FOUN 3000

Children's internet protection act (CIPA)

schools and libraries receiving discounts on electronic equipment and media have been required to install a "technology protection measure" that prevent minors from using computers with internet capabilities to access visual depictions that are obscene or harmful to minors

consolidation

schools districts increase enrollment through population growth

magnet schools

schools that use specialized programs and personnel to attract students throughout a school district

exclusive product rights

schools will sign an exclusive product contract with a company to allow that brand to be sold on school property in exchange for a set fee.

de facto segregation

segregation resulting from housing patterns rather than from laws or policies

de jure segregation

segregation resulting from laws, government actions, or school policies specifically designed to bring about separation

disparagement of school or staff

some students have been punished for sending emails or other material that school officials considered separating of the school or staff, to the extent that the material was potentially disruptive or destructive.

compensatory education

sought to overcome disadvantaged background and thereby improve the performance of low-achieving students, particularly those from low income families

pullout approach

take low achievers out of regular classes for supplementary reading or math instruction

Sexting

the act of using a cell phone or comparable electronic device to transmit sexually explicit images of oneself to individuals known to or in media contact with the send

school infrastructure

the basic physical facilities of the school plant (plumbing, sewer, heat, electric, roof, carpentry, and so on)

superintendent of schools

the chief executive officer of the school system, whereas the board is the legislative policy making body.

state school code

the collection of laws that establishes ways and means of operating schools and conducting education in the state

breach of contract

the contract is broken

state board of education

the most influential and important state education agency

accountability

the notion that teachers, administrators, school-board members, and even students themselves must be held responsible for the results of their efforts

litigants

the parties in a lawsuit

plaintiffs

the persons who sue

Desegregation

the practice of enrolling students of different racial groups in the same school

U.S. department of education

the primary federal educational agency

community schools

the school serves as a partner, or coordinating agency, in providing educational, health, social, family support, recreational, and cultural activities in the community.

sales taxes and personal income taxes

the two major state revenue sources

multicultural education

the various ways in which schools can take productive account of cultural differences among students and improve opportunities for students with cultural backgrounds from mainstream

cultural pluralism

"tossed salad" "mosaic" that all for distinctive group characteristics within a larger whole

continuing contract

their reemployment for the next year is guaranteed unless school officials give notice by a specific date that the contract will not be renewed

cyberbullying

involves the use of electronic means to torment, threaten, harass, humiliate, embarrass, or otherwise target another person

fair use

legal principles that allows use of copyrighted materials without permission from the author under specific, limited conditions

due process

legal rules and principles established to protect the rights of the accused

charter schools

local school board or state board of education grants a community group or private organization a charter ( a contract listing specific rights, privileges and expectations) that permits the group

regressive

lower income groups pay a higher proportion of their income

property tax

main source of revenue for local school districts, accounting for 72.3 percent of local tax revenue

equal protection clause

nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the law

Integration

not only that students of different racial groups attend schools together but also that effective steps are taken to accomplish two of the underlying purposes of desegregation

state department of education

operate under the direction of the state board of education and are administered by the chief state school officer

intelligent design

point of view that argues that life is too complex to be formed through natural selection, therefore, it must be directed by a so-called intelligent designer

copyright

policy involving the internet and other new media is becoming an increasingly difficult concern for teachers, students, and administrators

socialization

prepares children to function first as young people and then as adults, transmits culture and thereby allows society to function satisfactorialy

establishment clause

prohibits the establishment of a government sanctioned religion

tenure

protect teachers from dismissal without cause

free-exercise clause

protects rights of free speech and expression

bilingual education

provides instruction in their native language for students not proficient in english, has been expanding in U.S. public schools as immigration has increased

intermediate unit (RESA)

refers to an office or agency in a middle position between the state department of education and local school districts

No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB)

regulations for standards and testing, students with special needs, adequate yearly progress

mill

represents one thousandth of a dollar. thus a tax rate of 25 mills amounts to 25 dollars for each 1000 dollars of value

principal

responsible for school operations

norms

rules of behavior

in loco parentis

school authorities assumed the powers of the child's parents during the hours the child was under the school's supervision

adequate yearly progress

schools and districts that fail to make sufficient progress are designated as "needing improvement"

community control

an elected community council of board does more than offer advice- it shares decision making power with the central school board

ebonics

analysis of the dialect of many african american students

municipal overburden

a severe financial crunch causes by high population density, a high proportion of low income citizens and aging infrastructure

controlled choice

a system in which students may select the school they want to attend as long as such choice does not result in segregation

child benefit theory

aid that directly benefits the child is permissible, whereas aid that primarily benefits the nonpublic institution is not

culture

all the continually changing patterns of acquired behavior and attitudes transmitted among the member of a society

tuition tax credits

allow parents to claim a tax reduction for approved education expenses they pay to send their child to nonpublic school

educational vouchers

another growing trend in school finance reform, the sate or local school district gives parents of school age children a tax-subsidized voucher or flat grant, representing a portion of their children's educational cost

learning styles

appears to correlate to students' socioeconomic status and perhaps, with their race or ethnicity

central office staff

assists the superintendent

progressive tax

based on the taxpayers ability to pay

school choice

by widening the average person's choices for schooling, supporters contend, we can increases competition among schools and raise the overall level of educational quality

hurried children

children who are deprived of childhood

latchkey children

children who return to unsupervised homes after school is particulate problematic because many of these kids spend much of their time watching TV or roaming the streets

Torts

civil wrongs

ecological intervention

comprehensive efforts to improve the home and neighborhood environment of young children

due process clause

deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law

tax base

expensive residential neighborhoods, shopping malls, businesses, and industry

user fees

fees charged to use a certain facility or service

peer culture

frequently works against academic goals at the school

Title I

funds distributed

block grants

funds for a general purpose without precise categories

categorial grants

funds targeted for specific groups and designated purposes

local school boards

have been delegated and assume significant decision making responsibility

chief state school officer

heads the state department of education and is also the chief executive of the school board

gender roles

ideas about the ways boys and girls and men and women are "supposed" to act

Protection of Pupil Rights Amendment

instructional materials used in connection with "any research or experimentation program or project" must be "available for inspection by participating student's parent sand guardians

community participation

involve advisory committees at either the neighborhood school or central board level

taxpayer resistance

twenty three states implemented spending limits that are intended to restrain the growth of state budgets

nuclear family

two parents living with their children

hidden curriculum

what students learn, other than academic content, from what they do or are expected to do in school