FSHD 214 Chapter 6
social smile
a smile that occurs in response to seeing a human face
example of a self-conscious emotion
empathy
developmental psychopathology
the study of atypical physical, cognitive, social and emotional development
Which techniques does the teacher use to encourage cooperation by the boy?
A. asking politely B. reminding him of the rule "we don't climb on the cots" C. relying on classroom routines (children wash their hands before and after eating) All of the above!!!!
What signs of social coordination did you notice before the mother adopted the still face?
Both, infant and mom shake their heads at the same time and infant and mom take turns making vocalizations.
Positive emotionality (Activity level (frequency, briskness, and vigor of motor movement; intolerance of forced idleness)
Carlos is usually the first toddler, in his playgroup to climb up on the mini-slide
Positive emotionality (High-intensity pleasure (pleasure, positive anticipation, and excitement in social interaction)
Charlotte generally jump up and down when she hears that grandma is coming over
Hayley had an insecure attachment to her mother at 12 months, but her mother became more competent at parenting between 12 and 24 months and showed a higher degree of sensitivity and responsiveness. Based on the longitudinal study of Belsky and Fearon (2002), we would expect that __________.
Hayley's attachment security and social competence would increase with time
How does the infant try to re-engage his mother's attention after she adopts the still face?
He vocalizes loudly and gestures at her.
Positive emotionality (Low-intensity pleasure (delight in sensual gratification and comfort)
Kieren hums quietly and rocks gently back and forth in his highchair as he is eating his pudding
Negative emotionality (Behavioral inhibition (inhibition of behavior with novel people and situations)
Lucy is typically one of the last toddlers to interact with the other toddlers in his weekly playgroup
Effortful control (Effortful control Inhibitory control (ability to inhibit a dominant response and/or activate a subdominant response, to plan, and to detect errors)
Mia is the only one in her toddler group who is able to follow the teachers instructions to not touch her neighbor's snack
Negative emotionality (Anger (aggressive or irritable behavior in response to painful or frustrating experiences)
Siddhartha is much quicker to become angry and throw his mini-spoon when waiting for his meals than his twin sister Jhaveri
__________ refers to the way that adults in societies gradually communicate the rules of the family and society.
Socialization
How does the baby react to the stranger when the mother is present in the room?
The baby looks cautiously at her, but does give the stranger the toy she is holding when Mom requests it.
Which of the following is a key behavior that securely attached infants tend to show in Ainsworth's Strange Situation?
The infant uses the caregiver as a secure base for exploration.
Effortful control (Attention/persistence (capacity for attentional focusing and control as a basis for persistence)
Wei's mother notices that he spends more time trying to fit blocks into a sorting tray than his older brother did at his same age
mirror neuron system
a neural circuit that generates similar levels and types of brain activity either when the individual performs an action, or simply observes another person performing an action
autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
a neurodevelopmental disorder involving impairments in social communication and a restrictive range of interests and activities
insecure-avoidant attachment
a pattern in which the infant does not use the caregiver as a secure base, does not seek contact with the caregiver, does not show separation anxiety, and ignores or avoids the caregiver upon reunion
insecure-disorganized attachment
a pattern in which the infant seems confused by separation and reunion episodes and shows contradictory behavior in the Strange Situation
secure attachment
a pattern of attachment in which the infant uses the caregiver as a secure base for exploration, seeks contact with the caregiver, shows separation anxiety, and displays positive reactions upon reunion
Strange Situation
a structured observation used to classify the nature of the attachment relationship between infant and caregiver
attachment behavioral system
a system of behaviors of infants and caregivers that ensures proximity to the caregiver
Security of attachment at about 12 months is correlated with each of the following except __________.
academic achievement only through preschool and the early elementary grades
a distinct emotional display pattern observed at 4 to 6 months
active protest
Each of the following is an emotional display pattern that develops between 4 and 6 months except __________.
active withdraw
Infants' expressions of separation anxiety and stranger anxiety reflect cognitive advances including __________.
advances in memory allowing them to compare past and present situations/people and find the present situation or person unacceptable
Kagan and colleagues obtained evidence that a common characteristic of adults with a history of behavioral inhibition in childhood is __________.
an over-reactive amygdala
Each of the following is an emotion regulation strategy developing between 12 and 24 months except __________.
asking an adult to tell a bedtime story
Temperamental ratings are stable, meaning that they correlate moderately well with later ratings __________.
beginning about age 3
externalizing problems
behavior or emotional problems that involve actions directed toward the external environment (such as aggression, disobeying rules, and damaging property)
All of the following are aspects of the temperamental dimension positive emotionality except __________.
behavioral inhibition
internalizing problems
behavioral or emotional problems that involve the self (such as anxiety; depression; withdrawal; loneliness; and difficulty sleeping, eating, or concentrating)
A fussy infant receives more attempts from parents to soothe her than a less fussy infant. This is a possible example of a(n) __________ on temperament.
bidirectional effect of genes and environment
What signs of tension or distress does the baby exhibit during the still face?
both covering his face with his hands and putting his hand in his mouth to self-soothe
Studies of environmental stressors in families' lives reveal that attachment classification __________.
can become more or less secure as the amount of stress in families' lives changes
sensitive-responsive caregiving
caregiving that is sensitive to the infant's signals and responsive to the infant's needs and social overtures
stranger anxiety
displays of greater distress reactions to unfamiliar people than familiar people
separation anxiety
distress reactions to separation from the primary caregiver
Because of substantial research into ASD, it is now viewed as a disorder caused by __________ that lead(s) to deviations in brain development occurring in the first 2 years after birth.
diverse but not fully understood biological factors
temperament
early appearing differences among infants in emotions, activity, and attention that are at least partly based in biology
If the boy's behavior was often characterized by the sorts of impulsive actions you witnessed, he would be rated as low in ____________.
effortful control
The last major category of temperament to emerge in development, __________, is not seen until age 2 to 3 years, when children have greater emotional regulation and communication skills.
effortful control
Between birth and 12 months, infants need help with __________, but during the second year, toddlers develop more strategies due to increasing cognitive skills as well as encouragement from adults.
emotion regulation
self-conscious emotions
emotions involving a concept of how the current state relates to the status of the self in relation to a desired goal or outcome
A toddler shows a sad look and pats her mother on the arm after she witnesses her mother hurt her finger. This reflects the self-conscious emotion __________.
empathy
According to Bowlby, the driving evolutionary purpose behind the attachment system is to __________.
ensure proximity between infant and caregiver
A shy child meeting a new relative can benefit from her parents remaining in the room with her and the relative allowing the child to take her time in making social overtures. This is an example of __________.
goodness of fit
The teacher asks a boy to help stack blocks, but the boy knocks them down deliberately. One reason discussed in this section for the boy's contrary actions is _____________ .
he realizes that his own actions and desires and those of the teacher are independent
Longitudinal testing of inhibited and uninhibited children in the period from infancy to adolescence revealed differences indicative of higher physiological arousal in the inhibited children, including all of the following except __________.
higher left-frontal lobe activity
The girl in the white sweater watches the other girl using the spoon to scoop objects, and then picks up her own spoon and begins to scoop objects into the bowls. This is an example of ____________________.
imitation
social referencing
infants' use of their caregivers' emotional displays to regulate their own behavior
Richard, at 12 months, tends to cry and cling to mom when she drops him off in day-care. He stays upset for quite some time. Sometimes his mom hears him crying and returns after 2 minutes. He seems eager to be held by her, but keeps on crying, and even twists to get out of her arms.
insecure-ambivalent attachment
Marisa, at 15 months, did not appear upset when her mother left to go shopping, and played with the babysitter. When her mother returned, Marisa seemed indifferent to her, and even twisted and crawled away from her mother when her mother tried to pick her up.
insecure-aviodent attachment
Hadley, at 12 months, sometimes clings to her mother but at other times seems confused or avoidant. Her expression looks fearful or disoriented much of the time.
insecure-disorganized
It is adaptive, in an evolutionary sense, for infants to recognize fearful expressions from adults shortly after they learn to crawl (around 6 to 9 months) because __________.
it enables infants to receive warnings about dangerous situations
evidence of self-awareness
looking in a mirror and touching a spot of rouge on one's nose
The large NICHD Study of Early Child Care that was conducted in the 1990s and studied security and attachment among infants who were cared for outside the home found __________.
no difference in security of attachment for the infants of mothers who worked compared with those whose mothers stayed at home
Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) tend to show the following behaviors except __________.
normal social development through age two, followed by deviations
Each of the following is a potential predictor of disorganized attachment at 12 months except __________.
parenting that is sometimes sensitive/responsive and sometimes not
insecure-ambivalent attachment
pattern in which the infant seeks proximity with the caregiver, shows high separation anxiety, and is not soothed by the caregiver upon reunion
solitary play
play in which children are by themselves
simple social play
play in which children engage in simple communication and reciprocal social exchanges
parallel play
play in which children play close together but do not interact or communicate
Improved understanding and early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are occurring because researchers have identified specific aspects of social behavior or social understanding that are missing or delayed in children with autism. Examples of these missing or delayed behaviors or understanding include each of the following except __________.
playing with objects
Researchers interested in learning whether the changes in infants' understanding of their own and others' communication and social goals at the end of the first year are universal studied infants and young children ages 9 months to 3 years in rural areas in Canada, Peru, and India. These researchers noted that the 9- to 12-month-old infants and the children ages to 3 years in all three cultures engaged in the following behaviors at similar ages, except
pretend play
Juan, age 2, is playing with blocks. His father tells him that it is time to put the blocks away and eat his lunch. Based on the findings of researchers studying socialization, what is Juan most likely to do?
put the blocks away and have lunch
Cross-cultural studies have revealed that one aspect of attachment that is consistent across cultures is __________.
reliance on the caregiver as a secure base
The following are ways that parents can make use of their child's increasing communication skills to help their toddler be more cooperative except __________.
reminding the child to do as you say because you are the parent
Grigor, at 12 months, is very interested in new toys, and readily engages with them if his mother is in the room.
secure attachment
In a classic series of studies that illustrate goodness of fit in action, Dutch researchers provided sensitivity and responsiveness training for some mothers of irritable infants, which resulted in greater levels of __________ among the children.
secure attachment
According to Bowlby, anyone who regularly cares for an infant will come to be recognized as a __________, a safe place from which to explore and return for physical and emotional comfort.
secure base
According to Ainsworth's studies and many follow-up studies, the main characteristic(s) of mothers and fathers associated with the development of a secure attachment is/are __________.
sensitivity and responsiveness
emotional reactions that begin at about 6 to 9 months of age
separation or stranger anxiety
The exchange between the girl in the striped shirt who is sitting down and the girl who is trying to put a headband on her head best fits which type of play?
simple social
Maya, 22 months, and Ryan, 21 months, are playing together in the toddler room at their child care facility. The teacher notices that they are chatting together, trading toys, and smiling. This is an example of __________.
simple social play
Much work on temperament has been done since the pioneering studies of Thomas and Chess. Today, developmental scientists generally speak in terms of traits rather than types of children. All of the following terms are used by contemporary developmental scientists to discuss temperament except __________.
slow to warm up
Ten-month-old Carrie is startled by the loud noise made by a new toy. She starts to cry and looks at her mother. When her mother laughs at the toy, Carrie laughs, too. She continues to play with the toy without fear. Carrie's response to her mother is an example of __________.
social referencing
infants use emotional displays by a caregiver to guide their behavior toward an object or person
social referencing
Occasionally toddlers get into a conflict over a toy, at which point it is probably best for caregivers to find satisfactory toys for both children. Which type of play is least likely to result in this kind of conflict?
solitary play
The child in a red shirt on the slide is engaging in __________________ play, whereas the two girls scooping objects at the table are engaging in __________________.
solitary; parallel
The Still Face procedure is used to demonstrate __________.
that infants expect their social partners to interact
The classic study conducted in two types of kibbutz facilities in Israel revealed __________ was related to the achievement of a secure attachment.
that time spent together at night
useful in demonstrating that infants expect their social partners to interact
the Still Face procedure
empathy
the ability to feel an emotion similar to one another person is experiencing
emotion regulation
the ability to modulate one's emotional arousal depending on the situation
attachment relationship
the close relationship that forms between infants and their caregivers
goodness of fit
the extent to which the environment accommodates for temperament in a way that increases adaptive functioning of the child
secure base
the infant's use of the primary caregiver as a base for exploration as well as a source of physical and emotional comfort
According to John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth, expectations about the reliability, consistency, warmth, and effectiveness of the caregiver's responses form an integrated "concept" termed ____________________________.
the internal working model
Which of the following is the best example of sensitivity/responsiveness on the part of the primary caregiver?
the mother in the blue flowered dress who comforts and quiets the boy after a brief separation, and then hugs him AND the mother in the black overcoat who picks the distressed baby up, and after he quiets down, points to an interesting object
socialization
the process by which parents and other adults teach children what behaviors are appropriate or inappropriate in their family and culture
internal working model
the set of expectations a child has about the availability, consistency, sensitivity, and responsively of the attachment figure
The advent of __________ initiates true social coordination in which parent and infant exchange looks and facial expressions.
the social smile
In the two separation anxiety incidents captured in this video, the most effective soothing behavior on the part of both mothers seems to be __________________; a possible cultural difference in behavior is __________________.
trying to create a happy mood in the infant; how friendly the mother is with the stranger
All of the following are considered reliable signs of self-awareness in an infant between 18 and 24 months except __________.
trying to touch the "baby" in the mirror with a spot of rouge on its nose
What particular response pattern(s) you can observe in the video would be most useful in judging security of attachment to a particular person?
using the person as a secure base to explore the world AND whether a crying infant calms down when reunited with the primary caregiver
