Freshman Biology final

List out the chance of each possible genotype that could be seen in the offspring of this cross black cat (BB) and tan cat (TT)

0% all black 0% all tan 100% mixed tan black

What is the chance that a female who is carrier for hemophilia with a male who does not have hemophilia will have a daughter with hemophilia

0/4 or 0%

List out all the steps taken to clone a sheep.

1. Skin removed from cloned sheep 2. Nucleus with full set of chromosomes removed from skin cell 3. Egg taken from another female 4. Nucleus removed from the egg 5. Fused cell formed (electric shock to fuse empty egg with nucleus from skin cell) 6. Embryo forms - egg cell containing new nucleus begins to divide with identical copies of same genetic information 7. Embryo placed in FOSTER mother 8. Clone born

What is the chance that a female who is carrier for hemophilia with a male who does not have hemophilia will have a child with hemophilia

1/4 or 25%

What does cytokinesis look like?

2 separate cells

List out the chance of each possible genotype that could be seen in the offspring of red carnation (RR) with a homozygous white carnation (rr).

4/4 Rr

On the DNA fingerprint to the right, which two individuals are more closely related

A and C

What does telophase look like?

A distinct start to separation of a cell

What happens during telophase?

A nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to separate the nuclear DNA from the cytoplasm.

What is a karyotype?

A picture of chromosomes that have been organized by size, banding pattern, and type. These are often used to identify chromosomal mistakes such as those caused by Down Syndrome.

Biotechnology is a growing field that continues to be developed with the goal of improving human life. It is especially used in the fields of medicine and _________________.

Agriculture

What is a transgenic organism?

An organism that is changed by putting in the DNA from a different species.

What were the genotypes of the parents of the black and tan tabby kitten

BB and TT

How is the formation of cancer related to the cell cycle

Cancer is the RESULT of uncontrolled cell growth. t is usually the result of a mutation (a mistake in the DNA).

What happens during G1 phase

Cell growth

What does prophase look like?

Centrioles move to opposite poles

What happens in prophase?

Chromosomes condense

What does metaphase look like?

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

What happens in metaphase?

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

What is the third phase of the cell cycle

Cytokinesis

What happens during cytokinesis?

Cytoplasm divides and daughter cells form

What happens during S phase

DNA replication

What is nondisjunction

Failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis. This is a major mistake that causes gametes to have too many or to be missing chromosomes

What happens in the first phase of the cell cycle

Interphase (G1, S, G2)

What happens in the second phase of the cell cycle

Mitosis (PMAT)

List out the chance of each possible genotype that could be seen in the offspring of this cross red carnation (RR) with a homozygous white carnation (rr).

Pink carnation

Some common techniques are gene amplification using ___________________, _________________either cells or organisms, _______________ to identify criminals, ____________________________ to give bacteria new abilities and _______________ therapy to treat genetic disorders.

Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR) Cloning Gel Electrophoresis Bacterial Transformation Gene therapy

What happens during G2 phase

Preparation for mitosis

What is recombinant DNA?

Recombinant DNA technology (aka genetic engineering) modifying genes of an organism.

What happens in anaphase?

Sister chromatids split and move to either pole (Disjunction)

What does anaphase look like?

Spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart at the centromere

What are possible genotypes of the offspring of the Punnett square with T= tall and t= short

TT, Tt, tt

What are the parent phenotypes of the Punnett square with T= tall and t= short

Tall

What are the possible phenotypes of the offspring of the Punnett square with T= tall and t= short

Tall short

List the steps in order for the process of gel electrophoresis

The DNA is loaded into a gel, which is attached to an electrical charge. The negatively charged DNA fragments travel toward the positive end of the gel. The gel separates the pieces of DNA by size. The larger the fragment, the slower it moves through the gel. Fragments that are farthest from the well are the smallest This makes a set of bands that is always the same for the same organism (just like your fingerprints are unique to you).

What was the purpose of the Human Genome Project?

The attempt to decode all of the genes in our DNA (called a genome)

What happens in interphase?

The cell grows, makes more organelles and copies all the DNA replication

What does interphase look like?

The cell looks normal as there is no visible activity going on

Describe what is happening in the image below

The diagram summarizes transferring a plant gene into a bacterium. 1. Plant gene removed from cell (see A) 2. Plasmid removed from bacterial cell 3. Recombinant DNA (see B) 4. The new bacterial cell has transgenic bacteria

On the DNA fingerprint to the right, label where the smallest and largest DNA fragments would be located

The largest DNA fragment will be found at the top, the smallest DNA fragments will be found near the bottom of the gel.

What happens in mitosis?

The two copies of DNA are split apart into two nuclei.

Why are males more likely to show recessive sex - linked disorders?

They have 1 X linked trait

What process creates a DNA fingerprint

To make a DNA fingerprint two processes are typically used: 1st - restriction enzymes are used to CUT the DNA into small pieces. 2nd - Gel Electrophoresis is used to separate the pieces of DNA. It creates a unique pattern that looks like a barcode.

Some people believe that genetic technology is __________ because it modifies the DNA of living organisms and therefore their natural state. Others believe that biotech is helpful and worth using to support the greater good.

Unethical

When does nondisjunction occur?

When chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis

Females receive a __________ chromosome from dad and a ____________ chromosome from mom

X, X

What two sex chromosomes do females have in humans?

XX

What two sex chromosomes do males have in humans?

XY

Males receive a __________ chromosome from dad and a ____________ chromosome from mom

Y, X

What is the parent cell in meiosis

diploid (2n)

What is the parent cell in mitosis

diploid (2n)