Foundations of Business: Chapter 10: Motivating and Satisfying Employees: Learn It 10-5: Key Motivation Techniques

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Management by objectives (MBO)

Is a motivation technique in which managers and employees collaborate in setting goals. By playing an active role in setting goals, employees' motivation is increased.

Telecommuting

Is working remotely all of the time or for a portion of the work week. Telecommuting increased dramatically during the COVID-19 pandemic when offices closed, and employees needed to work from home. Laptops, smart phones, and video conferencing are often necessary for telecommuting workers. Research shows that telecommuters may be more productive than their in-office counterparts. Companies that offer telecommuting usually have lower real estate and travel expenses, improved morale, and the flexibility to access larger labor pools. However, telecommuters can often feel isolated, put in long hours, and may be distracted by household responsibilities.

In ______, employees are offered stock options as a means of motivation. -employee ownership -empowerment -telecommuting -part-time work

employee ownership

Job sharing

(Sometimes called work sharing) is an arrangement whereby two people share one full-time position. Job sharing differs from part-time work in that two people share one single job and it usually requires more skill or specialized knowledge than a part-time position. Job sharing can lead to high job satisfaction and help create work-life balance. Job sharing can increase productivity as well. Employees may work harder knowing they work fewer hours and someone else is depending on the quality of their work.

______ allows employees to work a 40-hour work week in four days instead of five. -Job sharing -Part-time work -Flextime -A compressed workweek

A compressed workweek

Compressed workweek

Allows employees to work a 40-hour work week in four days instead of five.

______ is a system in which employees set their own work hours within certain limits determined by employers. -Telecommuting -Job sharing -Part-time work -Flextime

Flextime

Which of the following is not true of management by objectives (MBO)? -Increases in salary and bonuses are not tied to goal achievement, so employees usually feel less motivation when goals are set by MBO. -Reviews offer an opportunity for action plans to be changed as necessary to better accomplish goals. -Top management must have a buy-in with MBO. -Managers meet with each employee individually and together they establish goals for the employee.

Increases in salary and bonuses are not tied to goal achievement, so employees usually feel less motivation when goals are set by MBO.

Job enrichment

Is a method of motivating employees by providing them with variety in their tasks while giving them some responsibility for, and control over, their jobs. At the same time, workers gain a variety of skills and understand how their individual work contributes to the goals of the organization. Recall that responsibility is a motivation factor discussed in Herzberg's motivation-hygiene theory. Adding responsibility through job enrichment increases their satisfaction and motivation.

Employee ownership

Is a situation in which employees own the company they work for by virtue of being stockholders. Employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs) increase employee involvement and commitment as they directly benefit if the company is performing well. Many companies offer executives and managers stock options as part of their employee compensation package. An option is the right to buy shares of the firm within a prescribed time at a set price. If the company performs well, the employee can exercise the option and sell the stock to cash in on the company's success. Not all companies offer ESOPs as they can be complex and expensive for the company.

Flextime

Is a system in which employees set their own work hours within certain limits determined by employers. Usually, the organization sets core time, or hours when all employees must be at work, and the flexible time, when employees may choose whether to be at work. For example, if a company sets core time hours as 10 a.m. to 2 p.m., then an employee may choose to work from 7 a.m. to 3 p.m. or 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.

Behavior modification

Is a systematic program of reinforcement to encourage desirable behavior. Behavior modification includes both rewards to encourage desirable actions and punishments to discourage undesirable actions. Managers must first identify and measure a target behavior which is the behavior that is to be changed. Next, managers reward employees with positive reinforcement when they perform the desired behavior. Finally, managers measure the levels of the target behavior to make sure the desired changes have been achieved.

Job redesign

Is a type of job enrichment in which work is restructured to cultivate the worker-job match. This may be done in a number of ways. Combining tasks, forming work groups, or establishing closer customer relationships are all forms of job redesign. Job redesign can allow employees to get a better sense of how their work contributes to the whole organization.

Part-time work

Is permanent employment in which individuals work less than a standard work week. While hours vary, part-time jobs are structured so that all responsibilities for the job can be completed in the number of hours an employee works. A few companies offer part-time workers benefits, but this is typically not the case. Part-time workers often do not receive health insurance, paid vacation, or other perks associated with full-time jobs.

______ means a worker's assignments are expanded to include additional but similar tasks. -Job enlargement -Job redesign -Job enrichment -Behavior modification

Job enlargement

Job enlargement

Means a worker's assignments are expanded to include additional but similar tasks. Unfortunately, the tasks added to a worker's assignments are often just as routine as those the worker performed before the change. As a result, job enlargement may not be an effective motivator in the long term.

Empowerment

Means making employees more involved in their jobs and in the operations of the organization by increasing their participation in decision making. Empowered employees are able to make decisions on how they perform their jobs. Empowerment may also include the ability to solve customer problems without involving other levels of management.

For empowerment to work, all of the following are true except ______. -managers must communicate standards -employees must self-evaluate -managers need to set expectations -managers must guarantee follow-up

employees must self-evaluate

Job redesign is _________. -a systematic program of reinforcement to encourage desirable behavior -a method of motivating employees by providing them with variety in their -tasks while giving them some responsibility for, and control over, their jobs -expanding a worker's assignments to include additional but similar tasks -a type of job enrichment in which work is restructured to cultivate the worker-job match

a type of job enrichment in which work is restructured to cultivate the worker-job match


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