ELISA.

Immunoassays are widely used in both forensic and clinical toxicology as screening methods for the detection of a wide variety of drugs An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, also called ELISA, is a test that detects and measures antibodies in your blood.

Describe the chemistry of Luminol for blood test

In general, the heme in hemoglobin catalyzes the oxidation of the reagent by a peroxide (e.g., Hydrogen Peroxide, H2O2) to produce a colored and/or fluorescent product. A strong steady chemiluminescent (Low blue light production) reaction takes place when the luminol formula is applied to blood, even in very trace amounts with an activating oxidant. The glow only lasts about 30 seconds.

What is ion‐pairing? How is it used?

In ion pair chromatography, the solute ion is distributed between the mobile and the stationary phase together with an ion of opposite charge

What is the ratio of alcohol levels in blood to breath?

It is assumed that there is a 2100:1 ratio between blood and breath ethanol. In other words, 2100 milliliters of alveolar air would contain the same quantity as 1 milliliter of blood

What properties does MDMA share with other amphetamines? Why do users typically take MDMA?

Like methamphetamine, it elevates heart rate and blood pressure, and causes agitation and involuntary muscular movements. It is abused for its increased sense of euphoria and trust, as well as its hallucinatory effects.

Name the four most common types of extractions. Briefly explain each.***

Liquid-liquid extraction. Solid-phase extraction. Acid-base extraction.

Is methamphetamine available as a prescription medication? Is methamphetamine available as an over‐the‐counter product?

Methamphetamine is prescribed under the name Desoxyn, as a treatment for ADHD and obesity in adults and children. The L-form of amphetamine has been sold over-the-counter as a decongestant inhaler.

How are male and female cannabis plants differentiated? Why is this done?

Once the seedlings have begun to grow they will produce a male or female plant. Determining the sex of the cannabis plant usually occurs within two weeks, with the male plant showing their sex first. If the females are never pollinated, they will produce copious amounts of THC containing resin. After 4 or 5 weeks, the female plants have developed flowering buds. The buds are green and brown, but sometimes have red or purple elements to them. Buds can be snipped from the plant or the plant can be harvested entirely.

Difference between D9‐THC and D8‐THC

One of the major differences between Delta 8 THC and Delta 9 THC is the effects that they produce. This is typically the deciding factor for most people who are uncertain about which one they want to take. Delta 9 is considerably more potent than Delta 8. Some believe it to be about twice as strong overall. D9 has the double bond on the 9th carbon, while D8 has the double bond on the 8th carbon

Are immunoassay tests presumptive or confirmatory methods? Why?

Presumptive 1. Sensitive 2. Detection limits at the ng/mL level 3. Easy to perform 4. Lend themselves to automation for large numbers of samples 5. Inexpensive 6. Rapid

Is the breath testing accurate?

Professional breath alcohol tests, like the ones police officers carry, use fuel cell technology. They're the most accurate. But breath tests are less accurate as a blood or urine test.

What are the pros and cons for presumptive tests?

Pros • Quick • Inexpensive • On scene • Can use on larger areas • Used for elimination purposes Cons • Not definitive • Not quantitative • Risk of false positive • May not be used in court

Describe acid phosphatase test for semen

Purple color indicates the presence of semen. Semen can be unequivocally identified by either the presence of spermatozoa or of p30, a protein unique to seminal plasma.

Rapid Stain Identifications (RSID).

Rapid Stain Identification Series is designed for fast, easy and reliable detection of human fluids from a variety of samples encountered by forensic laboratories. (works like a rapid covid test)

What are the differences between Schedule I and Schedule II controlled substances? Give examples

Schedule I Controlled Substances Substances in this schedule have no currently accepted medical use in the United States, a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision, and a high potential for abuse. ex: marijuana Schedule II Controlled Substances Substances in this schedule have a high potential for abuse which may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence. ex: cocaine/ opium

Is there a difference between cannabis, marihuana and hemp? If so, what is the difference?

Scientifically and legally, the terms cannabis, marihuana and hemp are simply three different names for the same plant. • Some people informally refer to non-psychoactive products made from inert parts of the plant (stems, fibers, seeds) as 'hemp' or 'industrial hemp.' • In a scientific sense, all parts of the plant are cannabis, marihuana and hemp. • In a legal sense, all parts of the plant are cannabis, marihuana and hemp.

TRUE OR FALSE: Cannabis plants grown under controlled hydroponic conditions, which are predominantly female plants (skunk), generally have a significantly higher quantity of Δ9-THC (9-25%) than male plants. The female plant can grow up to 6 meters in height and reach full maturity in about 13 weeks

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: In 1900, Karl Landsteiner distinguished the different types of human blood based on the presence or absence of specific antigens found on the surface of the red blood cells. He identified the three blood groups A, B, and C. He received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: Marijuana (cannabis) and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) are Schedule I controlled substances. These drugs are considered with no currently accepted medical uses and a high potential for abuse.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: One of the most commonly used detectors equipped in an HPLC system is a Diode Array Detector (DAD) which can be used to identify unknown peaks and quantify drugs in chromatography. Analysts can use the Beer's Law to simultaneously analyze benzoic acid and caffeine in a Mountain Dew soft drink by measuring the absorbances at 233 nm for benzoic acid and UV 272 nm for caffeine, respectively

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) is often used as a simple and rapid screening technique to identify the opiate alkaloids and other drugs that may be present in heroin samples prior to examination by other methods. One of the commonly used solvent system (mobile phase) for TLC is cyclohexane/toluene/diethylamine. Developed TLC plates can be visualized using UV light at approximately 254 nm or various spray reagents.

TRUE

What substance is the Duquenois‐Levine test used for?

Test for cannabis

Describe the chemistry of Bluestar test for blood

The BLUESTAR® test is based on the peroxidase activity of the iron in heme or heme derivatives, which catalyzes the oxidation of the BLUESTAR® reagent. A positive reaction is observed when the colorless BLUESTAR® solution is oxidized and produces a chemiluminescent blue color.

Describe Marquis test for narcotics

The color reaction of morphine with Marquis' Reagent results in a purple to violet coloring. It is proposed that two molecules of morphine and two molecules of formaldehyde condense in the presence of conc. sulfuric acid to the dimeric product which is protonated to the oxoniumcarbenlum salt

What plant is cocaine is most commonly extracted from? How much cocaine alkaloids does it contain?

The leaves of the e. coca (erythroxylin coca) 0.25% and 0.77%

Why does cocaine in the hydrochloride form precipitate out of methyl ethyl ketone?***

The presence of hydrochloric acid allows ion-pairs to be formed with the cocaine base, precipitating cocaine hydrochloride out of the mixed solution as shiny white, flaky crystals.

Which is the correct spelling, 'marihuana' or 'marijuana'? Why?

The word 'marijuana' is the original Spanish word for cannabis. The Spanish word was modified in English to be spelled with an h instead of a j. • The reason that this matters is that all of the legal statutes in the United States spell marihuana with an h. Consequently, lab reports need to spell it this way as well.

Are there more than one species of cannabis? If so, are all species controlled?

There is only one species of cannabis, called Cannabis Sativa Linnaeus

Why do manufacturers of illicit Cathinone analogues commonly sell their product as 'bath salts' or 'plant food'?

They are introduced and reintroduced into the market in quick succession to dodge or hinder law enforcement efforts to address their manufacture and sale.

What crystal form will be produced when Gold Chloride is added to heroin?

Thin, yellow, irregular and serrated plates often appear in star or branched-cluster formations and as nearly perfect square plates with ≈ 90° angles.????

TRUE OR FALSE: Abnormal creatinine levels may indicate a disease of kidney

True

True or False: Saliva contains DNAs from cells in mouth that can be collected and used in confirmatory tests.

True

True or false: At one time, Coca‐Cola contained actual cocaine.

True

How long can the EtG tests confirm alcohol? Legal drinking age in most states in the US?

Up to 5 days.

Briefly describe the mechanisms of an Alco‐sensor.

Utilizes an Intoximeters electrochemical fuel cell sensor which generates an electrical response that is proportional to the Breath Alcohol Concentration in the provided, fixed volume sample. The fuel cell sensor is highly selective for alcohol.

Briefly describe the mechanisms of an Intoxilyzer.

When a person's breath sample is flowing through the breath sample chamber, the IR light passes through the chamber will be absorbed by flowing alcohol. • The detector reads the changes of the specific IR wavelengths. The photoelectrical impulses enter into a computer chip that calculates the alcohol concentration.

Briefly describe the mechanisms of Breathalyzer.

When you blow into a breathalyzer, the ethanol in your breath reacts with water from the air at the anode and is oxidized to form acetic acid. Meanwhile, at the cathode, oxygen from the atmosphere is reduced to form water. • These two coupled reactions produce an electrical current between the electrodes that's proportional to the amount of ethanol present in your breath.

Is conclusive identification possible using chromophoric and microcrystal testing? Why/why not?

Yes, forms a crystal which is unique to each drug

What are the catalyst(s) for Luminol/Blue star tests?

heme in hemoglobin

By weight, how much water does a cannabis plant typically contain? *****

idk it says a lot in ppt

In recent years, which solvent has become increasingly popular for the extraction of hashish oil?

isobutanol

This presumptive test (phenolphthalein) provides a conclusive result but NOT a conclusive interpretation. Why not?

it can detect blood may be present, but does not identify to who. may have false positives

The tetrahydrocannabinols, THC's, include many tetrahydrocannabinol isomers which are the components of marijuana. Which pair(s) of the following isomers are the same THCs with different names but identical chemical structures? (A) Δ1-THC and Δ8-THC (B) Δ1-THC and Δ9-THC (C) Δ5-THC and Δ6-THC (D) Δ5-THC and Δ8-THC (E) Δ8-THC and Δ9-THC

not E

Name three methods for methamphetamine synthesis

phenyl-2-propanone (P2P) the Nagai Method Birch Reduction Method (aka the Nazi method).

Which plant species is the primary source of opium? How is it harvested? Why is the whole plant not simply harvested?

poppy Once the plants have reached maturity, the pods (still on the plants) are scored. After a few days, the opium resin oozes out and dries onto the surface. Curvehandled tools are then used to carefully gather the dried opium resin. The field dried leaves, stalk and seed pod are used in commercial manufacture of morphine or other poppy alkaloid derived drugs,

What are the four classifications of drugs?

stimulants (e.g. cocaine) depressants (e.g. alcohol) opium-related painkillers (e.g. heroin) hallucinogens (e.g. LSD)

Is crack cocaine more addicting than powder cocaine?

the same?

During the extraction process cocaine base is dissolved in an acidic aqueous solution. Later, when the solution is made basic, what effect does this have? Why?

to conserve everything on the leaves

What is the pH of Cocaine?

weak base ~7.5

Are chromophoric and microcrystal test valuable for forensic analysis? Why/why not?

yes, confirmatory tests???

Is amphetamine a naturally occurring substance? If so, In what plant is this natural substance found?

yes, found in the Ephedra Sinica plant (also referred to as Ma Huang or Mormon's Tea). This plant grows wild in parts of Asia and the American Southwest.

Why was Benzidine Color Test discontinued?

• In 1988, however, benzidine was identified as a carcinogen and since then its use has mostly been discontinued.