Fractures Intro

A type _____ SH fracture is thru the physis and metaphysis.

2

What is an avulsion?

when the insertion point of a tendon or ligament is fractured

A type ____ SH fracture is thru the physis and epiphysis.

3

In the AO classification of fractures, 1 corresponds to _____ fracture of a long bone. 2? 3?

1=proximal, 2 = diaphyseal, 3 = distal

A type _____ SH fracture is only along the physis.

1

A type _____ SH fracture is thru the metaphysis, physis, and epiphysis.

4

A type ____ SH fracture is a crushing or narrowing of the physis.

5

In the AO classification of fractures, the letter A represents a ______ fracture. B? C?

A = single fracture, B = wedge or butterfly, C = complex/comminuted

In animals, 75% of fractures are caused by?

HBC

What is a fissure?

a fracture running from a primary fracture along the long axis of a bone

Capital, sub-capital, metaphyseal, diaphyseal, sub-trochanteric, physeal, condylar, and articular are all ________ classifications for fractures.

anatomical

What is a type 3c open fracture?

arterial supply to bone compromised, requires arterial repair for salvage of limb, if not = amputation

What is a type 1 open fracture?

bone fragment penetrates skin and the wound is usually clean/(clean contaminated)

A _____ fracture is when the bone has been fractured in more than two pieces.

comminuted

High energy forces tend to cause ______ fractures.

comminuted/complex

Which classification of fracture is unstable when compression, bending, and torsional forces are applied. The fracture will _______ when any force is applied.

comminuted; displace/collapse

What is a type 3b open fracture

extensive soft tissue injury and loss, bone exposed w/ stripped periosteum

What are the forces generated on a weight bearing limb? (3)

compression (shear/axial compression); bending; and torsion (rotation)

Transverse fractures are stable when ______ forces are applied but are unstable when _____ or _____ forces are applied.

compression; bending; torsional

What is a type 5 SH fracture?

crushing of physis

What is the main setback to external coaptation?

difficult to obtain accurate reconstruction

The terms compression, depressed, and impacted describe the _____ of bone fragments.

displacement

What is the goal of fracture repair?

early return of the full function to the limb

Starting cranially, name the different segments of a growing bone.

epiphysis; physis; metaphysis; diaphysis

A closed fracture of the elbow or stifle indicates this type of fracture fixation.

external coaptation

Fractures in which the bone will be stable after reduction and fractures in which the bone can be expected to heal quickly are indications for this method of fixation.

external coaptation

Greenstick and impaction fractures are commonly fixated by?

external coaptation

______ is the securing of fracture fragments to withstand forces acting on the fracture following reduction.

fixation

A ______ fracture occurs in demineralzed bone.

folded

______ fractures are the most common type of incomplete fractures in young animals.

greenstick

Salter harris fractures are a classification of?

growth plate fractures

In the AO classification of fractures, the Humerus is assigned the number _____. Tibia/fibula = ______, femur = ____ and radius/ulna = _______.

humerus = 1, radius/ulna = 2, femur = 3, tibula/fibula =4

If a portion of the cortex of the bone is intact, it is an ______ fracture.

incomplete

High rise syndrome is a classic cause of _____ force fractures.

indirect; forces travel along the axis of long bones and fracture at a site distant to the site of impact

Generally the a greater number of fracture pieces and the smaller they are means that the fracture is more likely to be?

non-reducible

An _____ fracture is one where the angle of the fracture is somewhere between parallel and perpendicular to the long axis of the bone.

oblique

Axial compression forces alone tend to cause ______ fractures.

oblique

The use of two self-retaining pointed reduction bone forceps is indicated in _____ fracture reduction.

oblique

Complicated, unstable, and fractures involving the articular surfaces are indications for?

open reduction

If you must sever a mm. for exposure of a fracture, do so near the ___ or ___.

origin, insertion

A ______ fracture occurs b/c of underlying dz in the bone.

pathological

What is a type 3 SH fracture?

physis and epiphysis only

What is a type 2 SH fracture?

physis and metaphysis only

What is a type 1 SH fracture?

physis only

What is a type 4 SH fracture?

physis, metaphysis and epiphysis

With SH fractures, disruption of the zone of ______ is much worse than the zone of _____.

proliferation; hypertrophy

Longitudinal, Y, Y, and butterfly fractures describe the ______appearance of fracture lines.

radiographic

Whether the fragments of a fracture can be reconstructed to provide a load bearing limb determines if the fracture is _____ or non-______.

reducible or non-reducible

What is closed reduction?

reducing a fracture w/out surgically exposing the fractured bone

What is the meaning of the term reduction in assoc. w/ fracture repair?

reestablishing normal alignment of fracture fragments

A _____ fracture is one where the fracture lines twist around the bone in a barber pole type fashion.

spiral

Torsion forces tend to cause ______ fractures.

spiral

Greyhounds commonly develop _____ fractures from repeated stresses to the metacarpal and metatarsal bones.

stress

For optimal bone healing, the bone must be ______; meaning that it must ______ some weight. This is impossible w/ _______ fractures.

stressed; bear; severely comminuted

What is open reduction?

sx approach to expose fracture in order to reconstruct and stabilize

A _____ fracture is one where the angle of the fracture is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone.

transverse

The bending of a bone tends to cause _____ fractures.

transverse

Oblique fractures are _______ when compression forces are applied, however, they are more stable than a transverse fracture when ____ and _____ forces are applied.

unstable; bending; torsional

What is a type 3a open fracture?

vast soft tissue laceration but enough soft tissue left for closure

Increased bending forces AND axial compression forces tend to cause ______ fractures.

wedge/butterfly comminuted

What is a type 2 open fracture?

when an external object penetrates soft tissue and breaks bone, mild soft tissue trauma