French Revolution Quizlet

Guerrilla warfare

A military strategy based on small, highly mobile bands of soldiers (the guerrillas, from the Spanish word for war, "guerra") who use hit-and-run tactics like ambushes to attack a better-armed enemy.

Political spectrum

A way to visually recognize a person's political positions

What as the name of a radical newspaper written during the early French Revolution by Marat?

L'Ami de People

What means Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity in French and was the original slogan of the regime until Napoleon's time?

Liberte, Egalite, Fraternitepy

Tennis Court Oath

An oath that the third estate took one of King Louis's indoor tennis courts after the were denied access to the estates-general meeting. They swore "never to separate and to meet wherever the circumstances might require until we have established a sound and just constitution"

Louis XVI

Monarch during the French revolution. Married to Marie Antoinette. Very Frivolous spender.

What is the term for taking over a territory and incorporate into a nation?

Annex

Why did the revolution turn violent?

Because King Louis XVII and his cabinet refused to give in and did not change his ways.

Which group on the political spectrum is content with the current situation, does not want anything to change but is not extreme?

Conservative

Which group of government Favors neither set of extreme views, and believes in a balance of change and stability?

Favors neither set of extreme views, believes in a balance of change and stability. Moderate

Directory

Group of five men who served as liaisons between Robespierre and the Assembly. Overthrown by Napoleon.

Too late

Had Louis XVI proposed these reforms in 1788 or earlier, they may well have saved his throne. But as the historian Richard Cobb puts it, the Tennis Court Oath had "cut the ground from under the king's feet". Maintaining the Three Estates in their ancient form was unacceptable to the Third Estate, particularly if it continued to be outvoted by the other two Estates. Accepting the king's reforms would also require the dissolution of their National Assembly.

cahiers

Notebooks, King Louis XVI had all three estates prepare cahiers listing their grievances (they included fairer taxes, freedom of the press, and regular meetings of the Estates General

What was the name of the radical political group that replaced the Royal Government of France?

Paris Commune

Which radical government was led by the Jacobins, condemned the king, and abolished the titles of nobility?

The French Republic

What was the name of the Empire that Napoleon ruled when he had the most territory?

The Grand Empire

What movement happened in 1789 where the woman marched from Paris to Versailles in order to protest famine and imprison the Royal Family?

The woman's march on Versailles

deficit spending

When a government spends more than it takes in and goes into debt.

How did foreign affairs affect the French Revolution?

When nobles and clergy fled France at the beginning of the revolution, they spoke negatively about the revolution and encouraged others to attack France.

Jacques Necker

a financial expert and Louis XVI's advisor

Continental System

or Continental Blockade, as a blockade around France's coasts. It's the foreign policy of Napoleon I of France in his struggle against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland during the Napoleonic Wars.

Napoleon Bonaparte

popular military hero who had won a series of victories against the Austrians in France. Politicians wanted to use him, but he outsmarted them and became ruler.

Which group of government is ready to move forward and accept change, but not a revolutionary?

ready to move forward and accept change, not a revolutionary Liberal

Legitimacy

restoring hereditary monarchies that the French Revolution or Napoleon had unseated.

Maximilien Robespierre

shrewd lawyer and politician and head of counterrevolutionaries

Declaration of the Rights of Man

stated that people were free and equal, all male citizens are equal before the law. They were guaranteed liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression

Tricolor

French Flag, blue, white, and red horizontally. Symbol of French Revolution

Dr. Joseph Guillotin

Inventor of the Guillotine. Introduced It to the legislature as a more humane method of method of beheading; quickly became a symbol of terror.

Waterloo

Napoleon and his army were crushed by the British forces led by the duke of wellington and a Prussian army led by general blucher

Admiral Nelson

Smashed the French fleet when they tried to invade Britain at the Battle of Trafalgar.

Suffrage

The civil right to vote

What roles did different classes play in the French Revolution?

The huge separation between the upper class and lower class was a big factor in the start of the revolution, and the fact that the upper class wasn't taxed

Legislative Assembly

a French congress with the power to create laws and approve declarations of war, established by the constitution of 1791. Replaced national assembly.

Girondins

a radical political group that rivaled the Jacobins and mountain

Estates General

the legislative body consisting of representatives of the three estates; they met before any changes were made.

What were the political, economic, social and intellectual causes of the French Revolution?

People were starving, and money was being spent without cause or need in the First and Second estate, Unfair taxes.

Leadup to the formation of the National Assembly

The Tennis Court Oath followed several days of tension and confrontation at the Estates General. Frustrated by the procedures of the Estates General, particularly the use of voting by order, the Third Estate spent the first week of June contemplating what action to take. On June 10th Sieyès rose before the Third Estate deputies and proposed inviting deputies from the other Estates to form a representative assembly. This occurred on June 17th when deputies of the Third Estate, along with several nobles and clergymen, voted 490-90 to form the National Assembly. This was a clear challenge to royal authority, however it took several days for the king to respond. Following Necker's advice, Louis scheduled a séance royale ('royal session') involving all three Estates on June 23rd. There the king planned to unveil reforms aimed at winning the support of moderates, who he believed held the numbers in the Third Estate.

Second Estate

The estate that consisted of aristocrats, nobles, and high-positioned government officials. They paid little taxes if at all and were as wealthy as the First Estate. They made up 2% of the French population.

"Great Fear"

The panic and insecurity that struck French peasants in the summer of 1789 after the storming of the bastille and led to their widespread destruction of manor houses and archives.

Prelude

The swearing of the Tennis Court Oath is one of the pivotal scenes of the French Revolution. On the morning of June 20th 1789, deputies in the newly formed National Assembly gathered to enter the meeting hall at the Hôtel des Menus-Plaisirs at Versailles, only to find the doors locked and guarded by royal troops. Interpreting this as hostile move by the king and his ministers, the National Assembly proceeded to the nearest available space, one of Versailles' indoor tennis courts. Gathering on the floor of this court, the 577 deputies took an oath, hastily written by Emmanuel Sieyès and administered by Jean-Sylvain Bailly. Together, they pledged to remain assembled until a new national constitution had been drafted and implemented. Like the fall of the Bastille a fortnight later, the Tennis Court Oath became a memorable gesture of revolutionary defiance against the old regime. The prominent artist Jacques-Louis David later immortalised the oath in a dramatic portrait.

How did the meeting of the Estates General lead to the formation of the National Assembly?

The third estate broke away and formed the National Assembly because they did not think that the estates general was fair

June 20th and the Oath

These plans were thwarted by the events of June 20th. Historians have long mused over why the doors of the Menus-Plaisirs were locked. Some have suggested it was a deliberate royal tactic, an attempt to stop the Estates meeting before the séance royale. It was more likely to have accidental, a procedural order that assumed the Estates would not meet again until June 22nd (June 20th was a Saturday). Whatever the reason, the Third Estate deputies interpreted the barred doors as a hostile act, an indicator of their suspicious mood. They left the Menus-Plaisirs and proceeded to the next open building, the Jeu de Paume, a real tennis court used by Louis XIV. The oath was administered by Jean-Sylvain Bailly and signed by 576 members of the Third Estate. There was one abstention: Joseph Martin d'Auch, the deputy from Castelnaudary, refused to sign the oath on the grounds that it insulted the king.

First Estate

They consisted of the Roman Catholic Clergy; they received special privileges and paid no direct taxes. Made up less than 1% of the French population.

Napoleonic Code

This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy

Victory over Louis

When the king was told of this defiance he responded with indifference, reportedly muttering "F-k it, let them stay". Over the next three days dozens of clergymen and nobles - including the Duke of Orleans, a member of the royal court and a distant relative of the king - crossed the floor to join the National Assembly. On June 27th the king backed down completely and ordered the remaining deputies of the First and Second Estates to join the National Assembly, thus giving it apparent constitutional legitimacy. The Tennis Court Oath - which was both a revolutionary act and an expression of popular sovereignty - had succeeded in forcing a royal back down. With one fell swoop, Louis XVI had abolished the Three Estates as separate political orders. Conservatives were furious about what the king had surrendered, however when the news reached Paris it triggered great excitement and rejoicing. The bourgeois revolution had won the day. But with large numbers of royal troops massing near Versailles and on the outskirts of Paris, more confrontation was yet to come.

Refusing to leave after the Seance Royale

When the séance royale ended and the king left the chamber, the deputies of the National Assembly defiantly remained. Stirred up by orators like Mirabeau, Bailly and Barnave, they affirmed the pledges made three days earlier in the Tennis Court Oath. The National Assembly would defy the king's orders and remain in session. When confronted by one of the king's envoys and asked to leave the hall, Mirabeau made his famous remark: "Go tell your masters who have sent you that we shall not leave, except by the force of bayonets".

Confederation of the Rhine

a client state of First French Empire. It existed from 1806 through 1813. Its ruler was Napoleon I of France, or Napoleon Bonaparte

Congress of Vienna

a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe. It was held in Vienna from November 1, 1814, to June 8, 1815.

Concert of Europe

a group of countries in Europe who worked together and agreed on things between 1814 and 1914. The member countries were the United Kingdom, Austria, Russia and Prussia After Napoleon was no longer in power, France joined the Concert of Europe.

Blockade

a physical blockage of a port or other place. Usually used of enemy ships surrounding a port.

The Mountain

a political group that was liberal, at one point became synonymous with Jacobin, the Mountain was influenced by Robespierre

Jacobins

a revolutionary political club. Were mostly middle class lawyers or intellectuals.

Battle of Trafalgar

a sea battle fought on 21 October 1805 between the navies of France and Spain on one side, and Great Britain on the other. The battle ended with a clear victory for the British forces.

Consulate

a small official office of a country in another. The main office is called an Embassy, and is in the capital city.

Concordat of 1801

agreement where Napoleon made peace with the catholic church. Kept church under control, but recognized religious freedom for catholics.

Radical

favors quick fundamental changes willing to incite revolution to achieve goals

Bastille

fortress in Paris used as a prison; French Revolution began when Parisians stormed it in 1789

Sans-culottes

in the French Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage-earners, and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater voice in government, lower prices, and an end of food shortages

Reign of Terror

lasted from September 1793 to July 1794, Revolutionary courts conducted hasty trials and the citizens were outraged.

Bourgeoisie

middle class (third estate), which included prosperous bankers, merchants, and manufacturers such as lawyers, doctors, journalists, and professors.

Stefan Jonsson, historian

"Jacques-Louis David recognised the gravity of the moment and the enthusiasm it released. He caught history in the making. Faces and bodies are frozen in an instant of the highest emotional intensity. The delegates are possessed by a common mission, which consists in preserving their newly won unity. The oath sworn in the tennis court outside the royal palace in Versailles... marks the beginning of the French Revolution. Language is at a loss as one tries to capture David's visualisation of a unity manifesting itself as quantity."

The full text of the oath read:

"The National Assembly, considering that it has been summoned to establish the constitution of the kingdom, to effect the regeneration of public order, and to maintain the true principles of monarchy; that nothing can prevent it from continuing its deliberations in whatever place it may be forced to establish itself; and, finally, that wheresoever its members are assembled, there is the National Assembly... It decrees that all members of this Assembly shall immediately take a solemn oath not to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the kingdom is established and consolidated upon firm foundations; and that, the said oath taken, all members and each one individually shall ratify this steadfast resolution by signature."

Abdicate

Abdication is the act of resigning from an office, especially from being the leader of a country

Clemens von Metternich

Austria's foreign minister. Favored war against France, and then after French defeat against Austria, decided to support France. Very Wishy Washy.

Marie Antoinette

Austrian queen of France married to Louis XVI, lived a life of great pleasure and extravagance.

Marquis de Lafayette

BFFLs with George Washington and fought alongside him in the revolutionary war. Head of the French national guard. One of the key revolutionaries in the French Revolution

What was the mane of the constitution that the national assembly used to take over the French church? Hint: it was denounced by the pope and peasants.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

National Assembly

Comprised of the third estate after they were tired of being counted out. The national assembly was to meet separately and was formed subsequent to the tennis court oath.

What document was the first constitution of the Revolution, produced by the national assembly and outlined a limited monarchy with a legislative assembly?

Constitution of 1791

What document produced by the more moderate government after the Reign of Terror, and Outlined a weak, corrupt five man directory along with a two house legislature?

Constitution of 1795

What act combined efforts of many policies which had the end result of weakening the Catholic church in France?

Dechristianization

What document was a woman's version of the Declaration of rights of Man? HINT: Written by a female.

Declaration of the Rights of Women

Committee of Public Safety

Established and led by Robespierre, fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effort. Instigated the Reign of Terror.

"La Marseillaise"

France's national anthem; became the rallying call of the French Revolution and received its name because it was first sung on the streets by volunteers from Marseille upon their arrival in Paris from invading Austrian and Prussian troops

Jacques Louis David

French artist who painted works supporting the French Revolution.

Emigres

French nobles who fled from France during the peasant uprisings. They were very conservative and hoped to restore the king to power.

Who was the friend and confidant of Robespierre who was guillotined by the Citizens?

Georges Danton

Who was a spanish artist who depicted the human suffereing and other horrors of the French Revolution?

Goya

David's Painting

In 1790 the artist Jacques-Louis David began preparations for a grand painting to visualise and honour the swearing of the Tennis Court Oath. While the events of the revolution prevented David from completing the painting, his preliminary engraving (above) survives and provides the best known representation of the events of June 20th. The Tennis Court Oath was watched by people in the higher galleries; David consulted these witnesses when deciding on composition and placement. Among the prominent revolutionaries shown in David's engraving are Isaac Le Chapelier (1); the journalist Bertrand Barère (2); three religious leaders Dom Gerle (3), Henri Grégoire (4) and Jean-Paul Rabaut Saint-Étienne (5); the famous astronomer and later mayor of Paris who administered the oath, Jean-Sylvain Bailly (6); the author of the oath Emmanuel Sieyès (7); the future mayor of Paris Jérôme Pétion (8); Maximilien Robespierre (9); the constitutional monarchists Honore Mirabeau (10) and Antoine Barnave (11); and the lone abstainer from the oath, Joseph Martin d'Auch (12).

Third Estate

Included about 98 percent of the population. At the top there was the bourgeiosie, or middle class. They included bankers, merchants, manufacturers, lawyers, doctors, journalists, professors, and skilled artists. The bulk however were urban workers. Some were even unemployed and to survive they turned to crime and begging. Paid almost all of the taxes.

Who was a radical propagandist who argued for the rights of the lower classes?

Jean-Paul Marat

Why were Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette executed?

Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were executed for being bad rulers, their careless spending, and their ignorance about the people of France

The Royal Session Seance Royale 23rd June

Louis began by unveiling his reforms. The king promised a degree of representative government, with regular sessions of the Estates General. The taxation system would be overhauled in consultation with the Estates General, the legal system would be improved and lettres de cachet abolished. But while Louis was prepared to make political concessions and reforms, he would not accept constitutional changes. The Three Estates were an "ancient distinction" and an "integral part of the constitution", the king declared, and would therefore remain intact.

Which radical body of government abolished the and then created the French Republic?

National Convention

Nationalism

Nationalism is a way of thinking that says that every ethnic group of humans should be free to rule itself.