FSHN 460 Final

Define ethnocentrism.

Saying ones culture is better or the best.

What are two examples of climatic adaptation?

Skin color and body shape

What are nutrition behaviors commonly seen among adolescents?

Snacking, skipping meals, vegetarianism

Around the globe, no income level group is eating adequate vegetables, whole grains, or legumes. True or False

True

If their age is unknown, stunted children may have adequate body fat and appear to be healthy. True or False

True

In the past 16 years or so the global prevalence of anemia among women has remained mostly stable. True or False

True

Nutrient deficiencies tend to cluster together. Therefore improving a deficiency in one micronutrient may simply "unmask" or reveal a deficiency in another one. True or False

True

Over the past 40 years, the international nutrition community has looked to protein, then protein energy, then micronutrients as the main causes of world hunger. True or False

True

The preconception period is a prime time for couples to make positive behavioral changes in their lifestyle habits to ensure the best possible outcomes. True or False

True

There is enough protein, iron, and zinc to meet nutrition intake needs. True or False

True

Typically, Caucasians can consume milk. True or False

True

Typically, Europeans can consume milk. True or False

True

Well-nourished, breastfed children around the world grow at about the same rates between birth and age 10 years regardless of "race" or nationality. True or False

True

How do we determine nutrition needs for adolescents?

We base their nutrition needs on their Tanner Stage rather than their age.

What is one reason how the environment promoted lactose intolerance?

We domesticated animals

If someone is lactose, can they consume hard cheeses?

Yes

Microevolutions require

a few generations

What are the US Grade Standards?

a voluntary way of classifying items based on quality and condition

Define paradigm.

accepted assumptions, beliefs, and practices that guide the work of sceintists

What are the 2 maternal physiological change periods?

anabolic phase (first 20 weeks), catabolic phase (last 20 weeks)

Large round worms are scientifically called:

ascaris lumbricoides

What is the most common intestinal worm?

ascaris lumbricoides

What are C3 crops?

beans, rice, wheat, fruit trees, nut trees

Race is the most detrimental outcome of __________________________________.

biological determinism.

What are severe issues associated with intestinal worms?

child growth impairment, intestinal blockage

Physiological changes during pregnancy begin after _______, and timing must be ______.

conception, exact

Human variation is _________

continuous, non concordant,

Phenotype ______ reflect genotype

does not

Natural selection is the _______ for evolution.

editor

What are modes of transmission for soil transmitted helminths?

eggs attached to fresh produce, eggs in water supply, penetrating skin when barefoot

Define xenophobia.

fear of another culture

How can intestinal worms be treated if diagnosed by doctor?

given a drug that lasts 1-3 days

Which industries are the largest contributors to green house gas emissions?

heat/electricity (25%), agriculture (24%), industry (21%)

Differential reproduction occurs when

individuals with a particular allele have better reproductive success

What is the most serious effect of hookworm infection?

iron deficiency anemia

Race in biological terms refers to:

lack of inbreeding among groups (i.e. snakes don't mate with rodents)

Stereotypes are _______ behavior.

learned

Food loss is food ________________________________________

lost in the supply chain between the producer and the retailer

What are C4 crops?

maize, sugarcane, sorghum, millets, tropical pasture grasses

Macroevolutions require

many hundreds of generations

Define exogamy

marrying outside of the group

Define endogamy

marrying within group

What are health effects of ascaris lumbricoides?

protein energy loss, malabsorption of Vitamins A and C, stunting physical and cognitive growth

Climate change is the ________ driver of hunger (behind conflict, but ahead of economic volatility).

second

What are behaviors that promote a low birth weight baby?

smoking, alcohol consumption, low pregnancy weight gain, iron deficiency,

What are moderate issues associated with intestinal worms?

stomach pains, vomiting, diarrhea

Food waste is food _______________________________________

thrown out due to quantity or quality by retailers, food service providers, and consumers

"Critical periods" of development occur during the growth of a fetus, infant, or child. An adverse influence (such as malnutrition or illness) happening during a "critical period," may result in the following two outcomes: A) Development is temporarily impaired, but full recovery is possible B) Development is permanently altered and irreparable damage occurs The outcome will depend upon the _______, ________, and _______ of the adverse influence

timing, duration, severity

How to avoid getting intestinal worms?

wash hands, wash foods, don't walk barefoot, don't consume soil, have effective waste disposal systems

Change in protein availability from a global standpoint is at what since 2010?

-3.92 grams

_____ billion people will be at risk for protein deficiency by 2050.

1.4

What is the average temperature increase since 1880?

1.4 degrees F

Roughly _____ food in the world is lost or wasted annually.

1/3

What age bracket is considered adolescent?

11 - 21

Germany wastes ____ pounds of food per person per year.

120

Cassava yield in South Africa is expected to fall by ___ percent by 2050.

18

In the US, ___ pounds of food are wasted per person per month.

20

Food wasted by the US and Europe could feed the world _____ times.

3

Food waste in America has increased ____ percent since the 1970s.

50

How much of Ideal Body Weight is gained during adolescence?

50 percent

How much US dollars are wasted each year with food loss and waste?

6.8 billion

How many deaths are caused by ascaris lumbricoides?

60,000

______ percent of the globe derives most of their protein from plants.

76

_____ percent of cases of intestinal worms show no symptoms.

85

A woman's preconception weight is important in terms of the socio-cultural development of her child because: A. her weight reflects her relationships with food B. her weight might cause birth defects C. her weight indicates that she may be deficient in folic acid D. her weight is unimportant to the child's socio-cultural development

A

Adequate folate in the diet is most necessary at which stage of the reproductive cycle? A. prepregnancy B. first 6 weeks of pregnancy C. second trimester D. third trimester

A

Some groups of Native Americans in the southwestern United States have very high rates of type 2 diabetes. Interestingly, these same Native Americans who live in Mexico do NOT have high rates of type 2 diabetes. Most likely, the high rates of type 2 diabetes in these southwestern US tribes are caused by: A. developmental adaptations B. genetic adaptations C. core cultural differences D. poor food quality of nutrition assistance programs

A

Which population group is more likely to be overweight or obese? A. women in low income countries B. men in developed countries C. old men in low income countries D. adolescent girls in African countries only

A

Which type of waste is most common in medium and high income countries? A. Food waste B. Food loss

A

Who is at greater risk of dying during the perinatal period? A. a low-birth-weight preterm infant B. a preterm infant of appropriate weight for age C. a low birth weight infant of full gestational age D. a macrosomic (high-birth-weight) infant born to a woman with gestational diabetes

A

What causes most of Type II diabetes?

A person's culture or environment.

What makes up a complete source citation?

Author, article, journal, date, DOI number

A baby born to a single mom who lost her job and experienced a severe food shortage at the end of her pregnancy will more likely be classified as: A. Very small for gestational age (vSGA) B. Disproportionately small for gestational age (dSGA) C. Proportionately small for gestational age (pSGA) D. Appropriate for gestational age (AGA)

B

Acculturation is the process by which: A. People get their immunity from disease through contact with others B. People acquire parts of another culture and lose some of theirs C. People get adopted into cults and lost their identity D. People become just like everyone else in the dominant culture

B

Food taboos during pregnancy can be based on scientific evidence, but oftentimes they are based on tradition and cultural practices. These "ghosts" in the kitchen or the voices of the ancestral past can: A. be exterminated by witch doctors B. influence what you believe you should eat during pregnancy C. cause you to have a high birth weight baby D. eat all of your Halloween candy

B

Gender equality is an issue that is relevant to: A. girls and women; it's a women's issue B. all societies, women and men alike C. developing countries; it is only there that gender gaps exist

B

One of the key findings in the Cunningham et al. 2015 assigned reading was that: A. physical activity was associated with reductions in cardiovascular disease B. Nepali women's WEAI empowerment scores were associated with improved child growth in length C. well-nourished breastfed children around the world grow at about the same rates

B

One recurring theme throughout the course is that: A. lifestyle factors predominate over developmental factors B. biology, culture, and the environment shape us as individuals C. physiological changes are permanent and irreversible D. our genetic programming cannot be altered

B

The "downward spiral of malnutrition" or the "negative spiral of malnutrition" occurs because: A. of insufficient protein stores B. altered metabolism leads to decreases in appetite or "cachexia" C. women terminate breastfeeding too early D. sodium is a limiting nutrient in macrophage formation

B

The best description of postmenopausal bone loss in women is: A. slow, gradual bone losses B. accelerated, marked bone losses C. variable bone loss rates D. none of the above

B

What was one major change in food supply access over the past 30-40 years? A. increased amounts of fruit juice as part of global food aid B. increased amounts of low cost vegetable oils C. decreased amounts of sugars and sweeteners D. decreased amounts of corn and corn by-products

B

Which type of waste is most common in low income countries? A. Food waste B. Food loss

B

One behavior that can be the most influential on the behavior of the community is the: A. socio-cultural environment B. individual level C. policy level D. built environment

C

The effects of maternal nutrition on the fetus can alter the "programming" of development and possibly increase the risk of chronic diseases as an adult. These changes are best described as: A. evolutionary trends to a more obese society B. genetic changes that definitely affect future generations C. developmental adaptations that primarily affect the individual's metabolism only D. short term changes in metabolism that are corrected after birth

C

Wide improvements in _____ have corresponded to greater reductions in infant mortality, while smalle improvements in infant mortality in the past few decades are largely due to _____. A. technical advances in medical care, infectious disease control and sanitation B. infectious disease control and sanitation, industrial revolution C. infectious disease control and sanitation, technical advances in health care D. wide spread vaccinations, infectious disease control and sanitation

C

Xeropthalmia of the eye develops when vitamin A deficiency occurs. In Malaysia, it was a common belief that the characteristic appearance of the xerophthalmic eye was caused by worms that came from green and yellow vegetables. Therefore children with xerophthalmia were restricted from eating vegetables which made the condition worse. This is an example of: A. extreme ignorance on part of the Malaysians B. a complication of the Nutrition Transition C. a maladaptive food practice D. a folk belief that has actually been found to be true

C

Errors in metabolism and miscarriages or birth defects can happen because of: A. Developmental malfunction during embryogenesis B. Poor nutrition status during the periconception period C. Environmental exposures such as radiation or toxic chemicals D. All of the above

D

Syndrome X is what we call today: A. Osteoporosis B. Sickle cell anemia C. Xenophobia D. Metabolic syndrome

D

The phenotype refers to the _____ of an individual. A. racial identity B. genetic makeup C. recessive alleles D. physical appearance of a trait

D

When the Nutrition Transition happens in most countries, it happens ______ ..... whereas when people immigrate to a developed country, it happens _______. A. quickly, over several years B. invisibly, about the same C. only to the upper class D. over several years, quickly

D

Which of the following is not a major function of the placenta? A. hormone and enzyme production B. nutrient and gas exchange between mother and fetus C. removal of waste products from fetus D. barrier to drugs and alcohol

D

Which of the following nutrient intakes is NOT a risk factor for osteoporosis? A. inadequate calcium intakes B. heavy alcohol consumption C. low body weight D. increased iron intake

D

Which of the following vitamin supplements in high doses can be teratogenic or cause birth defects in pregnancy? A. vitamin B9 B. vitamin D C. vitamin E D. vitamin A

D

What is the biggest health risk or the most dangerous aspect of infants and young children having prolonged diarrhea?

Dehydration

What should we assume when new patients come to visit?

Don't make any assumptions!

Psychologically, women with eating disorders typically have a hard time when gaining weight in pregnancy due to the fact that they: A. base their self worth on how much they weigh B. are dedicated to keeping their body weight low and gaining weight can be a stressor C. are unable to gain weight normally because their metabolism is so low D. all the above are true E. only A and B are true

E

What are the phases of adolescence?

Early (first three years), middle (second three years), late (last three years)

Brain maturation coincides with physical maturation. True or False

False

Changes in women'e empowerment within a household are always desired by the women themselves. True and False

False

Like women that are not pregnant, pregnant women should be on cholesterol lowering drugs if they develop high blood cholesterol during pregnancy. True or False

False

Menopause hormone therapy for women with osteoporosis is safe for all women. True or False

False

Most cases of type 2 diabetes in the world are of direct genetic origin. True or False

False

Neural tube defects are 100% preventable with folic acid or folate intake. True or False

False

Nutrient needs of younger pregnant adolescents are less than those of older more mature adolescents because older teens have larger body size. True or False

False

Older people do not benefit from exercise as much as younger people. True or False

False

Preconception weight status of a woman is a weak predictor of fetal outcome. True or False

False

Teaching people about proper nutrition so they know what to do will always improve their health. True or False

False

The 2018 Global Nutrition Report underscores the point that we have adequate data from around the world to document trends in maternal, infant, and young children targets. True or False

False

The United States as one of the lowest infant mortality rates in the world. True or False

False

The prevalence of child growth stunting has decreased globally in a uniform way across all countries. True or False

False

Typically, Africans can consume milk. True or False

False

Undernutrition does not change the cognitive development of a child over time because cognition or mental development is 100% genetically programmed. True or False

False

Women in developing countries always want to change their circumstances to greater equity even if this means changing their current social structure. True or False

False

What do we primarily look at with the Tanner Stages?

For girls we look at the development of breasts. For boys we look at development of genitals. For both genders, we monitor pubic hair growth.

What makes up a person's phenotype?

Genes and environment

How do boys and girls differ in maturation?

Girls reach puberty stages earlier in life, but boys go through puberty much quicker.

Approximately _____ of adolescent females are dieting while only ___ percent of adolescent males attempting weight loss.

Half, 15

Human infants differ from other primate babies in several distinct ways in the first 6 months of life. What are two of these characteristics or distinguishing features that set humans apart from other primate babies?

Humans are 100% dependent on their mothers. There is no communication (verbal or non-verbal) with human babies.

What was done to prevent folate deficiency?

In 1998, the government mandated the fortification of grains and breads to have folic acid.

How do ascaris lumbricoides enter body?

Ingestion

What are soil transmitted helminths?

Intestinal worms that are transmitted through contaminated soil

Why was the nutrition transition beneficial?

It freed up time for women to focus on other things rather than spending time to prepare meals. It also increased the variety of product offerings.

Define biological determinism.

Look a certain way. Act a certain way.

How can intestinal worms be treated if it is unknown that the patient has it, or if you are wanting to be preventative?

Mass Drug Administration provides one dose to prevent intestinal worms

Which food item that is wasted causes the highest GHG emissions in land fills?

Meat

____ believe that humans derived from a single pair of Adam and Eve.

Monogenists

Which two regions are the largest food wasters?

North America & Oceania, Europe

What is an example of "within group variation is greater than between"

Pantone skin colors

___ believe that humans derived from multiple pairs of Adam and Eve.

Polygenists

How do hookworms enter body?

Puncturing skin/bare feet

Why do we collect race data if it is a flawed measure?

Racial discrimination can affect biology.