FSOT June 2013

435

# members are in the House of Representatives

Eleanor of Aquitane

(1122 - 1204) liberally supported romantic poets & entertainers. The most celebrated woman of her time supporting chivalry, good manners, refinement, & romantic love

Constitution

(1787 - 1989) The fundamental law of the US. Established strong central govt in place of the Articles of Confederation

Han Dynasty

(200BCE - 200CE) Strong centralized govt. Spread borders. Not as violent

St. Augustine

(354 - 430CE) bishop of North Africa city of Hippo. Put Platonist, Manichaeanistc, & Hellenistic teachings into Christianity

Pet Banks

(AJ) State banks where Andrew Jackson placed deposits removed from the federal National Bank

Oberlin College

(AJ) first college to teach women & African Americans

Emma Willard

(AJ) in 1821 founded Troy Female Seminary in New York which was a model for girls' schools everywhere

Tariff of 1833

(AJ) set up by henry clay, it was a way to prevent jackson from victory. clay aptly deserves his title as the great comprimiser. it allowed for the tariff of 1832, with a 10 percent decrease every year for 10 years, when the tariff rate would be back to where it was in 1816. it was squezed through congress

First Labor Unions

(AJ), in Philly, wanted 1) abolition of imprisonment for debt 2) free education 3) abolition of prison contract 4) 10 hour work day

Radical Republicans

(AJohn) Political party that favored harsh punishment of Southern states after civil war

Johnson Impeachment

(AJohn) fired someone who was on tenure, only republican, democrats looking for reason to get rid of him

Gettysburg

(AL) 1863 (meade & lee), July 1 - 3, 1863, turning point in war, Union victory, most deadly battle

National Banking System

(AL) Authorized by Congress in 1863 to establish a standard bank currency. Banks that joined the system could buy bonds & issue paper money. First significant step toward a national bank. (North)

Bounties

(AL) payments to encourage volunteers (North not South)

Merit System

(CAA), A system of public employment in which selection & promotion depend on demonstrated performance rather than political patronage

Summit Conference

(DDE), Eisenhower, discuss nuclear testing & disarmament with Soviet Union, but then U - 2 incident, US first said it was just for meterological plan but the Russians caught Francis Powers, Khrushchev demanded apology, & violation of Russian territory, but Eisenhowr refused both demand

Willa Cather

(December 7, 1873 - April 24, 1947) is among the most eminent female American authors. She is known for her depictions of US prairie life in novels like O Pioneers!

National Youth Administration

(FDR) (NYA)1935, provided education jobs counseling & recreation for young people. part time positions at schools for students allowed for aid in h. s. college & grad school. part time jobs for drop outs

Federal Securities Act

(FDR) 1933, 1934, required promoters to transmit to the investor sworn information regarding the soundness of their stocks & bonds

Home Owners Loan Act

(FDR) 1934, refinancing mortgages at lower rates, preventing foreclosure of home mortgages

Lend Lease Act

(FDR) 1941 March; Congress' act which allied the pres. to lend or sell war materials to any country he deemed vital to that country's defense, had to return things though, Taft was against, used "gum theory"

Panay Incident

(FDR) Dec. 12, 1937, The Panay incident was when Japan bombed a American gunboat that was trying to help Americans overseas. This greatly strained U. S - Japanese relations & pushed the U. S further away from isolationism even though Japan apologized

Neutrality Act of 1939

(FDR) European democracies might buy American war materials on a "cash - and - carry basis"; improved American moral & economic position

Neutrality Act 1935

(FDR) reaction from Italy's act on Ethopia, no selling arms, The 1935 act, signed on August 31, 1935, imposed a general embargo on trading in arms & war materials with all parties in a war. It also declared that American citizens traveling on warring ships traveled at their own risk. The act was set to expire after six months

Charles Sumner & Preston Brooks

(FP) Radical Republican against the slave power who insults Andrew Butler & subsequently gets caned by Preston Brooks

Japan Trade

(FP), Matthew C. Perry with Japan, Japan dominant power in Far East

John L. Lewis

(February 12, 1880 - June 11, 1969) a leader of organized labor who served as pres. of the United Mine Workers of America from 1920 to 1960. He was a major player in the History of coal mining. He was the driving force behind the founding of the Congress of Industrial Organizations, which established the United Steel Workers of America & helped organize millions of other industrial workers in the 1930s

Hurrican Andrew

(GB1) 1992, delayed so critizied Federal Emergency Managment Agency (FEMA)

1992 - what went wrong (GB1)

(GB1) American economy favored powerful not middle class, natioanal debt, employment fell, forced into low paying jobs, losing benefits of pensiosn & health, black & hispanic = hit hardest

Operation Desert Shield

(GB1) Bush place embargo on Iraq, put miltary in Saudi, West Europe & Arabs now against Iraq

Healthcare Coverage

(GB1) cost of health care rose as well as those without it

Interstate Commerce Act

(GC) 1887, a law that made a federal Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate unfair railroad practices

Granger Laws

(GC) Grangers state legislatures in 1874 passed law fixing maximum rates for freight shipments. The railroads responded by appealing to the Supreme Court to declare these laws unconstitutional

Wilson Gorman Tariff

(GC2) 1894, This tariff passed by Congress in 1894 restricted US sugar imports. The tariff led to an economic downturn in Cuba, & in turn helped to increase the anger of Cuban natives against colonial Spain. Was 40% rate compared to McKinley Tariff, however again he was defeated on tariff program

Panic of 1893

(GC2), Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over - extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s

Conrail

(GF) 1976, combined 7 railroads in NE US in an attempt to revitalize service, last ditch attempt to avoid outright govt ownerships & operation

Congressional Reform

(GF) created the seniority system to appoint chairpersons of committees, incease the size of the Ways & Means Committee from 25 to 37, & no member of other commitees could be chairperson of two major committes at the same time

Federal Election Commission

(GF) investigate alleged violations of the law

Ways & Means Committee

(GF) where almost all important work on tax law occurs; decides whether to go along with presidential requests for tax cuts or increases, changed under Ford

First Bank of the US

(GW) 1791 - 1811, by Hamilton, came about strict vs loose construction

Domestic & Foreign Debts

(GW), Hamilton, funding at a par

Genet Affair

(GW), refused to give aid Washington objected to this French ministers plan to hire American Privateers to fight on the high seas for France & against England

Federal Farm Board

(HH) Agency of the U. S. Department of Agriculture; it offered farmers insurance against loss of crops due to drought; flood; or freeze. It did not guarantee profit or cover losses due to bad farming

Pump Priming

(HH) the spending of govt funds in commercial enterprises, to stimulate the national economy

homicide

(HOM - uh - seyed) The killing of one person by another, whether intended (murder) or not (manslaughter). Not all homicide is unlawful; killing in self - defense, for example, is not a crime

Truman Doctrine

(HT) 1947, Pres. Truman's policy of providing economic & military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece & Turkey

Dixiecrats (States' Right Party)

(HT) Southern Democrats who opposed Truman's position on civil rights. They caused a split in the Democratic party, leader is Governor Strom Thurmond

presidential Succession Act

(HT) allowed for the speaker of the house to take over as pres. if there is no vice pres.

Senator Joseph McCarthy (McCarthyism)

(HT) claimed he had a list of 205 people who were communist in the state department. He said there were communist in the army, that's when he went to far

Harpers Ferry

(JB), 1859 John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown & remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee & the US Marines; Brown was hanged

Webster Ashburton Treaty

(JT), followed by Aroostook War, 1842 between the US & the Brits, settled boundry disputes in the North West, fixed most borders between US & Canada, talked about slavery & excredition

Immigration Act

(LBJ) 1965, law discontinued quota based on national origin

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

(LBJ) a joint resolution of the U. S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U. S. Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia

Clayton Bulwar Treaty

(MF) 1850, Both U. S. & England wanted to build a Panama Canal. This said that if either of us built it, we'd get the builder's permission to use it & would share the profits

Gadsen Purchase

(MF) 1853, $10 million land purchase in the desert of flat land for the Southern railroad completion in 1853. completes manifest destiny!

Independent Treasury System AKA Subtreasuries

(MVB), 1840 Meant to keep govt out of banking. Vaults were to be constructed in various cities to collect & expand govt funds in gold & silver. Proposed after the National Bank was destroyed as a method for maintaining govt funds with minimum risk. Passed by Van Buren & Polk

Indian Removal Bill

(RBH), put down of Sioux uprising in Minnesota & the Dakota (last tribe)

Moon Landing

(RN) 1957, Sputnik by Russia, US had Explorer I, & Neil Armstrong had Apollo 11

Postal Service

(RN) establish a postal service that was efficient & self supporting, greatly lessened political interference. 1970

Consumer Proection Agency

(RN), influenced by Ralph Nader, effectively protected from fraud & deceit through law, enforced by govt agencies, attracted many lawyers & others to the cause

Labor during Reagan

(RR) 1980s, decline in industrial unions & less factory workers, but more service industry personnel, United Auto Workers & United Mine Workers diminished contracts, gave up wages & benefits in exchange for greater job security, mostly made of the middle class

Economic Growth & Deregulation

(RR) wanted free enterprise system, which would help pour revenue into the pockets of taxpayers, as a result, dismantled govt programs like Clean Air & Water Acts & OSHA, economic regulations EPA, accused of making deals with industries, America doing well in Europe since they were good customers (huge trade surpluses), they had private saving ans invested in US Treasury bills, however downfall was unbalanced budgets

Controversial Visit

(RR), 1985 Regan visits German cemetry at Bitburg, graves of victims of Nazis

Intermidate Nuclear Forces Treaty

(RR), 1987, Reagan & Gorbachev signed treaty to eliminate Soviet & American medium range nuclear missiles, Soviet economy cut back on military, treaty was gain for the West, more critical problem was nuclear testing, first joint reduction, on site inspection for the first time

Federal Reserve Sytem under Paul Volcker

(RR), aided in keeping money from growing too fast, reduced inflation

Change in the Eighties

(RR), reduced the domestic funds of govt by choking off its revenue, weakened civil rights enforcement, dealt with education (Willaim Bennett), rich benefited, poor didn't, women started working male jobs, rising benefits of social security, chidren had it worse, worked part time or temporary, but few or no benefits, North - computer industry, South - decline in manufacturing

Drago Doctrine

(TR) 1902 No nation should use force to collect debts unless debtor nation refused arbitration, Luis Drago

Pure Food & Drug Act

(TR) 1906 1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the govt broad powers to ensure the safety & efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA

Hepburn Act

(TR) 1906, Gives the ICC the power to set maximum railroad rates, finally giving the agency enforcement power

Hay Bunau Varillia Treaty

(TR) Panama allowed US a 10 mile strip of land, work down under the army of Colonel Gorgas & direction under Colonel Goethals. U. S. garantee of independence for newly created Republic of Panama

Lincoln Steffens

(TR) U. S. journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866 - 1936)

Hay Pauncefote Treaty

(TR) negotiations with Colombia, six mile strip of land in Panama, $10 million, US could dig canal without British involvement

Coal Strike

(TR), 1902, Coal mines of Pennsylvania. 140,000 workers, many illiterate immigrants had been frightfully exploited & accident plagued. Demanded a 20% increase in pay & reduction of the working day from 10 to 9 hours. Mine owners refused to negotiate. TR threatens to bring in troops, then they listened

Liberal Republicans

(USG) wanted to end Reconstruction, sought honest govt, & the riding of "grantism', so they nominated Greeley as their candidate. The Democratic Party had also chosen Greeley, hoping that Grant would be defeated if they united against him. But Regular Republicans renominated Grant. The Republicans controlled enough Black votes to gain victory for Grant

Four Power Pact

(WH) An agreement made by the U. S. Britain, France, & Japan to not seek further Pacific expansion or increased naval strength in the region. The countries also agreed to respect the Pacific holdings of the other countries signing the agreement. The signatories agreed to consult each other in the event of a dispute over territorial possessions

Nine Power Pact

(WH) Signed by the U. S. France, Great Britain, Japan, Italy, Belgium, China, Netherlands, & Portugal. was third in a set of three treaties created during the conference. These treaties were all ways that Pres. Harding tried to keep the Untied States isolated. The Treaty made the open door policy international law

Gays in Military

(WJC) "dont ask, dont tell", end ban of homosexual in military, but under conditions 1) no open engagement, 2) remained quiet about orientation

Brady Bill

(WJC) 1993; handgun violence prevention act; legislation that established a five - day waiting period for handgun purchases

International Trade Agreement

(WJC) Mickey Kantor, agreement in Tokyo, cut tariff to reduce consumer prices & raise living standards around the world, however didn't resolve tariff cuts on apparel & textiles, to achieve success, US had to open its border wider to foreign textiles

campaign money mess

(WJC) both parties accused of illegal practices, (violating = allowing foreign influence in US elections) hard money (campaign gifts to individual candidates) should be reported to federal election commission

Family & Medical LeaveAct 1993

(WJC) company with more than 50 employees, allow 12 weeks of unpaid keave

Budget Priorities

(WJC) cut federal deficit, edu. for the poor (operation head start), inc. energy taxes, increase income taxes on upper classes, min. wage raised, did not act on health care, Kennedy Kassebaum bill (change jobs doesn't lose med. insurance, cannot be denied based on preexisting condition), did little to hasten economic & provide better jobs

China & Clinton

(WJC) even though turmoil, us had to keep good relations with China

Terrorist Plot

(WJC) garage - Twin Tower, Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Tim McVeigh & Terry Nichols, bomb Olympic Stadium because = abortion there

Evergalades Restoration Fund

(WJC) largest environmental operation ever, in Florida, buffer zones north & east

Contract with America

(WJC)Gingrich, Pres. can delete specific items passed by the Congress, proposed constitutional amendment to limit the term of office was ignore, imposed federal mandates on states without providing the money

Insular Cases

(WMc) These were court cases dealing with islands/countries that had been recently annexed & demanded the rights of a citizen. These Supreme Court cases decided that the Constitution did not always follow the flag, thus denying the rights of a citizen to Puerto Ricans & Filipinos. It was congress who had the power

Commodore Dewey

(WMc) surprise victory over the Span in Spanish - American War in the Philippines

Clayton Antitrust Act

(WW) 1914, New antitrust legislation constructed to remedy deficiencies of the Sherman Antitrust Act, namely, it's effectiveness against labor unions, also made labor unions not dependent on antilaws

Jones Act

(WW) 1916, Promised Philippine independence. Given freedom in 1917, their economy grew as a satellite of the U. S. Filipino independence was not realized for 30 years

profitability

(goes beyond dollars) - the benefit resulting from an activity

coureurs de bois

(runners of the woods) French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among & often married with Amerindian peoples of North America

the New Jersey Plan?

1 House, Equal Representation

3 holiest cities of Islam

1)Mecca 2)Medina 3)Jerusalem

4 steps to maintaining a healthy & self - empowering self - concept

1. identify yourself with a strong opinion of self 2. find positive role models to guide you 3. take time to reflect & become aware of your personal needs & motivations 4. try different experiences

UN Convention on the Law of the Sea

1. territorial waters: 12 nautical miles 2. EEZ: 200 n. m. 350 with extension of continental shelf. 3. Rights of passage through straits & territorial waters 4. right of innocent passage 5. freedom of scientific research

Mesolithic Era

10,000 to 12,000 years ago. Middle Stone Age. Ancient cultural stage, or level of human development, that existed between the Paleolithic Period, with its chipped stone tools, & the Neolithic Period, with its polished stone tools. Mesolithic usually refers specifically to a development in northwestern Europe that began about 8000 BC, after the end of the Pleistocene Epoch, & lasted until about 2700 BC

Magna Carta

1215 document that guaranteed British freemen the right to trial by jury & the right of the Great Council (which represented English nobility) to approve taxes proposed by the monarchy

Dates of the Ottoman Empire

1299 - 1922. Capital was Istanbul

Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth - "Republic of the Two Nations" or "Commonwealth of Both Nations"

1569 - 1796, was a federal monarchic republic that was formed by the Kingdom of Poland & the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. an extension of the Polish - Lithuanian Union. one of the largest & most populous states in Europe. political system characterized by the sovereign's power being reduced by laws & the legislature controlled by the nobility. precursor of modern democracy, & constitutional monarchy

English Bill of Rights

1689 document guaranteeing certain basic rights to English subjects. Those rights include the right to a speedy trial; protection against excessive bail & cruel & unusual punishment; & the right to petition the govt. This document also prevented the king from interfering with elections or from imposing taxes without consent of the Parliament

Voltaire

1694 - 1778. A French philosophe. Put in jail twice by Louis XV. Critical of Church & aristocracy. Wrote Candide

Elizabeth I

16th - 17th century queen of England during Renaissance. Shakespere & defeat of the Spanish Armada

Intolerable Acts

1774, were the combination of the four Coercive Acts, meant to punish the colonists after the 1773, Boston Tea Party & the unrelated Quebec Act. The Intolerable Acts were seen by American colonists as a blueprint for a British plan to deny the Americans representative govt. They were the impetus for the convening of the First Continental Congress

French revolution

1789 - 1799

Cotton Gin

1798 - Eli Whitney developed the cotton gin, a machine which could separate cotton from its seeds. This invention made cotton a profitable crop of great value to the Southern economy. It also reinforced the importance of slavery in the economy of the South

Eli Whitney

1798 - He developed the cotton gin, a machine which could separate cotton from its seeds. This invention made cotton a profitable crop of great value to the Southern economy. It also reinforced the importance of slavery in the economy of the South

Manchu dynasty

17th century Chinese dynasty which greatly expanded China's control in Asia. Overthrown in 1911 by nationalists

William Lloyd Garrison

1805 - 1879 A prominent white abolitionist, journalist & social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the radical abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator, & as one of the founders of the American Anti - Slavery Society. After the abolition of slavery, he continued working on other reform movements, especially temperance & women's suffrage

What year did Mexico separate from Spain

1810. It's war to win its freedom ended in 1821

Horace Greeley

1811 - 1872 an American newspaper editor, reformer & politician. His New York Tribune was the most influential newspaper of the period 1840 - 1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig & Republican parties. "Go West, Young Man!" he advised ambitious youth. Champion of the workingman, he attacked monopolies of all sorts & rejected land grants to railroads. Fought the extension of slavery

Florida Purchase Treaty

1819 - Also known as the Adams - Onis Treaty. Spain sold Florida to the U. S. & the U. S. gave up its claims to Texas. Drawn up by John Quincy Adams

Sectional Tariff

1824, (JMon)was a protective tariff in the U. S. designed to protect American industry in the face of cheaper British commodities, especially iron products, wool & cotton textiles, & agricultural goods. Calhoun thought South suffered

John Slidell

1845 - He went to Mexico to pay for disputed Texas & California land. But the Mexican govt was still angry about the annexation of Texas & refused to talk to him

Know Nothing

1850s - Nativist movement - against Irish Immigrants & Roman Catholics

Freedmen's Bureau

1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food & clothing to needy blacks & helped them get jobs

How long did reconstruction last

1865 to 1877 the states of the Confederacy were controlled by the federal govt before being readmitted to the Union. First were occupied by Union armies, then readmitted to the union after elections which saw many former slaves vote, & blacks even win positions of power

Credit Moblier Scandal

1872 - Union Pacific Railway created a ficticious construction company & hired itself to work (using govt funds) - scandal broke loose & leaders attempted to bribe Congress with Union Pacific stock

Resumption Act

1879 - Congress said that greenbacks were redeemable for gold, but no one wanted to redeem them for face gold value. Because paper money was much more convenient than gold, they remained in circulation

Sherman Silver Purchase Act (repeal of)

1890 - Directed the Treasury to buy even larger amounts of silver that the Bland - Allison Act & at inflated prices. The introduction of large quantities of overvalued silver into the economy lead to a run on the federal gold reserves, leading to the Panic of 1893. Repealed in 1893. 1893 - Act repealed by Pres. Cleveland to protect gold reserves

Hague Conventions

1899 & 1907 conventions were, along with the Geneva Conventions, among the first formal statements of the laws of war & war crimes in the nascent body of international law

School of National Learning

18th century ideology which enforced Japans historical uniqueness & revived indigenous culture at the expense of Confucianism & other Chinese influences

Mark Rothko

1903 - 1970 Russian - born American Jewish painter who is often classified as an abstract expressionist. Among the founders of the New York School, his work concentrated on basic emotions, often filling the canvas with very few, but intense colours, using little immediately - apparent detail. He killed himself

Treaty of Portsmouth

1905 - Treaty negotiated by Roosevelt in Portsmouth, New Hampshire between Russia & Japan, ending the Russo - Japanese War. Key was that it preserved the "Open Door" to China, a U. S. policy to allow free trade with that country

Jackson Pollack

1912 - 1956 An influential American artist & a major force in the abstract expressionism movement. Pollock's style changed dramatically beginning in 1947. Died of car crash in 1956

Henry Ford

1913 - Ford developed the mass - produced Model - T car, which sold at an affordable price. It pioneered the use of the assembly line. Also greatly increased his workers wages & instituted many modern concepts of regular work hours & job benefits. Sloan, an American industrialist, helped found project

He Kept Us Out of War

1916 - Wilson used this slogan in his 1916 campaign for the presidency. On April 6, 1917, the U. S. entered the war

League of Nations

1919; International organization to promote world peace & cooperation but greatly weakened by refusal of US to join. proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, & Germany in the 1930s.

Jazz Age

1920s jazz popular, also time of attacks on convention in many areas of American life

Kellogg - Briand Pact 1928

1928 "Pact of Paris" or "Treaty for the Renunciation of War," it made war illegal as a tool of national policy, allowing only defensive war. The Treaty was generally believed to be useless

Hitler becomes chancellor

1933 - he suspended the constitution, forcibly suppressed all political opposition & brought the Nazis to power. He enforced policies with a brutal secret police (the Gestapo) & formed concentration camps for the organized murder of Jews, Gypsies & political opponents. Hitler's aggressive foreign policy precipitated WWII in 1939. Although he had remarkable early success in the war, by 1942 the tide had turned

FHA

1934 - Created by Congress to insure long - term, low - interest mortgages for home construction & repair

Rape of Nanking

1937 - 1938 - describes Japanese treatment of the citizens of Nanking, China, during the Japanese occupation of China. A 1997 book by Iris Chang of the same name extensively documents Japanese conduct, which included the slaughter of more than 300,000 people & the rape of thousands of women & girls

Fannie Mae - Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA)

1938 to establish a secondary market for mortgages insured by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA). buys mortgages on the secondary market, pools them & sells them as mortgage - backed securities to investors on the open market. This secondary mortgage market helps to replenish the supply of lendable money for mortgages & ensures that money continues to be available for new home purchases

John Steinbeck's Grapes of Wrath

1939 - Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath was about "Okies" from Oklahoma migrating from the Dust Bowl to California in the midst of the Depression

Congress of Racial Equality

1941 - 42 - Interracial until 1962, when it became predominately Black, after 1964, only Blacks were allowed to join. It concentrated on organizing votes for Black candidates & political causes, successful even in states like Mississippi & Alabama

Robert Maplethorpe

1946 - 1989 an American photographer, famous for his large - scale, highly - stylized black & white portraits, photos of flowers & male nudes. The frank, erotic nature of some of the work of his middle period triggered a more general controversy about the public funding of artworks. His most common themes were portraits of (now) famous people

Founding of Pakistan

1947 - British as part of India & became a separate Muslim state in 1947. The country originally included the Bengalese territory of East Pakistan, which achieved its separate independence in 1971 as Bangladesh. Pakistan became a republic in 1956. Islamabad is Capital & Karachi the largest city

National Security Act of 1947

1947 - Created the cabinet post of Secretary of Defense, the CIA, & the National Security Council. 1949 - Created NATO

What year was pakistan partitioned

1947, immediately fought war with india overt kashmir

Convention on the Punishment & Prevention of Genocide

1948, states that genocide ". is a crime under international law which they undertake to prevent & to punish. " The treaty defines genocide as actions ". committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group. " Article III specifically outlines those international crimes that include genocide, such as genocide itself, conspiracy to commit genocide, direct & public incitement to commit genocide, the attempt to commit genocide & complicity in genocide

Soviet Union explodes A bomb

1949 - On August 29, the Soviet Union became the second country to test an atomic bomb, ending the U. S. monopoly on the weapon

COMECON - Council for Mutual Economic Assistance: Organization

1949 to facilitate & coordinate the economic development of Soviet - bloc countries. original members were the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, & Romania; other members joined later, including Albania (1949) & the German Democratic Republic (1950). Its accomplishments included the organization of Eastern Europe's railroad grid, the creation of the International Bank for Economic Cooperation, & the construction of the "Friendship" oil pipeline

Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees

1954, establishes the basic rights of protection for refugees who are forced to leave their country of origin out of a well - founded fear of persecution. guarantees rights to those seeking asylum & states that refugees will not be forcibly returned to their state of origin as long as the threat of persecution continues. 140 parties as of 2006. U. S. is not a state party, is a party to its Protocol, which incorporates all provisions subject to some limitations

German Joins NATO

1955 - Germany joined as West Germany in 1955 & German reunification in 1990 extended the membership to the new Federal Republic of Germany

CENTO - Central Treaty Organization

1955: Mutual - security organization, originally composed of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, & Britain. formed to counter the threat of Soviet expansion into the Middle East. never very effective. Iraq withdrew after its anti - Soviet monarchy was overthrown in 1959. U. S. became an associate member, & headquarters were moved to Ankara, Tur. After the fall of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi in 1979, Iran withdrew & CENTO was dissolved

Convention on the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD Convention)

1961 comprising 30 member countries, dedicated to promoting increased economic development among its members & with 70 partner countries. It produces international agreements, standards & regulations that promote guidelines to facilitate economic development, trade & good governance. The OECD also publishes authoritative statistics & documents on macroeconomics, education, development & technology issues

Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations

1961, establishes the rights, privileges & roles of a diplomatic officer of a sending state in a host state. covers such areas as diplomatic immunity, exemptions from local, state & federal taxes, & the establishment of diplomatic posts. Essentially, the Convention establishes a framework for the protection of each state's sovereignty in diplomatic relations

International Covenant on Economic, Social & Cultural Rights

1976; one of the basic documents contained in the International Bill of Human Rights. Article 1 states that "All peoples have the right of self - determination, including the right to determine their political status & freely pursue their economic, social & cultural development. " affirms individuals' rights to food, work, housing & education. does not count the U. S. as a signatory

Communist takeover of Ethiopia

1977 - Lt. Col. Mengistu Haile Mariam became head of the PMAC, which soon diverted from its announced socialist course. A popular movement, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party, began a campaign of urban guerrilla activity that was contained by govt - organized urban militias in 1977. Under the Mengistu regime, thousands of political opponents were purged, property was confiscated, & defense spending was greatly increased

Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Signed

1978. it was a reaction to the abuses of the Nixon whitehouse

Communist takeover of Grenada

1979 - a successful, bloodless coup established the People's Revolutionary govt (PRG) under Prime Minister Maurice Bishop. This govt's Marxist leanings & favorable stance toward Cuba & the Soviet Union strained relations with the U. S. & other nations in the region. A general election held in 1984, reestablished democratic govt, with Herbert Blaize as prime minister

Camp David Accords

1979 peace agreement between Israel & Egypt

Carter's Energy Plan

1979, he wanted cut down on foregin oil supports & on American reliance on petroleum, alternate sources he wanted were solar poewr & synthetic gasoline, alsocommit funds to develop alternative enrgy sources through windfall taxes

Collapse of Communism

1989 - 91. EE countries facing resistance. Gorbachev did not send troops. Lost Pland to Solidarity in 1989. Berlin wall fell. Failed communist Coup against Gorbechev marked end

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty

1996, bans all nuclear weapons tests. 170 state members. Seen as an important step toward reducing the proliferation of nuclear weapons capabilities & promoting progress toward the ideal of nuclear disarmament, the CTBT provides for on - site inspections & periodic reporting by participating states

Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production & Transfer of Anti - Personnel Mines & on Their Destruction (1997 Mine Ban Treaty)

1999; prohibits the production, use & transfer of antipersonnel landmines, & calls on parties to eliminate existing stockpiles & take measures to remove existing landmines from affected countries. called on to raise awareness about mines & ensure that mine victims are cared for, rehabilitated & reintegrated into their communities. more than 150 signatories by 2006. The U. S. is not a party, concerns about its impact on the landmines that defend South Korea from a possible attack from the North

constituency - party

2 factors that make up congressman's stance on trade

Dyad

2 interacting people

Nobel Peace Prize for Carter

2002, Habitat for Humanity, helped low income families

Neoorthodoxy

20th cent movement, associated with Karl Barth, that reasserted role of revelation and proclamation over role of reason or emotion in theology and religion

What are the 3 qualifications for Pres.

35 years old, born in US, live in US for 14 years

Refugees in SW Asia

4 million have been displaced since the US invasion of Afghanistan. Pashtos have moved into western Pakistan

Homo sapiens - Neanderthal

500,00 - 200,000 years ago; name means "wise man"; lived in Europe and Southern Asia; buried their dead/believed in afterlife; had speech, though not developed; lived at the same time as Homo Sapien Sapiens

Il - Khan

A 'secondary' or 'peripheral' khan based in Persia. The Il - khans' khanate was founded by Hleg, a grandson of Genghis Khan, was based at Tabriz in modern Azerbaijan. It controlled much of Iran & Iraq

Pontiac's Rebellion

A 1763 conflict between Native Americans and the British over settlement of Indian lands in the Great Lakes area

Palmer Raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities

What is a Capability Analysis

A Capability Analysis is an evaluation by the state of its military, political, diplomatic, & economic abilities to see if it has the means to achieve national interest & foreign policy objectives

Kant

A German philosopher, was one of the leading modern - day philosophers. His views are known as Critical Philosophy, or a critique, rather than a justification, of knowledge. That is, he explored the limits of human understanding & capacity for reason.

Grand & Petit Jury

A Grand Jury is established to determine if a crime has been committed. A petit jury determines whether a person is guilty of a crime that has been committed

Costa - Gavras

A Greek - French filmmaker best known for films with overt political themes. He has made movies mostly in French but also several in English

Paul

A Jew from the Greek city of Tarsus in Anatolia, he initially persecuted the followers of Jesus but, after receiving a revelation on the road to Syrian Damascus, became a Christian. (156)

Brook Farm

A Massachusetts commune that wanted to created a perfect union between intellect & manual labor. It failed because nobody really wanted to work

Wall - of - separation principle

A Supreme Court interpretation of the establishment clause in the First Amendment that prevents govt involvement with religion, even on a nonpreferential basis

Taftian Theory

A Theory that holds that the pres. is limited by the specific grants of executive power found in the Constitution

containment, policy of

A U. S. foreign policy doctrine adopted by the Harry S. Truman administration in 1947, operating on the principle that communist govts will eventually fall apart as long as they are prevented from expanding their influence

bubonic plague

A bacterial disease of fleas that can be transmitted by flea bites to rodents & humans; humans in late stages of the illness can spread the bacteria by coughing. High mortality rate & hard to contain. Disastrous. (280)

Polycentrism

A balance of power situation involving multiple power centers & participants

Coxey's Army

A band of unemployed people who marched to DC during the depression of 1894 under the leadership of Jacob S. Coxey. They urged the enactment of laws which would provide money without interest for public improvements to create work

Civic competence

A belief that one can affect govt policies

US - Japanese Security Treaty

A bilateral alliance between the U. S. & Japan, created in 1951 against the potential Soviet threat to Japan. The U. S. maintains troops in Japan & is committed to defend Japan if attacked, & Japan pays the U. S. to offset about half the cost of maintaining the troops

game theory

A branch of mathematics concerned with predicting bargaining outcomes. Games such as Prisoner's Dilemma & Chicken have been used to analyze various sorts of international interactions

Per curiam opinion

A brief, unsigned opinion issued by the Supreme Court to explain its ruling

Islam, Muslims

A broad & diverse world religion whose divergent populations include Sunni Muslims, Shiite Muslims, & many smaller branches & sects, practiced by Muslims, from Nigeria to Indonesia, centered in the Middle East

Financial Institution

A business whose primary activity is buying, selling, or holding financial assets

cost - benefit analysis

A calculation of the costs incurred by a possible action & the benefits it is likely to bring

Demographic Transition

A change in the rates of population growth. Before the transition, both birth & death rates are high, resulting in a slowly growing population; then the death rate drops but the birth rate remains high, causing a population explosion. (867)

Quasi - judicial

A characteristic of independent regulatory agencies that gives them judicial power to interpret regulations they create

Quasi - legislative

A characteristic of independent regulatory agencies that gives them legislative powers to issue regulations

Party Identification

A citizen's personal affinity for a political party, usually expressed by his or her tendency to vote for the candidates of that party

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

A clearinghouse for member nations to discuss monetary issues & develop international plans & policies to deal with monetary issues. Regulating monetary exchange rates is its primary task

Hebrew Bible

A collection of sacred books containing diverse materials concerning the origins, experiences, beliefs, & practices of the Israelites. Most of the extant text was compiled by members of the priestly class in the fifth century B. C. E. (99)

Fiscal federalism

A concept of federalism where funding is appropriated by the federal govt to the states with specific conditions attached. The legislation can be in the form of mandates

bullet statement

A concise, written statement of a single idea or a single accomplishment & the impact

Roll - call vote

A congressional voting procedure that consists of members answering "yea" or "nay" to their names. When roll calls were handled orally, it was a time - consuming process in the House. Since 1973 an electronic voting system permits each House member to record his or her vote & learn the total automatically

Fiedler contingency model

A contigency theory that proposed that effective group performance depended upon the proper match between a leader's style of interacting with his or her followers & the degree to which the situation allowed the leader to control & influence

Descriptive representation

A correspondence between the demographic characteristics of representatives & those of their constituents

injunction

A court order that either compels or restrains an act by an individual, organization, or govt official. In labor - management relations, injunctions have been used to prevent workers from going on strike

Probate court

A court that has jurisdiction over wills, estates, & guardianship of children

court of appeals

A court with appellate jurisdiction that hears appeals from the decisions of lower courts.

capital offense

A crime, such as murder or betrayal of one's country, that is treated so seriously that death may be considered an appropriate punishment

Gender

A cultural construction that includes one's biological sex, psychological charaterics (feminnity, mascularity & drogyny), attitudes about the sexes & sexual orientation

Unanimous decisions

A decision made by the Supreme Court that has no dissent. A unanimous decision by the Court is 9 - 0

electric telegraph

A device for rapid, long - distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England & North America in the 1830s & 1840s & replaced telegraph systems that utilized visual signals such as semaphores

Decision tree (or game tree)

A diagram that describes the possible moves in a game in sequence & lists the payoffs that correspond to each possible combination of moves

conflict

A difference in preferred outcomes in a bargaining situation

brief

A document containing the legal written arguments in a case filed with a court by a party prior to a hearing or trial

Contractual Intermediary

A financial institution that holds & stores individuals' financial assets

Despository Institution

A financila institution whose primary financial liability is deposits in checking or savings accounts

Union Shop

A firm in which all workers must join the union

Perfectly discriminating monopolist

A firm that charges each buyer exactly his or her reservation price

domestic firm

A firm that has little or no international business activity

Interstate Commerce Commission

A five member board that monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods & people between states

irredentism

A form of nationalism whose goal is the regaining of territory lost to another state; it can lead directly to violent interstate conflicts

Sit ins

A form of non - violent protest in the 60s. Would sit in public place & refuse to leave. Provoked arrest, which was then used to gain attention to the demonstrators cause

Mission Statement

A formal document that states & organizations purpose & reason for existing; & describes its basic philosophy

Emmett Till

A fourteen year old black boy who was lynched by a Mississippi mob for leering at a woman

Zero Economic Profit

A frim is earning a normal return on its investment i. e. it is doing as well as it could by investing its money elsewhere

Daniel Boone

A frontier settler who explored & settled Kentucky

Collective good

A good or service that, to at least some degree, is nonrival but excludable

federal govt

A govt in which the national govt & the local govts share certain power. The US is this

encomienda

A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor & periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians. (479)

felony

A grave crime, such as murder, rape, or burglary, that is punishable by death or imprisonment in a state or federal facility

Salamis

A great naval victory by the Athenians over the Persians under Xerxes (480BCE) that some historians think saved Western Civilization

Free Trade Association

A group of countries that have reduced or eliminated trade barriers among themselves

Confederation

A group of nations or states in which the component states retain considerable independence

Smithsonian Institution

A group of over a dozen museums & research & publication facilities,. Many of the buildings are on the Washington Mall. The institution is named after James Smithson, an Englishman whose bequest enabled its founding in the nineteenth century

Political party

A group of people joined together by common philosophies & common approaches with the aim of getting candidates elected in order to develop & implement public policy. It is characterized by an organization that is responsible to the electorate & has a role in govt

Health maintenance organization (HMO)

A group of physicians that provides health services to individuals & families for a fixed annual fee

Pluralism

A group theory that involves different groups all vying for control of the policy agenda. No single group emerges, forcing the groups to compromise

Robert's Rules of Order

A handbook for running meetings effectively & efficiently, based on the procedures used in the British parliament. The principles included in the handbook are applicable to any decision - making organization, from Congress to community club committees. The handbook sets the guidelines for such issues as leading debates; recognizing speakers; defining the role of the chair & other officers; proposing, seconding, & voting on motions; & writing & amending constitutions & bylaws

Name - request job

A job to be filled by a person whom a govt agency has identified by name

Nationalization of the Bill of Rights

A judicial doctrine of the Fourteenth Amendment that applied the Bill of Rights to the states in matters such as segregation

hung jury

A jury that is unable to reach a verdict of guilty or not guilty. The result is a mistrial, & legal proceedings must be reinitiated to bring the case to trial again. Trying the case a second time does not constitute double jeopardy

Chandragupta Maurya

A king who reigned (322 - 298BCE) who starved himself to death after becoming a Jainist monk

IWW - The Industrial Workers of the World

A labor union for industrial laborers, this group performed many acts of industrial sabotage in pursuit of its goals. Openly opposed the Great War.

British Orders in Council

A law passed by the English while fighting the French in 1793. The British closed off all port vessels that France went through so they couldn't get supplies, but American ships were seized also & Americans were impressed into the British navy, leading to the War of 1812

Laissez - Faire Style

A leader who generally gave the group complete freedom to make decisions & complete the work in whatever way it saw fit

Democratic Style

A leader who tended to involve employees in decision making, delegate authority, encourage participation in deciding work methods & goals, & use feedback as an opportunity for coaching employees

Dillon's rule

A legal principle that holds that the terms of city charters are to be interpreted narrowly. Under this rule (named after a lawyer who wrote a book on the subject in 1911) a municipal corporation can exercise only those powers expressly given it or those powers necessarily implied by, or essential to the accomplishment of, these stated powers

habeas corpus

A legal term meaning that an accused person must be presented physically before the court with a statement demonstrating sufficient cause for arrest. Thus, no accuser may imprison someone indefinitely without bringing that person & the charges against him or her into a courtroom. In Latin, habeas corpus literally means "you shall have the body. "

Loose construction

A liberal interpretation of the Constitution

Information superhighway

A linked conglomerate of computer - generated information also known as the internet

justice of the peace

A local officer of the judicial branch empowered to try minor cases, recommend cases for trial, & perform civil ceremonies, such as marriages & oath taking. Justices of the peace are usually elected locally & are paid fees for their services

VENONA project

A long - running & highly secret collaboration between U. S. intelligence agencies & the United Kingdom's MI5 & GCHQ that involved the cryptanalysis of messages sent by several Soviet intelligence agencies, starting in the 1940s

What is a controlled - circulation magazine

A magazine that sets its circulation & gets money from advertisers

Land Ordinance of 1785

A major achievement of the govt under the Articles of Confederation. It created an orderly procedure for the settlement of the Ohio Valley

High - tech campaign

A major characteristic of the modern presidential campaign. The use of paid political ads, 30 - & 60 - second spots, paid infomercials incorporating charts & graphs, & sophisticated polling techniques have all been used in recent campaigns

Global Management Skills

A managers ability to operate in diverse culture environments

Conceptual Skills

A managers ability to view the organization as a whole, understand how the various parts are interdependent, & assess how the organization relates to its external environment

Decisional Roles

A managers activities as an entrepreneur, resource allocator, conflict resolver, or negotiator

Informational Roles

A managers activities as an information gatherer, information disseminator, or spokesperson for the company

Efficient Market

A market where the quantity supplied=quantity demanded & the price of goods is set at the equilibrium price

joint resolution

A measure approved by both houses of the U. S. Congress & signed by the pres. Similar to an act of Congress, the joint resolution is used to approve or initiate foreign policy actions, to grant a single appropriations proposal, & to propose amendments to the Constitution

liquidity ratio

A measure of how quickly a firm can convert its assets into cash to settle debts

Price level

A measure of the overall level of prices at a particular point in time as measured by a price index such as the CPI

Flow

A measure that is defined per unit of time

printing press

A mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink. Presses using movable type first appeared in Europe in about 1450

corporatism

A method of co - optation whereby authoritarian systems create or sanction a limited number of organizations to represent the interests of the public & restrict those not set up or approved by the state

Random Sampling

A method of poll selection that gives each person in a group the same chance of being selected

indentured servant

A migrant to British colonies in the Americas who paid for passage by agreeing to work for a set term ranging from four to seven years

Expentancy Violations Model

A model that suggests that we develope rules or expectations for appropraite non verbal behavior & react when those expectations are violated

E pluribus unum

A motto of the U. S. Latin for "Out of many, one. " It refers to the Union formed by the separate states. E pluribus unum was adopted as a national motto in 1776 & is now found on the Great Seal of the U. S. & on U. S. currency

Indian National Congress

A movement & political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in govt. Its membership was middle class, & its demands were modest until WWI. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, it appealed to the poor (812)

Regulators Uprising

A movement during the 1760's by western North Carolinians, mainly Scots - Irish, that resented the way that the Eastern part of the state dominated political affairs. They believed that the tax money was being unevenly distributed. Many of its members joined the American Revolutionists

Women's movement

A movement to secure legal, economic & social equality for women. Galvanized by work of Betty Friedan. Worked for equal pay, improved day care & abortion rights

City

A municipal corporation or municipality that has been chartered by a state to exercise certain defined powers & provide certain specific services

Issue network

A network of people in Washington - based interest groups, on congressional staffs, in universities & think tanks, & in the mass media who regularly discuss & advocate public policies - say, health care or auto safety. Such networks are split along political, ideological, & economic lines

Neologism

A new term introduces into a language

Dust Bowl

A parched region of the Great Plains in OK, ARK, & TX, where a combination of drought & soil erosion created enormous dust storms in 1930s

Machine

A party organization that recruits its members with tangible incentives & is characterized by a high degree of control over member activity

Hittites

A people from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia & Syria in the Late Bronze Age. With wealth from the trade in metals & military power based on chariot forces, the hittites vied with New Kingdom Egypt over Syria

Unemployment spell

A period during which an individual is continuously unemployed

Meaning

A person interpretation of a symbol

Progressive

A person who believes that moral rules are derived in part from an individual's beliefs & the circumstances of modern life. Progressives are likely to favor govt tolerance & protection of individual choice

nonviolence/pacifism

A philosophy based on a unilateral commitment to refrain from using any violent forms of leverage. More specifically, pacifism refers to a principled opposition to war in general rather than simply to particular wars

positivism

A philosophy developed by the French count of Saint - Simon. Positivists believed that social & economic problems could be solved by the application of the scientific method, leading to continuous progress. Popular in France & Latin America. (616)

judicial activism

A philosophy of judicial decision making that argues judges should use their power broadly to further justice, especially in the areas of equality & personal liberty

stock exchange

A place where shares in a company or business enterprise are bought & sold

Income strategy

A policy of giving poor people money to help lift them out of poverty

Service strategy

A policy of providing poor people with education & job training to help lift them out of poverty

gunboat diplomacy

A policy toward a foreign country that depends on the use, or threat of the use, of arms

Populism

A political doctrine or philosophy that aims to defend the interests of the common people against an entrenched, self - serving or corrupt elite. Flourished among western farmers. Based largely on its opposition to the gold standard

liberal democracy

A political system that promotes participation, competition, & liberty & emphasizes individual freedom & civil rights

Francisco Pancho Villa

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico & fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata. (819)

Habsburg

A powerful European family that provided many Holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian (later Austro - Hungarian) Empire, & ruled sixteenth - & seventeenth - century Spain

Teotihuacan

A powerful city - state in central Mexico (100 - 75 C. E. ). Its population was about 150,000 at its peak in 600

Business

A private producing unit in our society

Legislative Veto

A procedure by which one or both houses of Congress can disallow an act of the pres. by a simple majority vote; ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court

clientism

A process whereby the state co - opts members of the public by providing specific benefits or favors to a single person or a small group in return for public support

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British govt which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, & which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east

Credible promise

A promise to take an action that is in the promiser's interest to keep

Congressional Record

A published account of the votes, speeches, & debates of the U. S. Congress

Zoroastrianism

A religion originating in ancient Iran with the prophet Zoroaster. It centered on a single benevolent deity - Ahuramazda, Emphasizing truth - telling, purity, & reverence for nature, the religion demanded that humans choose sides between good & evil

rhetorical question

A rhetorical question is one requiring no answer; it's answer is usually obvious

Right - of - reply rule

A rule of the Federal Communications Commission that if a person is attacked on a broadcast that person has the right to reply over that same station

Vickrey Auction

A sealed - bid auction where the highest bidder wins pays the price bid by the next - highest bidder

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society dedicated to the supremecy of White People in the U. S. Began during reconstruction, & has waxed & waned since. Burn crosses to intimidate people to leave an area

international regime

A set of rules, norms, & procedures around which the expectations of actors converge in a certain international issue area (such as oceans or monetary policy)

Party Realignment

A shifting of party coalition groupings in the electorate that remains in place for several elections

Efficient (or Pareto - efficient)

A situation is efficient if no change is possible that will help some people without harming others

Social Security System

A social insurance program that provides financial benefits to the elderly & disabled & to their eligible dependents and/or survirors

the International Labour Organization (ILO)

A specialized agency of the UN to deal with labour issues. Founded in 1919, it was formed through the negotiations of the Treaty of Versailles, & was initially an agency of the League of Nations. It became a UN body after the demise of the League & the formation of the UN at the end of WWII. The organization seeks to strengthen worker rights, improve working conditions & living conditions, create employment, & provide information & training opportunities

Economic Takeoff

A stage when the development process becomes self - sustaining

Mohica

A state around (300 - 700CE) leaving a large artistic legacy, depicting a complex & diverse society

Champa

A state formerly located in what is now southern Vietnam. It was hostile to Annam & was annexed by Annam & destroyed as an independent entity in 1500

elephant

A symbol of the Republican party, introduced in a series of political cartoons by Thomas Nast during the congressional elections of 1874

Sharecropping

A system of farming that developed in the South after the Civil War. Laborers were given a third of the crop

tariff

A tax, usually based on the percentage of value, that importers must pay on items purchased abroad; also known as an important tax or import duty

Work Team Characteristics

A team composed of multiskilled workers, that does all the tasks previously done by individual member in a functional department or departments

fresco

A technique of painting on walls covered with moist plaster. It was used to decorate Minoan & Mycenaean palaces & Roman villas, & became an important medium during the Italian Renaissance

New Democrat

A term created by the Democratic Leadership Council in 1992, it denotes a less liberal, centrist Democrat

On background

A term for when sources are not specifically named in a news story

power elite

A term used by the American sociologist C. Wright Mills to describe a relatively small, loosely knit group of people who tend to dominate American policymaking. This group includes bureaucratic, corporate, intellectual, military, & govt elites who control the principal institutions in the U. S. & whose opinions & actions influence the decisions of the policymakers

shaft graves

A term used for the burial sites of elite members of Mycenaean Greek society in the mid - second millennium B. C. E. At the bottom of deep shafts lined with stone slabs, the bodies were laid out along with gold & bronze jewelry, implements, & weapons (75

narrow construction

A theory of interpretation of the Constitution that holds that the courts, particularly the Supreme Court, should be bound by the exact words of the Constitution, or by the original intent of the framers of the Constitution, or a combination of both

Human capital theory

A theory of pay determination that says a worker's wage will be proportional to his or her stock of human capital

Credible threat

A threat to take an action that is in the threatener's interest to carry out

Party eras

A time period characterized by national dominance by one political party. There have been four major party eras in American history - the era of good feeling, the Republican era following the Civil War, the Democratic era following the election of Franklin Roosevelt, & the Republican era following the election of Richard Nixon

retaliation

A tool that some govts use to try to force other govts to play by the rules

hadith

A tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quran, the most important basis for Islamic law

Seminoles

A tribe of Native Americans who inhabited Florida. Lost war & were removed to west of the Mississippi in 1840s

England's Glorious Revolution

A turning point in English constitutional history; parliament offers a constitutional monarchy to William of Orange and Mary in 1689 to replace the Stuart line of kings.

Implicit Collusion

A typd of collusion in which multiple firms make the same pricing decisions even though they have not explicitly consulted with one another

Symbolic Self - Awareness:

A unique human ability to develop & communicate a representation of oneself to others through language

Incentive

A valued benefit obtained by joining a political organization

Stratified Sampling

A variation of random sampling; census data are used to divide a country into four sampling regions. Sets of counties & standard metropolitan statistical areas are then randomly selected in proportion to the total national population

judicial restraint

A view, associated with Felix Frankfurter among others, that judges should be reluctant to declare legislative enactments unconstitutional unless the conflict between the enactment & the Constitution is obvious. The doctrine is akin to, but not identical with, narrow construction, & it is the opposite of judicial activism

Commitment device

A way of changing incentives so as to make otherwise empty threats or promises credible

indictment

A written statement of criminal charges brought against a defendant. Guarantee that defendants know the charges against them so they can plan a defense

libel

A written, printed, or pictorial statement that unjustly defames someone publicly. Prosecution of libel as a punishable offense puts some measure of restriction on freedom of the press under the First Amendment

global

According to former Secretary of Labor Robert Reich, the propensity of firms to outsource many of their productive activities to different suppliers around the world has resulted in the creation of _ products

Productive Efficiency

Achieving as much output as possible from a given amount of inputs or resources

Dyadic Conciousness

Acknowledgement of Dyadicness

Listening

Acomplex process of receiving constructing meaning fromand responding to verbal & non verbal messges which involves selecting attending & responding

Reapportionment Act of 1929

Act that provides for a permanent size of the House & for the number of seats, based on the census, each state should have

Immigration Act of 1991

Act that shifted the quota of immigrants to Europe & aimed to attract immigrants who were trained workers

Cost overruns

Actual costs that are several times greater than estimated costs. These occur frequently among private contractors producing new weapons for the Pentagon

Brooklyn Bridge

Added to the seductive glamour of gleaming cities

William Halsey

Admiral of US fleet in Pacific in WWII

Rashid al - Din

Adviser to the Il - khan ruler Ghazan, who converted to Islam on Rashid's advice

Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions

Affirmations of States rights in the face of the Alien & Sedition Acts. Written by Madison & Jefferson. Included a statement of the power of nullification by the States

Jesse Owens

African American who won 4 gold medals at Olympic games in Germany under Hitler (a blow to Nazi notions of a master race)

Leonid Brezhnev

After Khrushchev until 1982. Invaded Afghanistan & Czechoslovakia

Secession

After Lincoln was elected, but before he was inaugurated, seven Southern states seceded. Buchanan, the lame duck pres., decided to leave the problem for Lincoln to take care of

Whiskey Ring

After the Whiskey Ring robbed the Treasury, Grant delcared, "Let no guilty man escape," his own secretary was found to be a culprit. However, he wrote a letter on his behalf & country began to turn on Grant

Root - Takahira agreement

Agreement between US & Japan officially recognizing the territorial sovereignty of each nation

Collective security

Agreement to form through treaties mutual defense arrangements, such as NATO, which guarantee that if one nation is attacked, other nations will come to its defense

Egypt (the Nile River)

Agricultural settlement emerged 5500 bce

Liancourt Rocks

Aka Dokdo. Disputed between Japan & South Korea in the Sea of Japan

George Wallace

Alabama govenor who opposed integration. National Guard forced him to back down when he tried to block entry into the U. of Alabama

Implicit costs

All the firm's opportunity costs of the resources supplied by the firm's owners

keiretsu

Alliances of corporations & banks that dominate the Japanese economy

Confiscation Act

Allowed Union to liberate those slaves used by the Confederacy for "insurrectionary purposes. "

List five categories of refrence tools

Almanacs, Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, Thesauruses, E - resources

Hunting & gathering societies

Also called foraging societies. Living off resources that could be taken directly from land. When resources grew scarce, they moved on to another area

Killer Amendment

Amendment to a bill proposed by its opponents for the specific purpose of decreasing the bill's chance of passage

saving amendment

Amendment to a bill proposed in hopes of softening opposition by weakening objectionable elements of the bill

Frederick Jackson Turner

America's most famous historian, observed how settling westward made Americans adventurous

Chatauqua Movement

American Adult educational movement which was popular through the 19th & 20th movements - brought people into communities to lecture

a lasting constitution

American Revolution was different from the French Revolution in that it produced what

Hammurabi

Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792 - 1750 B. C. E. ). He conquered many city - states in southern & northern Mesopotamia & is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases

Jonathan Edwards

An American clergyman who was a leader of the Great Awakening in the 1730s

Johnny Appleseed

An American folk hero who traveled throughout the mid - west encouraging people to plant orchards

John Dewey

An American philosopher, psychologist, & educational reformer, whose thought has been greatly influential in the U. S. & around the world. He is recognized as one of the founders of the philosophical school of Pragmatism, a pioneer in functional psychology, & a leading representative of the progressive movement in U. S. education during the first half of the 20th century

1973 Rehabilitation Act

An American piece of legislation that guaranteed certain rights to people with disabilities

Raja

An Indo - Aryan Chief

Utility

An abstract measure of the satisfaction consumers derive from consuming goods, services, & leisure activities

Dawes Act

An act that removed Indian land from tribal possesion, redivided it, & distributed it among individual Indian families. Designed to break tribal mentalities & promote individualism

Corporate Takeover

An action in which another firm or a group of individuals issues a tender offer (that is, offers to buy yup the stock of a company) to gain control & to install its own managers

Signaling

An action taken by an infomed party that reveals information to an uninformed party & thereby partially offsets adverse selection

FBI

An agency of the U. S. federal govt, long headed by J. Edgar Hoover, which investigates violations of federal (rather than state or local) laws, including kidnaping, smuggling narcotics, & espionage. "¡ Established in 1908 under the Department of Justice, the FBI earned its reputation in the 1920s & 1930s by apprehending notorious bank robbers & gangsters

National Labor Relations Board

An agency of the U. S. govt, charged with mediating disputes between labor & management, & responsible for preventing unfair labor practices, such as the harassment of labor unions by business corporations. The NLRB attempts to maintain a position of neutrality, favoring neither labor nor management

54/40 of fight

An aggressive slogan adopted in the Oregon boundary dispute, a dispute over where the border between Canada & Oregon should be drawn. wanted the U. S. border drawn at the 54 40 latitude. Polk settled for the 49 latitude in 1846

Conservative coalition

An alliance between Republicans & conservative Democrats

Sparta

An ancient Greek city - state, rival of Athens. Sparta defeated Athens in the Peloponnesian war

Executive Privilege

An assertion of presidential power that reasons that the pres. can withhold information requested by the courts in matters relating to his office

Class consciousness

An awareness of belonging to a particular socioeconomic class whose interests are different from those of others. Usually used in reference to workers who view their interests as opposite those of managers & business owners

Funan

An early complex society in Southeast Asia between the first & sixth centuries C. E. It was centered in the rich rice - growing region of southern Vietnam, & it controlled the passage of trade across the Malaysian isthmus

Mary shelley wrote

An early gothic horror story about a monster created from corpses

Firm

An economic institution that transforms factors fo production into goods & services

Feudalism

An economic system in which traditions rule

Hoover Commission

An effort spearheaded by former pres. Hoover. proposals resulted in an extensive reorganization of the executive branch of the federal govt. Another one was conductedand published its findings in 1955 during Eisenhower's administration. Their recommendations, over 70% of which were implemented by executive & legislative action, resulted in the elimination & consolidation of some departments

durbar

An elaborate display of political power & wealth in British India in the nineteenth century, ostensibly in imitation of the pageantry of the Mughal Empire

direct primary

An election in which voters choose candidates to run on a party's ticket in a subsequent election for public office

Diocletian

An emperor, reigned (284 - 305CE) divided the empire into two administrative districts. He was a skillful administrator

Frederick Douglass

An escaped slave who became a prominent speaker for Abolitionist movement. leader of antislavery, bought freedom, wrote North Star, book on slavery, free & equal

Full Convertibility

An exchange rate system in which individuals may change dollars into any currency they want for whatever legal purpose they want

Foreign Office

An executive agency that formulates & implements foreign policy

semipresidential system

An executive system that divides power between two strong executives, a pres. & a prime minister

Concurrent resolution

An expression of congressional opinion without the force of law that requires the approval of both the House & Senate but not of the pres. Used to settle housekeeping & procedural matters that affect both houses

A Scribed Identity

An identity assigned to you by others

Means test

An income qualification that determines whether one is eligible for benefits under govt programs reserved for lower - income groups

Economic Growth

An increase in real output as measured by real GDP or per capita real GDP

escalation

An increase in the intensity of geographic scope of a war or diplomatic confrontation

Paasche Index

An index based upon a flexible basket of goods & services

Laspeyres Index

An index where the basket of goods is fixed

Factor of production

An input used in the production of a good or service

Political question

An issue that the Supreme Court refuses to consider because it believes the Constitution has left it entirely to another branch to decide

Charismatic leader

An leader whose personality & actions influence people to behave in certain ways

Lame duck

An officeholder who is either defeated or is retiring from the office in which he is serving, but still in office until his successor is sworn in; perceived to have little power or influence

district attorney

An official responsible for representing the govt in court cases & for prosecuting criminals

Sons of Liberty

An organization established in 1765, these members (usually in the middle or upper class) resisted the Stamp Act of 765. Even though the Stamp Act was repealed in 1766, the Sons of Liberty combined with the Daughters of Liberty remained active in resistance movements

dark horse

An unexpected winner. In politics, a dark horse is a candidate for office considered unlikely to receive his or her party's nomination, but who might be nominated if party leaders cannot agree on a better candidate

patron/client relationship

Anciant Roman: a fundamental social relationship in which the patron - a wealthy & powerful individual - provided legal & economic protection & assistance to clients, men of lesser status & means, & in return the clients supported their patrons (149

mit'a

Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen & work on behalf of the ruler & religious organizations

Who is on the $20 bill

Andrew Jackson

Communist takeover of Angola

Angola independence in 1975 & the MPLA assumed control of the govt in Luanda; Agostinho Neto became pres. The FNLA & UNITA proclaimed a coaliton govt in Nova Lisboa but by early 1976 the MPLA had gained control of the whole country. When Neto died in 1979, Jose Eduardo dos Santos succeeded him as pres. In the 1970s & 80s the MPLA govt received large amounts of aid from Cuba & the Soviet Union, while the U. S. supported first the FNLA & then UNITA

Central or National govt

Another name for the Federal govt

What nations are still part of the British Commonwealth

Antigua & Barbuda, Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts & Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent & the Grenadines, the Soloman Islands, Tuvalu, the U. K

Mediated Communication

Any communication that is carried out using some channel other than those used in faced - to - face communication

effective communication

Any communication that results in the receiver interpreting your message as you intended

Plank

Any of the principles contained in a political party's platform

Concurrent

Any powers shared by state & federal govt are called

the current poverty rate in the U. S

Approx. 12%. It has hovered between 11 & 15% since the 1970s

330 Million

Approx. how many people live in South America

460 Million

Approx. how many people live in the E. U

1986 Berlin discotheque bombing

April 5; a terrorist attack on the West Berlin La Belle discotheque that was frequented by U.S. soldiers. Libya blamed after telex messages intercepted from Libya's East Berlin embassy, & Reagan retaliated by ordering airstrikes against ripoli & Benghazi. At least 15 people died in the U.S. airstrikes on Libya - including a 15 - month - old girl said to have been adopted by leader Colonel Gaddafi - & more than 100 were injured.

Faisal

Arab prince, leader of the Arab Revolt in WWI. The British made him king of Iraq in 1921, & he reigned under British protection until 1933

Oman

Arab state based in Musqat, the main port in the southwest region of the Arabian peninsula. Oman succeeded Portugal as a power in the western Indian Ocean in the eighteenth century

Thomas Becket

Archbishop of Canterbury. Defended Church against interference from the King. Murdered

Crusades

Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual & cultural isolation

End of Cold War 1989 - 91

As Pres. George H. W. Bush stated a desire to integrate the Soviet Union into the community of nations, the Cold War ended when communist regimes collapsed across Eastern Europe & the Soviet Union disintegrated

Financial Assets

Assets such as stocks or bonds, whose benefit to the owner depends on the issuer of the asset meeting certain obligations

Fredrick Nietesche

Athiest German philosopher, known as a existentialist

Jurisdiction

Authority vested in a particular court to hear & decide the issues in any particular case

Muckrakers

Authors in late 19th/early 20th century who specialized in exposing corruption in business & govt

Bridgetown, Barbados

Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei

Swahili

Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa

Common law

Based on the legal concept of stare decisis, or judicial precedent

monotheism

Belief in a single divine entity. The Israelite worship of Yahweh developed into an exclusive belief in one god, & this concept passed into Christianity & Islam

Elima Triangle

Between Egypt & Sudan. No active dispute

Spanish America War

Between Spain & the US. US won, got Philippines & puerto rico & permitted american intervention in the caribean

Force Bill

Bill that says Congress is authorized to use the military against belligerent states. Is nullified by South Carolina.

W. E. B. DuBois

Black leader who fought for universal suffrage & civil rights, & founded the Nigara Movement & NAACP

Exodusters

Blacks who knew what fate awaited them in the South & moved to the Midwest to start anew

Helen Keller

Blind & deaf, overcame her adversities. Known for her persistence & courage

Glorious Revolution of England

Bloodless revolution in England that overthrew King James II & replaced him with William & Mary. Ended Dominion of England, Massachusetts became a royal colony, & it inspired the Americans for their own revolution

govt Bonds

Bonds issued by the gov't & bought & sold by the Fed as a form of monetary policy to manipulate the money supply

Ethiopia

Borded by Eritrea to the north, Sudan to the west, Kenya to the south, Somalia to the east. CHRISTIAN

John L. Lewis

Boss of the United Mine Workers who succeeded in forming the Committee for Industrial Organization

How were France & Russia similar during the 1800's

Both had policies that encouraged industrialization

Shi'ite Islam

Branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son - in - law Ali. Shi'ism is the state religion of Iran

How did the Allies respond to Wilson's vision for peace

Briatin & France showed little sign of agreeing to Wilson's plan, B & F were concerned with strengthening their own security, B & F wanted to strip Germany of its war - making power

Cecil Rhodes Asante

British entrepreneur & politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. The colonies of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) & Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were named after him

Charles Cornwallis

British general during the revolutionary war, who surrendered to Washington at the Battle of Yorktown

Molasses Act of 1733

British legislation which had taxed all molasses, rum, & sugar which the colonies imported from countries other than Britain & her colonies. The act angered the New England colonies, which imported a lot of molasses from the Caribbean as part of the Triangular Trade. The British had difficulty enforcing the tax; most colonial merchants did not pay it

Ilkhanate of Persia

Brother of Khubilai Khan who took over Baghdad in 1258

Tikal

Built by Mayans (300 - 900BCE) a bustling trading city with a population nearing 40,000 with many large buildings

J. P. Morgan

Business man - refinanced railroads during depression of 1893 - built intersystem alliance by buying stock in competeing railroads - marketed US governemnt securities on large scale

holding co mpany

Business owning a majority of stock in member companies & therefore able to dictate common policy. Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway is one of the largest publicly traded holding companies; it owns numerous insurance companies, manufacturing businesses, retailers, & other companies

govt Corporations

Businesses established by Congress that perform functions that could be provided by private businesses. (like the US Postal Service)

Currency Stabilization

Buying & selling of a currency by the gobernment to offset temporary fluctuations in supply & demand for currencies

E - commerce

Buying & selling over the Internet

England

By 1812, Napoleon had conquered most of Europe except

Czechoslovakia

By 1935, the only eastern European country that was still a democracy was

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Called for Seneca Falls Convention, worked in close partnership with Susan B. Anthony for Women's suffrage

Preah Vihear Temple

Cambodia & Thailand disputed ownership of the temple; it was awarded to Cambodia

Hans Island

Canada & Denmark dispute this island near Greenland. Canada claims all NW passages as territorial waters

pardon

Cancellation of criminal punishment. Pres.s & governors have the power to grant pardons to those awaiting trial & to those convicted of crimes

high culture

Canons of artistic & literary masterworks recognized by dominant economic classes

Thebes

Capital city of Egypt & home of the ruling dynasties during the Middle & New Kingdoms. Amon, patron deity of Thebes, became one of the chief gods of Egypt. Monarchs were buried across the river in the Valley of the Kings

Federal - question cases

Cases concerning the Constitution, federal law, or treaties over which the federal courts have jurisdiction as described in the Constitution

First Bank of the U. S

Caused debate between Federalists & Anti - Federalists. Hamilton felt that it was in the implied powers of the Constitution that the govt could establish the bank to strengthen the economy, but Jefferson felt that while it would be helpful, the govt did not have the power to create it. Washington ultimately sided with Hamilton

unwritten Constitution

Certain deeply ingrained aspects of our govt which are not mentioned in the Constitution, such as political parties; political conventions; & cabinet meetings

Demographics

Characteristics of a population, including age, sex, & race. Demographics are often used to determine changes in the make - up of a population

Charismatic Leadership

Charismatic Leadership is usually headed by an individual who is revered by the people of a state & generates widespread & emotional popular support

What was the first european empire after the fall of the Romans

Charlemagne, who ruled a very weak, decentralized empire, with no taxes. After his death, the empire was split under the treaty of Verdun, & eventually dissolved

What event led to the War of the Spanish Succession

Charles II made Louis XIV's grandson his heir, added to the Bourbon power

Chauvinism

Chauvinism is an extreme superpatriotism which implies an uncritical devotion to a state, jealousy of its honor, & an exaggerated sense of its glory

Acceptance Theory of Authority

Chester Barnard; authority of any communication or command lies in the degree to which the receiver accepts it as legitimate

Sui Dynasty

Chinese Dynasty (589 - 618CE) that reunified China under Yang Jian & built the Grand Canal

Daoism

Chinese School of Thought: Daoists believe that the world is always changing & is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, & deviate as little as possible from the Dao, or 'path' of nature

Sun Yat - Sen

Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder & leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders

Thomas Jefferson

Chosen by the 2nd Continental Congress to write the Declaration of Independence to tell the king why Americans no longer wanted to belong to Britain

Nestorians

Christian Sect cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions

Electorate

Citizens eligible to vote

New Amsterdam

City founded by Dutch settlers that later became NYC

Chang'an

City in the Wei Valley in eastern China. It became the capital of the Zhou kingdom & the Qin & early Han Empires. Its main features were imitated in the cities & towns that sprang up throughout the Han Empire. >

International Confederation of Free Trade Unions

Claiming 157 million members in 225 affiliated organisations in 148 countries & territories, ICFTU came into being on December 7, 1949 following a split within the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU). Central to the ICFTU's work has been the struggle to defend workers' rights. The ICFTU lobbies for the ratification of what it calls "core labour standards" - the various conventions of the International Labour Organization

Western Sahara

Claims itself as independent from Morocco; not widely recognized

Pentagon Papers

Classified study of Vietnam war leaked to the NYT. Supreme court upheld the right of the newspapers to publish the documents

Characteristics of bureaucratic organizations:

Clear division of labor - Clear hierarchy of authority - Formal rules & procedures - Impersonality - Careers based on merit

Cross - functional strategic plan

Clearly the greatest advantage of strategic planning with a cross - functional team is the ability of team members to consider a situation from a number of viewpoints

Fall of Rome

Collapse of Roman empire in 5th Century. Plundered by the Vandals, then finally abdication of the last Roman emperor, romulus Augustulus, 476

Colonialism

Colonialism is the rule of an area & its people by an external nation with an Imperialist policy. Two major types: - The transportation of emigrants from the mother country to form a new political entity at a distant location - The imposition of rule over technologically lesser - developed peoples

Carolina

Colony (ultimately split in two) used as outpost for West Indies trade. Where American slavery is said to have started

Royal Colony

Colony governed directly by King. Almost all colonies became royal at some point. (Virginia, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, North Carolina, New York, New Jersey, Carolina, Georgia)

Kiev

Comercial city in Uklraine established by Scandonavians in the 9th century. Bemace the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12 centuryl

John Pershing

Commander of US troops in WWI in Europe

McGovern - Frasier Commission

Commission that brought significant representation changes to the Democratic Party. It made future conventions more democratic by including more minority representation

HUAC

Committee in the House of Representatives founded on a temporary basis in 1938 to monitor activities of foreign agents. Made a standing committee in 1945. During WWII it investigated pro - fascist groups, but after the war it turned to investigating alleged communists. From 1947 - 1949, it conducted a series of sensational investigations into supposed communist infiltration of the U. S. govt & Hollywood film industry

Presentational Communcation

Communication that occurs when a speaker address a gathering of people in order to inform,persuade, or intertain them

Intrapersonal Communication

Communication that occurs within yourself including your thoughts & emotins

Utopian communities

Communities seeking cooperation, communism ideals, & communitarianism

Implementing CIS

Computer operations, System programming, Data entry, Application development, Application maintenance, data management, Communication management End - user computing

Internal Balancing

Concept of increasing the state's power resources in 4 ways: - strengthening armed forces & bottomw of economy - focusing policy on resource heavy regions - creating economic policy designed to produce relative gains - using military force when it maintains the state's prestige or reputation

Stonewall Jackson

Confederate General who lead victorys in the First Battle of Bull Run & the Chattle of Chancellorsville. He was accidentally shot by his own troops

During the 19th century, what happened in Europe

Conflict between conservative & liberal movements, the resurgence of conservatives over liberals, & the decline of established empires

Washington Gladden

Congregationalist minister who followed the social gospel & supported social reform. A prolific writer whose newspaper columns & many books made him a national leader of the Social gospel movement

Impeachment of Johnson

Congress, who strongly disliked Johnson, finally got it's chance to impeach him when he violated the Tenure of Office Act (even though it was unfair)

Congressional Budget Office

Congressional agency of budget experts who assess the feasibility of the pres.'s plan & who help create Congress' version of the federal budget

John Birch Society

Conservative group in 50s & 60s, particularly concerned about Communists. Seen as extreme

Free Association with New Zealand

Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau (in process)

CITs

Countries in transition - a nation that is in a state of transition, whether it be social, economic, political or otherwise. Transitions can be very different in nature. Ex) Bolshevik revolution, American revolution, Chinese Revolution

Inquisition

Court established by Catholic Church to try people for Heresy. Most active in Spain

Legislative Courts

Courts established by Congress for specialized purposes, such as the Court of Military Appeals

Noah Webster

Created American English. Dictionary named after him

Food Administration

Created by Wilson during WWI - Led by Herbert Hoover - set up ration system to save food for soldiers

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Created in 1932 to make loans to banks, insurance companies, & railroads, it was intended to provide emergency funds to help businesses overcome the effects of the Depression. It was later used to finance wartime projects during WW II

Secure Debt

Credit with collateral (a house or a car, e. g. ) for the lender

Wounded knee

Creek in SD where US killed large number of Sioux in 1890. Last major military conflict between whites & Native Americans

Expansion Path

Curve passing through points of tangency between a firm's isocost lines & its isquants

Custer's last stand

Custer pursuing Sioux indians, but underestimated their force. His whole group was killed in the Battle of Little Bighorn

Customer - Driven Organizations

Customers want: High quality, Low price, On - time delivery

Napoleon's invasion of Russia was motivated by

Czar Alexanders resumed trade with England

Theodora

Daughter of a bear keeper & was married to Justinian

Equal rights for women

Declaration of the Rights of Man guaranteed everything except

Frederick Jackson Turner/"Significance of the Frontier in American History"

Declared America no longer had a frontier, changed American psyche completely. (1893)

Maryland

Declared by Lord Baltimore as haven of religious tolerance for all Christians. Became first major Catholic enclave in the New World

Daniel Webster

Defended national unity in the Senate against advocates of States rights such as Calhoun

universities

Degree - granting institutions of higher learning. Those that appeared in Latin West from about 1200 onward became the model of all modern universities

Enumerated powers

Delegated powers of Congress, including the power to collect taxes, pay debts, provide for the common defense & general welfare, regulate commerce among the states, coin money, & declare war

Lincoln's second inaugural address

Delivered after victory in Civil War. Called for malice toward none, reconciliation & reconstruction

Demand is unit elastic where on the demand curve

Demand is unit elastic at the MIDPOINT of the demand curve

Normans

Descendants of Vikings, living on the peninsula of Normandy in France. Served Carolinians & later Capetians. Constructed centralized rule with Dukes

Diversity

Describes differences among people at work. How diversity is handled in the workplace reflects the organization's culture

Policy reaction function

Describes how the action a policymaker takes depends on the state of the economy

Phillips Curve

Describes the general inverse relationship between unemployment & inflation

Front runner

Designation given to the candidate who leads in the polls

Helent Hunt Jackson/"A Century of Disorder"

Detailed the injustices of the reservation system, & inspired reformers to push for a change

Scientific Management

Develop rules of motion, standardized work implements, & proper working conditions for every job. - Carefully select workers with the right abilities for the job. - Carefully train workers & provide proper incentives. - Support workers by Carefully planning their work & removing obstacles

nonaligned Nations

Developing countries that announced their neutrality in the Cold War

Firm's structure, strategy, & rivalry" imply in Porter's Theory

Different nations are characterized by different management ideologies help or hinder the evolution of national competitiveness. Competition in an industry also tends to breeds rivalry & innovation, improved quality, cost reduction & investment in upgrading same

Theory X assumes that workers:

Dislike work, Lack ambition, Are irresponsible, Resist change, Prefer to be led

Donut Hole

Disputed area between Russia & the US in the Bering Strait

Independent Treasury Act

Divorced US govt from banking. Passed in 1840 but was repealed by Whigs (who wanted to revive Bank of US) the next year

Yes

Does the Bill of Rights give people the right to critisize the govt

accepted standards for the format of the printed presentation

Double spaced, all main points are adequately supported; 12 - point, Times New Roman font; one - inch margins; left aligned; handwritten, print or write legibly; 8. 5" by 11" college - ruled notebook paper; remove frayed, edges; letter are distinguishable from lower case letters

Malapportionment

Drawing the boundaries of political districts so that districts are very unequal in population

Congress of Vienna

Drew boundaries of Europe after defeat of Napolean. Lead to peace in Europe for next 40 years

European Economic Community

EEC - The regional trade & economic organization established in Western Europe by the Treaty of Rome in 1958; also known as the common market

Swahili Coast

East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa & the Zambezi River; from the Arabic sawahil, meaning 'shores. '

Communism

Economic System where workers own means of production & control distribution of resources

free - trade imperialism

Economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of the weaker state. In the late nineteenth century, free - trade imperialism characterized the relations between the Latin American republics. (744)

John Kenneth Galbraith

Economist who wrote American Capitalism & The Affluent Society

Progressive education

Educational movement focusing on educating the child, not the subject. Rejects traditional approaches for more practical ones

ethnic cleansing

Effort to eradicate a people & its culture by means of mass killing & the destruction of historical buildings & cultural materials. Ethnic cleansing was used by both sides in the conflicts that accompanied the disintegration of Yugoslavia (883)

Why did Britain take control of Suez Canal

Egypt could not pay its foreign debt

ma'at

Egyptian term for the concept of divinely created & maintained order in the universe. Reflecting the ancient Egyptians' belief in an essentially beneficent world, the divine ruler was the earthly guarantor of this order

Eisenhower Doctrine

Eisenhower proposed & obtained a joint resolution from Congress authorizing the use of U. S. military forces to intervene in any country that appeared likely to fall to communism. Used in the Middle East

Filipino insurrection

Emilio Aguinaldo led a Filipino movement for independence in 1896, & wrote constitution when Spain surrendered. When US received Philippines, they tried to fight again, but quickly gave up

Emperor Menelik

Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1889 - 1911). He enlarged Ethiopia to its present dimensions & defeated an Italian invasion at Adowa (1896)

Haile Selassie

Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1930 - 1974) & symbol of African independence. He fought the Italian invasion of his country in 1935 & regained his throne during WWII, when British forces expelled the Italians. He ruled Ethiopia as an autocrat. (809)

Hirohito

Emperor of Japan during WWII. Remained emperor after WWII but just figure head not really in charge

Ming Empire

Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire. The Ming emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City & the voyages of Zheng He. (554)

Song Empire

Empire in southern China (1127 - 1279; the 'Southern Song') while the Jin people controlled the north. Distinguished for its advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, & mathematics

est. standards for company retirement plans

Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974

Hoovervilles

Encampments of the poor & homeless that sprang p during the Great Depression

Treaty of Portsmouth

Ended Russo - Japanese War. (1905)

Puritans

English Protestant dissenters who believed that God predestined souls to heaven or hell before birth. They founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629

Rothschilds

English banking family the financed Britian's efforts against Napolean. Still functioning today

Captain James Cook

English explorer of Australia, New Zealand Hawaii, antarctica & West Coast of North America

Josiah Wedgwood

English industrialist whose pottery works were the first to produce fine - quality pottery by industrial methods

Richard Arkwright

English inventor & entrepreneur who became the wealthiest & most successful textile manufacturer of the early Industrial Revolution. He invented the water frame, a machine that, with minimal human supervision, could spin several threads at once. (604)

British Proclamation of 1763

English law enacted after French & Indian War which forbade the colonists from settling beyond the Appalachian Mountains. It helped spark the American revolution

Charles Darwin

English naturalist. He studied the plants & animals of South America & the Pacific islands, & in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution

Gibraltar

English will never relinquish this piece of Spain

Josiah Strong

Enivisioned a "final competition of races," in which the Anglo - Saxons would emerge victorious. In the book Our Country, Strong argued that the American country & people were superior because they were Anglo - Saxon. Helped write the Yellow Press

California enters Union

Entered as a free state as part of Compromise of 1850, threw off balance

Delaware

Established by Lord de la Warr. Had a strong Swedish influence

Rhode Island

Established by Roger Williams, it practiced religious tolerance & did require voters to be church members

Somalia

Ethnicities overlap across regions & cause conflict

Euribor

Euribor (Euro Interbank Offered Rate) is a daily reference rate based on the interest rates at which banks offer to lend unsecured funds to other banks in the euro wholesale (or "interbank") money market. The Euro reference rates are based on this

Volga River

European continent's longest, & the principal waterway of western Russia & the historic cradle of the Russian state. Its basin, sprawling across about two - fifths of the European part of Russia, contains almost half of the entire population of the Russian Republic, & has immense economic, cultural, & historic importance

What caused low food supplies in Africa during European colonization

Europeans insisted on the growth of cash crops, such as cotton

Explain the two audience concept as it applies to communication

Every communication has a sending & receiving audience. The sending audience is the group we represent, while the receiving audience is the group with whom we are communicating

Honeymoon stage

Everything seems fabulous

inevitable discovery

Exception to the exclusionary rule that allows the use of illegally obtained evidence at trial if the court determines that the evidence would eventually have been found by legal means

Cro - Magnon

Existed 40,000 years ago & is a homo sapien. They were highly reflective in art & existed in Europe

Induced Expenditures

Expenditures that change a s income changes

King Cotton

Expression used by Southern authors & orators before the civil War to indicate the economic dominance of the Southern cotton industry, & that the North needed the south's cotton. In a speech to the Senate in 1858, James Hammond declared, "You daren't make war against cotton!. Cotton is king!"

Jingoism

Extreme & emotional nationalism, often characterized by an aggressive foreign policy, accompanied by an eagerness to wage war

Roosevelt's Court packing plan

FDR expanding the size of the supreme court in order to change its balance in favor of the New Deal

Francisco Franco

Facist dictator of Spain, Head of state for life. Died in 1975

Captain William Kidd

Famous English pirate in 17th - 18th century

Wyatt Earp

Famous US Marshall in Dodge City, took part in famous gunfight at the OK Corral in Tombstone AZ in 1881

Frederick W. Taylor

Father of Scientific Mgmt

Czech Coup

Feb. 1948 - A Soviet supported coup in which the govt of Czechoslavkia, the last independent govt in Eastern Europe, was replaced by a communist regime that was a puppet of the Soviet Union

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Federal Agency created to enforce the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which forbids discrimination on the basis of race, creed, national origin, religion, or sex in hiring, promotion, or firing

Grants - in - aid

Federal funds provided to states & localities. Grants - in - aid are typically provided for airports, highways, education, & major welfare services

Categorical grants

Federal grants for specific purposes defined by federal law: to build an airport, for example, or to make welfare payments to low - income mothers. Such grants usually require that the state or locality put up money to "match" some part of the federal grants, though the amount of matching funds can be quite small

Conditions of aid

Federal rules attached to the grants that states receive. States must agree to abide by these rules in order to receive the grants

Food stamp program

Federally funded program that gives food coupons to low - income people based on income & family size

Hard money

Federally regulated campaign contributions made to political candidates & political parties. Under current law, hard money contributions cannot exceed $1000 per individual, per election cycle

Free Assocation with the US

Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Palau, Northern Marianas

Sir Francis Drake

First English explorer to travel around the world. Participated in destruction of the Spanish Armada

Ghana

First known kingdom in sub - Saharan West Africa between the sixth & thirteenth centuries C. E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast

Elenor Roosevelt

First lady to FDR, involved in humanitarian & diplomatic efforts around the world. Represented US in UN

Frances Perkins

First women to hold a cabinet position (Secretary of Labor under FDR). She assisted in drafting of New Deal & creation of Social Security system

NEGATIVE

For INFERIOR GOOD, the income elasticity of demand is - or +

POSITIVE

For NORMAL GOODS, the income elasticity of demand is - or +

POSITIVE

For Substitutes, the cross - price elasticity of demand is - or +

Chester Nimitz

Forced Japanese back when they were trying to weize Midway Island

Foreign Policy Objectives

Foreign Policy Objectives are the goals of a foreign policy, derived by relating a state's national interest to the international situation & the power available to the state

FPI

Foreign portfolio investment - Investment in the stocks & the public/private debt instruments (such as bonds) of another country below the level where the stock or bondholder can exercise control over the policies of the stock - issuing company or the bond - issuing debtor. Solely to gain capital appreciation through market fluctuations

dual federalism

Form of US federalism during nation's early history. Federal & state govts remain separate & independent

representative democracy

Form of govt under which citizens vote for delegates who in turn represent citizens' interest within the govt. The US is this

chiefdom

Form of political organization with rule by a hereditary leader who held power over a collection of villages & towns. Less powerful than kingdoms & empires, chiefdoms were based on gift giving & commercial links

Mary McLeod Bethune

Founded National Council of Negro Women, promoted teaching of black history

Harvard College

Founded in 1636, it was the first college in the colonies

Yale College

Founded in 1701, it was the third college of the colonies

Margaret Sanger

Founder in 10s & 20s of Birth Control movement. Later headed Planned Parenthood Federation

Cyrus

Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 & 530 B. C. E. he conquered Media, Lydia, & Babylon. Revered in the traditions of both Iran & the subject peoples

Clara Barton

Founder of the American Red Cross

Shi Huangdi

Founder of the short - lived Qin dynasty & creator of the Chinese Empire (r. 221 - 210 B. C. E. ). He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states & standardization. (163)

Good Neighbor Policy

Franklin Roosevelt described his foreign policy as that of a "good neighbor. " The phrase came to be used to describe the U. S. attitude toward the countries of Latin America. Under Roosevelt's "Good Neighbor Policy," the U. S. took the lead in promoting good will among these nations

Key Players of Mexican War

Fremont - "Pathfinder" California, Kearny - New Mexico, Winfield Scott - Vera Cruz to Mexico City (ended war), Zachary Taylor - Buena Vista

Marquis de Lafayette

French General who helped American Revolution & later became important in French Revolution

Jean Calvin

French Protestant who stress the doctrine of free destination. Establish Central of group in Geneva Switzerland

New France

French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. New France fell to the British in 1763

Huguenots

French protestants of the 16th - 17th century persecuted by Roman Catholic Church. Louis XIV banned them, & many fled to America

Classical (administrative) Mgmt

Frenchman Henri Fayol "father of modern mgmt", first to distinguish the functions of mgmt, developed 14 principles of mgmt

Moinchus

From North East of China & took power & created Qing dynasty after collapse on the Ming,

Give me liberty or give me death

From speech by Patrick Henry urging American colonies to revolt against England

Mann - Elkins Act

Further extended the regulatory ability of the ICC by letting it regulate cable & wireless companies dealing with telephone & telegraph lines

Generic Language

General terms that stad for all persons or things within a given category

Hessians

German mercenaries who, because they were lured by booty & not duty, had large numbers desert & remained in America to become respectful citizens

schlieffen Plan

Germany's military plan at the outbreak of World War I, according to which German troops would rapidly defeat France and then move east to attack Russia.

What is a Pardon

Get out of jail for free

Hard Power

Getting others to do what another says

homogeneity

Globalization results in a greater degree of _ across markets than would be present otherwise

nuclear nonproliferation

Goal of international efforts to prevent countries other than the five declared nuclear powers (U. S. Russia, Britain, France, & China) from obtaining nuclear weapons. The first Nuclear Non - Proliferation Treaty was signed in 1968.

natural law

God's or nature's law that defines right from wrong & is higher than human law

Isocost line

Graph showing all possible combinations of labor & capital that can be purchased for a given total cost

trireme

Greek & Phoenician warship of the fifth & fourth centuries B. C. E. It was sleek & light, powered by 170 oars arranged in three vertical tiers. Manned by skilled sailors, it was capable of short bursts of speed & complex maneuvers

Hellenistic Age

Greek culture spread across western Asia & northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until spread of islam. (137)

Herodotus

Greek scholar, nickname was the "father of history", wrote "The Histories" (about Persian War vs. Greek city states)

Oneida

Group in NY that shockingly lived a communal life & shared everything, even marriages

Public Finance

Grovernment's taxing & spending policies

breech loading rifle

Gun into which the projectiles had to be individually inserted. Later guns had magazines, a compartment holding multiple projectiles that could be fed rapidly into the firing chamber

horse collar

Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse - drawn plows & vehicles

Fritz Roethlisberger

Hawthorne Studies, Behavioral Approach, Human Relations

Elton Mayo

Hawthorne Studies, Human Relations Mvt, Behavioral Approach

Wobblies

Haywood was the leader of the Wobblies. The International Workers of the World (Wobblies) were a militant, radical union. They favored socialism & opposed free enterprise. They were disliked by big business & less radical unions

Death of Stalin

He died in 1953 and was replaced by his successor Nikita Khrushchev

Charles Coughlin

He ran against FDR & disliked the New Deal. He voiced his opinions on the radio

Ernest Hemingway

He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954 & the Pulitzer Prize in 1952. A Farewell to Arms was written in 1929 & told the story of a love affair between an American ambulance driver & a British nurse in Italy during WW I. He shot himself in the head with a shotgun in 1961

St. Benedict

He started an order of Monks & provided a set of regulations for them stressing poverty, chastity, & obedience

Hitler's prime reason for wanting to take Poland

He wanted the Polish Corridor & the port city of Danzig

Henry Adams

He was a african american born slave but now freedman. Worked for his boss only received portion of food harvested. He was forced to sign work contract, pass was needed to travel, was stopped & beaten, must call his boss mister, he was robbed, can't visit wife, or children after left

Citizen Genet

He was a represenative of the French Republic who came to America in order to recruit Americans to help fight in the French Revolution

John Locke

He was an English philosopher & writer who said the people have the right to give a govt its authority

George Creel

Headed the Committee on Public Information

de Lome letter

Hearst's Journal published a private letter written by Spanish minister to the U. S. Depuy de Lôme regarding his reservations for Cuban independence & disparaging Pres. McKinley. Helped spark war

Yahweh

Hebrew name for God

Cumberland (National) Road

Highway that stretched across nation, providing much aid to Westerners. (1811)

Byzantine Empire

Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. (250)

How were the Holocaust & Hitler's final solution related

Holocaust is the term for genocide that resulted form the plan called the "final solution"

Culture shock stages

Honeymoon, crisis, recovery, adjustment, reverse

directive leadership

House's Path - Goal theory; used in complex, non - routine jobs

supportive leadership

House's Path - Goal theory; used in routine, repetitive situations

Moved against the Huguenots & weakened the power of the nobles

How did Cardinal Richelieu work to increase the power of the Bourbon monarchy

Direct Colonial Control

How did the French govern the people of French Indochina

elect govts whose power depends on landowners & merchants

How did the United Provinces of the Netherlands differ from the neighboring states

through culture

How is culture primarily passed on

Ever state gets 2 votes

How is the number of Senators determined

27

How many Amendments in the Constitution

7

How many Articles are in the Constitution

9

How many justices are on the Supreme Court

100

How many members are in the Senate

270

How many votes are needed to win the Presidency

Incentive Effect

How much a person will change his or her hours worked in response to ta change in the wage rate

Less than 5% of the time

How often does congress override a pres.'s veto

Buber

I - IT(impersonal) & I - Thou(interpersonal) communications

Fourth Lateran Council

Identified the 7 sacraments & reaffirmed that they are essential to salvation

foreign direct investment

If General Electric, a U. S. based corporation, purchased a 50% interest in a company in Italy, that purchase would be an example of

govern

If a govt disregards the rights of the people they lose their right to _

Coase theorem

If at no cost people can negotiate the purchase & sale of the right to perform activities that cause externalities, they can always arrive at efficient solutions to the problems caused by externalities

Economic Decision Rule

If the marginal benefits of doing something exceed the marginal costs, do it. If the marginal costs of doing something exceed the marginal benefits, don't do it

What is an aspect of procedural justice theory in management

If you are giving negative feedback on job performance, you must make it clear why negative feedback is being given

Cognitive dissidence

Ignoring or schewing information unfavorable to a person's opinion

Taxation without representation is tyranny

Important right since Magna Carta, not granted to colonists. Was one of the principal motivations for the declaration of independence

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

In 1639 the Connecticut River colony settlers had an open meeting & they established a constitution called the Fundamental Orders. It made a Democratic govt. It was the firdst constitution in the colonies & was a beginning for the other states' charters & constitutions

Caroline Incident

In 1837 a steamer, the Caroline, was attacked by the British. They burned it on the shore of New York. This steamer was carrying supplies across the Niagara River. Luckily, it sank before going over the falls & only One American died

Republican Party (Lincoln)

In 1854, it formed from the antislavery Whigs & Democrats, the Free - Soilers & various other groups. Ran Lincoln in 1860 & won

When was the CIO founded

In 1935 by 8 international unions within the AFL, which had either opposed or given only lukewarm support to organizing mass production industries, to change its policies. After failing to change AFL policy from within, five of these eight unions split from the AFL to found the Congress of Industrial Organizations as a rival federation in 1938

Dennis vs. the U. S

In 1948, the Attorney General indicted two key Communist leaders for violation of the Smith Act of 1940 which prohibited conspiring to teach violent overthrow of the govt. They were convicted in a 6 - 2 decision & their appeal was rejected

Federal Election Campaign Acts (FECA)

In 1971 it set up restrictions on the amount of advertising used by a candidate, created disclosure of contributions over $100, & limited the amount of personal contributions a candidate could make on his or her behalf. In 1974 it set up a Federal Election Commission & established a system of federal matching funds for presidential candidates

Guadalcanal

In August 1942, American forces gained a foothold on Guadalcanal Island, the Solomon Islands, in an attempt to protect the lifeline from America to Australia through the Southwest Pacific. After several desperate sea battles for naval control, the Japanese troops evacuated Guadalcanal in February 1943

gentry

In China, the class of prosperous families, next in wealth below the rural aristocrats, from which the emperors drew their administrative personnel. (166)

General Francisco Franco

In July, 1936, Gen. Fransisco Franco & other army leaders staged a coup & installed a right - wing fascist govt, touching off a civil war between loyalist Republican forces (aided by Russia) & Franco's Fascist party (aided by Mussolini & Hitler)

Economic Functions of govt

In a market economy, govt agencies establish & maintain a legal system to regulate both commercial & social behavior, promote competition, respond to market failures by providing public goods & adjusting for externalities, redistribute income, & establish macroeconomic stabilization policies. To perform these functions, govts must shift resources from private uses by taxing and/or borrowing

Dumbarton Oaks Conference

In a meeting near Washington, D.C., held from August 21 to October 7, 1944, U.S., Great Britain, U.S.S.R. and China met to draft the constitution of the United Nations.

Slope

In a straight line, the ratio of the vertical distance the straight line travels between any two points (rise) to the corresponding horizontal distance (run)

LIFO in the U. S

In accounting, what is used for inventory: FIFO or LIFO

equites

In ancient Italy, landowners second in wealth & status to the senatorial aristocracy. The Roman emperors allied with this group to counterbalance the influence of the old aristocracy & used the equites to staff the imperial civil service (152)

Litmus test

In chemistry a way of finding out whether a liquid is acid or alkaline. The term is used in politics to mean a test of ideological purity, a way of finding out whether a person is a dyed - in - the - wool liberal or conservative or what his or her views are on a controversial question

creoles

In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples

vassal

In medieval Europe, a sworn supporter of a king or lord committed to rendering specified military service to that king or lord

Oceans of the world

In order of size, the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, & the Arctic Ocean. The Pacific Ocean also being the deepest

Gulf War I 1990 - 91

In response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, the U. S. built an international coalition to defend Saudi Arabia and, after UN approval, to eject Iraq from Kuwait through Operation Desert Storm

When did Islam begin

In the 7th century, stated by Muhammed in Mecca

plantocracy

In the West Indian colonies, the rich men who owned most of the slaves & most of the land, especially in the eighteenth century

Kush

Independent kingdom. 1000 BCE. Had own writing. Used iron. Affected other cultures in the region

Sikhism

Indian religion founded by the guru Nanak (1469 - 1539) in the Punjab region of northwest India. After the Mughal emperor ordered the beheading of the ninth guru in 1675, Sikh warriors mounted armed resistance to Mughal rule

Jawaharial Nehru

Indian statesman. He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India & became India's first prime minister (1947 - 1964)

How did indirect control compare to direct control

Indirect control allowed limited self - rule

Side - effects from taxes

Inefficiency Prevention of some mutually beneficial transactions from occurring

Yellow journalism

Inflammatory, irresponsible reporting by newspapers to incite war. Used by William Randolph Hearst to incite the Spanish - American war

Demand - Pull Inflation

Inflation that o curs when the economy is at or above potential output

Insider stories

Information not usually made public that becomes public because someone with inside knowledge tells a reporter. The reporter may have worked hard to learn these facts, in which case it is called "investigative reporting," or some official may have wanted a story to get out, in which case it is called a "leak. "

Caligula

Insane Roman emperor. Nominated his horse to the Senate

Leading

Inspiring & motivating workers to work hard to achieve organizational goals

First - dollar insurance coverage

Insurance that pays all expenses generated by the insured activity

Intelligence

Intelligence is information gathered by the state about another state's capabilities & intentions

Law of the Sea Convention

International agreement that sets rules for the use of the world's oceans, which cover 70 percent of the Earth's surface.

functionalism & functional relations

International cooperation in specific areas such as communications, trade, travel, health, or environmental protection activity. Reflected in specialized agencies like the World Health Organization. Relations that include interaction in usually nonpolitical areas

Johann Gutenberg

Invented the first typewriter. Gutenberg bible first book printed from it

How can firms acheive "first mover advantage"

Investing in becoming a first mover requires a large allocation of cash

Denis Kearney

Irish immigrant who settled in San Francisco & fought for workers rights. He led strikes in protest of the growing number of imported Chinese workers who worked for less than the Americans. Founded the Workingman's Party, which was later absorbed into the Granger movement

patriarchal

Is islamic society patriarchal, or matriarchal

Capri

Island in the bay of Naples in Southern Italy

the Elastic Clause

It allows Congress to Stretch its powers as needed

Where does a Bill go first to become a Law

It begins either in the Senate or in the House of Representatives

humanism

It came from the rennaissance. It places emphasis on the individual's potential to reach greatness in any realm - art, science, spirituality, etc

What was the 1975 Helsinki Conference

It founded the The Organization for Security & Co - operation in Europe (OSCE)

Japanese Strike

It has the workers maximizing their output. They are nominally working as usual but the surplus can break the planning, especially in just - in - time systems

How did zoroastrianism influence judaism & christianity

It introduced the concepts of angels, satan, ressurection, & afterlife

dirty float in economics

It is when a country tries to manipulate the value of its floating currency

What was the goal of Hitler's final solution

It was genocide of people the Nazis considered inferior

James Meredith

James tried to attend the University of Mississippi & encountered violent opposition so Kennedy sent in troops for him to graduate

Four Freedoms

January 1941: FDR freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, & freedom from fear of physical aggression. He called for the last freedom to be achieved through a "worldwide reduction in armaments. " In August 1941 he & Winston Churchill included the four freedoms in the Atlantic Charter

Ex parte Endo

Japanese - American internment & loyalty, decided same day as Korematsu

Jean Gottmann

Jean Gottmann (October 10, 1915 - February 28, 1994) was a French geographer who was most widely known for coining the term megalopolis to describe the condition of the Boston - Washington corridor. His main contributions to human geography were in the sub - fields of urban, political, economic, historical & regional geography

Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions

Jefferson & Madison's response to Alien & Sedition Acts. Promoted states' right to nullify federal laws considered unconstitutional (1799)

Peter Zenger Case

John Peter Zenger, a newspaper printer, protested the royal governor in 1734 - 35. He was put on trial for this "act of treason. " The jury went against the royal governor & ruled Zenger innocent. This set the standards for democracy and, most importantly, for the freedom of the press

War on poverty

Johnson's programs to help poor Americans, including job retraining & improvement of housing

Potsdam Conference

July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin & Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control & to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction

Supreme Roman God

Jupiter

Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Kabul, Afghanistan

three responsibilities of commanders & supervisors - their staffs & subordinates - when it comes to orginizational communication

Keep communication channels open, maintain an environment conducive to communication; & communicate effectively

Robert McNamara

Kennedy's Defense Secretary who helped to come up with & push the "flexible response" strategy

Keynote address

Key speech at the national nominating convention that outlines the themes of the campaign

Boxer Rebellion

Kick out foriegners, defeated but gave more control to europeans

George III

King George the third was the king of England in the 1770's. Though he was a good man he was not a good ruler. He lost all of the 13 American colonies & caused America to start to gain its freedom

King Leopold II

King of Belgium (r. 1865 - 1909). He was active in encouraging the exploration of Central Africa & became the ruler of the Congo Free State (to 1908)

Louis Sullivan

Known as the father of the skyscraper because he designed the first steel - skeleton skyscraper. Mentor of Frank Lloyd Wright

Sanskrit

Language of Vedas

Homophobic Language

Language that overtly denigrates persons of non - heterosexual orientations, usually arising out of a fear of being labeled gay or lesbian

What countries feed into the Mekong River

Laos, Thailand, P. R. China, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar

ethnic groups

Large groups of people who share ancestral, language, cultural, or religious ties & a common identity

Inca

Largest & most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco

Moctezuma II

Last Aztec emperor, overthrown by the Spanish conquistador Hernn Corts

Hidden Imam

Last in a series of twelve descendants of Muhammad's son - in - law Ali, whom Shi'ites consider divinely appointed leaders of the Muslim community. In occlusion since ca. 873, he is expected to return as a messiah at the end of time

Tulip Period

Last years of the reign of Ottoman sultan Ahmed III, during which European styles & attitudes became briefly popular in Istanbul

Hatch Act

Law enacted in 1939 to prohibit civil servants from taking activist roles in partisan campaigns. This act prohibited federal employees from making political contributions, working for a particular party, or compaigning for a particular candidate

shield law

Law guaranteeing news reporters the right to protect the anonymity of their sources. Many states have passed shield laws, but there is no federal shield law

Clear Air Act (1970)

Law that established national standards for states, strict auto emissions guidelines, & regulations, which set air pollution standards for private industry

Comparable Worth Laws

Laws mandating comparable pay for comparable work

Child labor laws

Laws passed forbidding employment of children except in specific circumstances. Later Supreme Court ruled these unconstitutional. Later still 1930s, Fair Labor Standards Act upheld by the Court, banning employment of children in manufacturing jobs

Hapsburgs

Lead Austrian empire 13th - 20th century

Brigham Young

Leader of Mormons

Clay, Calhoun, Webster

Leaders who came about during the debate over the Tariff of 1816. Webster (North) supported partial protection, but not the entire amount. Calhoun (South) was in favor of the tariff. Clay (West) also supported the tariff. This system entailed first, the protective tariff, & then with the benefits of the tariff & increase in national industry, the money could then be used to improve roads & transportation among the states

Consultative Leaders

Leaders who confer with subordinates before making a decision but who retain the final decision - making authority

Laws, Values, & Ethical Behavior

Legal behavior is not necessarily ethical behavior. Personal values help determine individual ethical behavior: Terminal values & Instrumental values

Campaign finance reform

Legislation aimed at placing limits on political candidates accepting money & gifts from individuals & special interest groups

Parliament

Legislative body of Great Britain. It is divided into 2 houses, although one house, the House of Lords, has little power. The other house is the democratically - elected House of Commons

What theory did Leontief promote

Leontief Paradox: Leontief performed empirical tests on the "factor endowment" idea & found that it does not predict real world scenarios

Letter from Birmingham Jail

Letters written by MLK encouraging non - violent protest against segregation

Liberal Nationalism

Liberal Nationalism is the aspiration of a group to achieve statehood based on popular sovereignty. It emphasizes freedom from foreign domination

monasticism

Living in a religious community apart from secular society & adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, & poverty. (Primary Centres of Learning in Medieval Europe) (261)

Fed Funds

Loans of excess reserves banks make to one another

During the editing phase, what specifically are you looking for

Look for basic grammatical errors & correct format. Check for complete paragraphs & sentences, then compare it to your outline to ensure you have included all of the main points & subpoints you intended to cover

George McGovern

Lost election to Nixon, was a liberal democrat opposed to involvement in Vietnam

Truman - MacArthur controversy

MacArhur called for air strikes on China during Korean War. Truman said no, MacArthur disagreed publicly. Truman removed him for insubordination

Upanishads

Made in 800 - 400BCE refers to the the practice of disciples gathering fro religious discussion

Departments

Major administrative units with responsibility for a broad area of governmental operations. Departmental status usually indicates a permanent national interest in that particular governmental function, such as defense, commerce, or agriculture

Harding scandals

Major incidents of corruption in govt that occurred while Harding was pres. Most notable, lease of federally owned oil reserve land to private interests in return for bribes

Mississippi/Missouri River system

Major river system of North America, which runs from Minnesota & North Dakota to Gulf of Mexico. Played central role in American economy, military strategy & culture

system of Checks & Balances was established to

Make sure no one branch or person was too powerful

environmental forces

Market screening eliminates:

French Overseas Departments

Martinique, Guadeloupe, French Guyana, Reunion Island, Mayotte (future)

Mass Public Opinion Trends

Mass public is far more conservative in trade, intervention, & dimplomacy than policy makers

Fiorello LaGuardia

Mayor of New York from 1934 to 1945. He was popularly known as "the Little Flower," the translation of his Italian first name, also perhaps a reference to his short stature of just 5 feet. According to modern historians, LaGuardia is considered one of New York City's greatest mayors because of his role in leading New York during the Great Depression

Lerner Index of Monopoly Power

Measure of monopoly power calculated as excess of price over marginal cost as a fraction of price

Feature stories

Media reports about public events knowable to any reporter who cares to inquire, but involving acts & statements not routinely covered by a group of reporters. Thus a reporter must take the initiative & select a particular event as newsworthy, decide to write about it, & persuade an editor to run it

Rajputs

Members of a mainly Hindu warrior caste from northwest India. The Mughal emperors drew most of their Hindu officials from this caste, & Akbar I married a Rajput princess

Buffalo Soldiers

Members of one of the African American regiments within the U. S. Army after the Civil War, serving primarily in the Indian wars of the late 1860s

Jose Maria Morelos

Mexican priest & former student of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, he led the forces fighting for Mexican independence until he was captured & executed in 1814

Strategic Goals

Mission statement, Strategic plans, Past Experience, Feedback from External Environment, Control System Design

Fracis Xavier

Missionary who worked in India during 1540. Worked among outcast & lower cast groups. Later worked in Japan

Reserve

Money not given out in loans that is available for repaying depositors

Direct tax

Money paid directly to the govt in the form of income taxes

Fiat Money

Money that has no intrinsic value, that is, its only value comes from the fact that a governing body backs & regulates the currency. This system only works if a gov't backs the money & regulates its production

skepticism

Montaigne stated that all that is certain is that nothing is certain" this was & example of

Demand tends to become more or less elastic over time

More Elastic, because consumers have more time to adjust to a price change

Internment of Japanese Americans

More than 100,000 people put in relocation camps during WWII

Ibn Battuta

Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain & the western Sudan

F. Scott Fitzgerald

Most critics regard "The Great Gatsby" as his finest work. Written in 1925, it tells of an idealist who is gradually destroyed by the influence of the wealthy, pleasure - seeking people around him

Civil rights movement

Movement in 50s & 60s to eliminate segregation & gain equal rights. Major moments were when Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus for a white person, MLK's 'I have a Dream Speech', the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, & Fair Housing Act of 1968

peace movements

Movements against specific wars or against war & militarism in general, usually involving large numbers of people & forms of direct action such as street protests

Hijra

Muhammad's emigration from Mecca to Yathrib

Mughal Empire

Muslim state (1526 - 1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth & seventeenth centuries

Spin doctor

Name given to political consultants who try to shape the story or actions of their clients to the media in a positive manner

Tiwanaku

Name of capital city & empire centered on the region near Lake Titicaca in modern Bolivia (375 - 1000 C. E. )

Manhattan Project

Name of program to develop atomic weapons in WWII

Suez Canal crisis

Nassar nationalized Canal. Britain & France got Israel to attack, prompting British & French intervention. US denounced plan. Severely damaged Anglo - american relations

Globalization

National boundaries of world business have largely disappeared. - Globalization is the worldwide interdependence of resource flows, product markets, & business competition that characterize the new economy

What are some exemptions to the 1966 FOIA

National security, personal right to privacy, law enforcement, & well water geographic data. Most other info must be provided within 10 days under the 1966 Freedom of Information Act

Jim Thorpe

Native American olympic athelete in 1912 games

How did Kristallnacht demonstrate Nazi persecution of Jews

Nazi troops attacked Jewish homes, business & synagogues

Holocaust

Nazis' program during WWII to kill people they considered undesirable. Some 6 million Jews perished during the Holocaust, along with millions of Poles, Gypsies, Communists, Socialists, & others

Confederation of 1867

Negotiated union of the formerly separate colonial govts of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, & Nova Scotia. This new Dominion of Canada with a central govt in Ottawa is seen as the beginning of the Canadian nation

railroads

Networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. First railroads were built in England in the 1830s. Success caused a railroad building boom lasting into the 20th Century (704)

How often do treasury bills pay interest

Never. Only T - notes & T - bonds pay interest twice a year. T - bills are simply sold at a discounted price

New England Confederation

New England colonists formed the New England Confederation in 1643 as a defense against local Native American tribes & encroaching Dutch. The colonists formed the alliance without the English crown's authorization

Class C Mandates

New Guinea, Nauru, Western Samoa, Southwest Africa

Rough Riders

Nickname of cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt in Spanish American war. Victorious charge in Battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba

Jakarta, Indonesia

Nicosia, Cyprus

What countries feed into the Niger River

Nigeria, Mali, Niger, Algeria, Guinea, Cameroon, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Benin, Chad

Seperate Spheres

Nineteenth - century idea in Western societies that men & women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, & homemakers; men as breadwinners & participants in business & politics (711)

Para Language (vocalics)

Non - Verbal aspects of voice(e. g. pitch, rate, volume,use of silence. )

Dominance

Non - Verbal behaviors such as relaxed posture, greater personal spaces, & protected personal spaces that communicates power status, & control

Immediacy

Non verbal behavior such as eye contact, foward lean, touch & open body orientation that communicate feelings of liking pleasure & closeness. the degree of interest or attraction we feel toward & communicate to others

Quasi - Courtship Behavior

Non verbal behaviors exhibited both consciously & unconsciously when we are attracted to someone

Positional externality

Occurs when an increase in one person's performance reduces the expected reward of another's in situations in which reward depends on relative performance

caliphate

Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire

Civil Rights Acts

Officially made blacks citizens of the US

What are the 3 components of Social Security in the US

Old Age, Survivors & Disability Insurance. Because of this, SS is sometimes called OASDI

Stackelberg Model

Oligopoly model in which one firm set its output before other firms do

Deacquisition

One company's sale of either parts of another company it has bought or parts of itself

Winner - take - all labor market

One in which small differences in human capital translate into large differences in pay

Democratic - Republicans

One of the first two American political. Founded by Jefferson & Madison. Those two & Monroe were the only Democratic - Republican pres.s. Party disbanded in the 1820s, splintering into two factions, the Democratic Party & the Whig Party. Members of the Democratic - Republican Party believed that a strong federal govt would weaken & not respect the rights of the states & the people

Social Security Act of 1935

One of the most important features of the Second New Deal established a retirement for persons over 65 funded by a tax on wages paid equally by employee & employer

Congressionalist

One who believes that Article II's provision that the pres. should ensure "faithful execution of the laws" should be read as an injunction against substituting presidential authority for legislative intent

fellow traveler

One who supports the aims or philosophies of a political group without joining it. A "fellow traveler" is usually one who sympathizes with communist doctrines but is not a member of the Communist party. The term was used disparagingly in the 1950s to describe people accused of being communists

Tea Act

Only duty not repealed from Townshend Acts. Forced colonists to buy tea at high prices due to monopolies

Reagan Doctrine

Oppose the influence of the Soviet Union by backing anti - communist guerrillas against the communist govts of Soviet - backed client states. Somewhat triggered by Afghanistan - aiding mujahideen to hurt Soviets

Executive order

Order signed by the pres. that has the effect of law, even though it is not passed by Congress. An example of an executive order includes Pres. Clinton's order legalizing the abortion bill, RU486. All executive orders must be published in the "Federal Register"

Organizational objectives

Organizational objectives are the end points of an organization's mission & are what it seeks through the ongoing, long - run operations of the organization

civil society

Organizations outside the state that help people define & advance their own interests

Triple Entente

Original Central Powers in WWI: Germany, Austria - Hungary, & Italy

fidel Castro

Overthew Batista in 1959. Turned to communism

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew French Directory in 1799 & became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain & abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated & died in exile

Vertical Integration

Owning every step of the manufacturing process. Ex: An oil company owns the land the oil comes from, the business to extract the oil, the shipping business to ship the oil, & the gas stations to sell the oil

Peace

P associated with International institutionalism, world order, & diplomacy

Nisei

Parents Japanese, but born abroad. Were largely inturned during WWII

Caucus

Party regulars meeting in small groups asking questions, discussing qualifications regarding the candidate, & voting on whether to endorse a particular candidate. The Iowa caucus has taken on almost as much importance as the New Hampshire primary because of its timing

Declaratory Act

Passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act, the Declaratory Act stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases. Most colonists interpreted the act as a face - saving mechanism & nothing more. Parliament, however, continually interpreted the act in its broadest sense in order to legislate in & control the colonies

Clean Water Act

Passed in 1987, this law established safe drinking standards & creates penalties for water polluters

Discribe three common forms of tense you will use in your communication

Past - express actions or make a statement about something that happened in the past. Present - expresses action or makes a statement about something happening inthe present time. Future - expresses action or make a statement about something happening at a future time

Price leadership

Pattern of pricing in which one firm regularly announces price changes that other firms then match

Wage

Payments for labor services that are directly tied to time worked, or to the number of units of output produced

Four P's

Peace, Power, Prosperity, Principles

Where does the Pearl river meet the sea

Pearl River, is China's third longest river (2,200 km, after the Yangtze River & the Huang He), & second largest by volume (after the Yangtze). Located in the south, it flows into the South China Sea between Hong Kong & Macau. Its lower reach forms the Pearl River Delta

What set the stage for Vietnamese resistance against the French

Peasants had less rice to eat bc the French exported most of it

Intellectual capital & Knowledge Workers

People are the ultimate foundations of organizational performance. - Intellectual capital is the collective brainpower or shared knowledge of a workforce that can be used to create value - a knowledge worker adds to the Intellectual capital of an organization

Indo - Europeans

People from India/Europe: referring to Hitties who migrated to the central plain of Anatolia & imposed their rule & language on the people

People respond to

People respond to incentives

Celts

Peoples sharing a common language & culture that originated in Central Europe in the first half of the first millennium B. C. E. After 500 B. C. E. they spread as far as Anatolia in the east, Spain & the British Isles in the west, onquered by Romans (90)

Degree of economies of scope

Percentage of cost savings resulting when two or more products are produced jointly rather than individually

Standing committees

Permanently established legislative committees that consider & are responsible for legislation within a certain subject area. Examples are the House Ways & Means Committee & the Senate Judiciary Committee

Constituent

Person living in the district of an elected official

dissidents

Persons who refuse to conform to prevailing political & social values

economic liberalization

Philosophy that aims to limit the power of the state & increase the power of the market & private property in an economy

four parts to self - image

Phsychological(introspection), physical self - image, emotional self - image, intellectual self - image

William Randolph Hurst

Pioneer in the kind of sensational reporting often called Yellow Journalism. Helped whip up hostility toward Spain, which led to the Spanish American war

Objective goals

Planning, Organizing, Leading & Staffing

Five Year Plans

Plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, & most other products & were enforced by the police powers of the state

Finlandization

Policy that a power neutralizes its neighbors in an effort to protect itself

Greek City States

Polis. Has a govt. A city that has its own country. Has Council

Helsinki Accords

Political & human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland, by the Soviet Union & western European countries

Legitimacy

Political authority conferred by law, public opinion, or constitution

Marginal districts

Political districts in which candidates elected to the House of Representatives win in close elections, typically with less than 55 percent of the vote

personalist leaders

Political leaders who rely on charisma & their ability to mobilize & direct the masses of citizens outside the authority of constitutions & laws. Nineteenth - century examples include Jos Antonio Pez of Venezuela & Andrew Jackson of the US. (628)

Third political parties

Political parties that can be described as ideological, single - issue orientated, economically motivated, & personality driven. Examples include the Free Soil Party, Know - Nothings, Populist, & Bull Moose Parties. In 1996 Ross Perot created a new national third party called the Reform party

Congress party

Political party of Ghandi & Nehru during Indian independence

Talking heads

Politicians who use sound bites or other means to present a superficial look at a policy position rather than an in - depth approach in explaining their views

Issue - Oriented Politics

Politics that focuses on specific issues rather than on party, candidate, or other loyalties

San Marino, San Marino

Port - of - Spain, Trinidad & Tobago

Chimu

Powerful Peruvian civilization based on conquest. Located in the region earlier dominated by Moche. Conquered by Inca in 1465

Concurrent Powers

Powers Shared by both the Federal & State govt

Reserved Powers

Powers given to the State govt

Peak - load Pricing

Practice of charging higher prices during peak periods when capacity constraints cause marginal costs to be high

Intertemporal price discrimination

Practice of separating consumers with different demand functions into different groups by charging different prices at different points in time

cooperative federalism

Preeminent form of US federalism. (Marble cake analogy) National & state govts share many powers

Stone Age

Prehistoric cultural stage, or level of human development, characterized by the creation & use of stone tools. The Stone Age is usually divided into three separate periods—Paleolithic Period, Mesolithic Period, & Neolithic Period—based on the degree of sophistication in the fashioning & use of tools

New world order

Pres. Bush's vision for world peace centering around the U. S. taking the lead to ensure that aggression be dealt with by a mutual agreement of the UN, NATO, & other countries acting in concert

Lazaro Cardenas

Pres. of Mexico (1934 - 1940). He brought major changes to Mexican life by distributing millions of acres of land to the peasants, bringing representatives of workers & farmers into the inner circles of politics, & nationalizing the oil industry 820

Hafaz Assad

Pres. of Syria 1971 to 2000. Hard - liner against Israel & Islamic fundamentalism

Jefferson Davis

Pres. of the Confederacy

John Hancock

Pres. of the Second Continental Congress

Opinion Maker's duties

Present options for constituents - Give stricture & informational content - Makers may put out pre - made opinions - Must address attentive public - Must play a role in public submitting porcess

Franking

Privilege enjoyed by members of Congress entitling them to free postage for any mailings made as part of their official duties

extradition

Process by which govts return fugitives to the jurisdiction from which they have fled

D. W. Griffith

Produced the move "The Birth of Nations" in 1915 which glorified the KK of Reconstuction days & defamed both blacks & Northern carpetbaggers

Companies achieve competitive advantage by:

Products, Pricing, Customer service, Cost efficiency, Quality

1893 Depression

Profits dwindled, businesses went bankrupt & slid into debt. Caused loss of business confidence. 20% of the workforce unemployed. Let to the Pullman strike

Compromise Tariff

Promised to gradually reduce the Tariff of 1832 by 10% over a period of eight years

Lecopmton Constitution

Proslavery Kansans drafted constitution, but voters had to vote for it "with slavery" or "with no slavery. " Win - win situation for them, because constitution w/o slavery protected rights of slave - holding Kansans. Buchanan supported it, but Douglas made sure entire constitution went up for vote instead

Minoan

Prosperous civilization on the Aegean island of Crete in the second millennium B. C. E. The Minoans engaged in far - flung commerce around the Mediterranean & exerted powerful cultural influences on the early Greeks

Key customer service lessons:

Protect reputation for quality products. Treat customers right

Edict of Nantes decreed that

Protestants could worship only in careas where they were majority

Immigration act of 1986

Provided an opportunity for illegal immigrants to become legal residents (one time amnesty). Penalties to employers who knowingly hired illegal immigrants.

Morrill Land Grant Act

Provided money for agricultural colleges

Capital outflows

Purchases of foreign assets by domestic households & firms

International capital flows

Purchases or sales of real & financial assets across international borders

Kangxi

Qing emperor (r. 1662 - 1722). He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire

Hatshepsut

Queen of Egypt (1473 - 1458 B. C. E. ). Dispatched a naval expedition down the Red Sea to Punt (possibly Somalia), the faraway source of myrrh. There is evidence of opposition to a woman as ruler, & after her death her name was frequently expunged

Queen Liliuokalani/Hawaii

Queen of Hawaii who disliked Americans & was overthrown when sugar prices dropped. Planters wanted the independent Republic of Hawaii & requested annexation from the US

Second Guessing

Questions the assumptions underlying a message

Champa Rice

Quick - maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state

de jure discrimination

Racial segregation that is a direct result of law or official policy

Jacobins

Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794

Edward Murrow

Radio commentator during WWII, opposed McCarthyism, created TV shows going to homes of celebrities for interviews

Stonewall Riot

Raid on gay club, where clients fought back. Led to the creation of the Gay Liberation Front & greater solidarity among homosexuals

chinampas

Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields

Congress powers in foreign Policy

Ratify treaties; confirm appointments; declare war; appropriate funds; oversee agencies; enact legislation

Favorable balance of trade

Refers to a country exporting more than they import. The U. S. has had an unfavorable balance of trade since WWII

Watergate

Refers to the office complex in DC where members of the committee to re - elect Richard Nixon, posing as burglars, broke into the offices of the Democratic Party's national headquarters. They were caught, & the scandal ultimately led to Nixon's resignation

Manchuria

Region of Northeast Asia bounded by the Yalu River on the south & the Amur River on the east & north

Gold Coast

Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward

Gujarat

Region of western India famous for trade & manufacturing; the inhabitants are called Gujarati

Victorian Age

Reign of Queen Victoria of Great Britain (1837 - 1901). The term is also used to describe late - nineteenth - century society, with its rigid moral standards & sharply differentiated roles for men & women & for middle - class & working - class people (711)

Presence of supplier & related industries

Related & supporting industries" in Porter's Theory

Necessities of Public Opinion

Relationship between foreign policy & public opinion - how one would choose their stance on foreign policy - processes of foreign policy - attributes of the public - decision process

Islam

Religion expounded by the Prophet Muhammad (570 - 632 C. E. ) on the basis of his reception of divine revelations, which were collected after his death into the Quran. (231)

Cotton Mather

Religious leader behind the Salem Witch Trials

Protestant Reformation

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran & Reformed Churches & the Church of England

Nonintercourse Act, Force Act, Macon's Bill #2

Replaced Embargo Act, if either Britian or France repealed their restrictions on US trade, US would embargo other

Earth Summit. 1992

Representatives of more than 175 nations, including the U. S. met at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, which produced a treaty on climate change & was the largest international meeting on the environment ever convened

Guadalupe - Hidalgo

Required Mexico to cede the American southwest, including New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, & California, to the U. S. The U. S. gave Mexico $15 million in exchange, so that it would not look like conquest

Sunshine Law

Requires all govt meetings & records to be open to the public

Capital

Resources & goods made & used to produce other goods & services. Examples include buildings, machinery, tools, & equipment

Non - programmed Decisions

Responses to infrequent, unforeseen, or very unusual problems & opportunities, where the manager does not have a precedent to follow in decision - making

Cross of Gold Speech

Responsible for gaining Bryan popularity. To supporters of gold: "You shall not crucify mankind upon this cross of gold. "

Soviet New Economic Policy

Restored private ownership to small parts of the economy, loosened trade restrictions, & tried to regain alliances with foreign countries. Succeeded in creating an economic recovery after the devastating effects of WWI

Tanzimat

Restructuring' reforms by the nineteenth - century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites & make the military & the bureacracy more efficient

Distributive policy

Results in the govt giving benefits directly to people, groups, farmers, & businesses. Typical policies include subsidies, research & development funds for corporations, & direct govt aid for highway construction & education

Universal suffrage

Right of all qualified adults to vote

Dorothea Dix

Rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients - created first wave of US mental asylums

Watts riots

Riots in LA in 1965, 30 people died

Jeffersonianism vs. Hamiltonianism

Rival ideas of American govt. Jefferson preferred strong states & focus on agriculture. Hamilton said strong federal govt & focus on industrial development

Elbe river

River in central Europe, flowing from NW Czech to North sea

Paul Revere

Rode through MA warning people that the British were coming at the outbreak of the Revolutionary War

Constantine

Roman emperor (r. 312 - 337). After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople & made Christianity a favored religion

Spartacus

Roman slave who lead slave revolt against Rome in 1st century BC

What countries have access to the Black Sea

Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, Georgia, Russia, Ukraine

exclusionary rule

Rule that prohibits the use of illegally obtained evidence at trial. The Supreme Court has created several exceptions to the exclusionary rule, notably the objective of good faith rule & the inevitable discovery rule

Sudanic States

Rulers supported Islam by building mosques

Mandates

Rules imposed by the federal govt on the states as conditions for obtaining federal grants or requirements that the states pay the costs of certain nationally defined programs

Kuril Islands

Russia took posession of the islands after the Russo - Japanese War but they are still in dispute

What countries have access to the Caspian Sea

Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Iran, Azerbaijan. Russia's Volga river & a canal system links it to the Black Sea

Class B Mandates

Rwanda & Burundi, Tanganyika, Cameroon, Togoland

Dead sea

Salt lake on the border between Israel & Jordan. Lowest point of dry land on earth

Caspian sea

Salwater lake between Europe & Asia, bordered by Azerbaijan, Russia & Kazakhstan, Iran

Committees of Correspondence

Samuel Adams started the first committee in Boston in 1772 to spread propaganda & secret information by way of letters. They were used to sustain opposition to British policy. The committees were extremely effective & a few years later almost every colony had one

Kigali, Rwanda

Sao Tome, Sao Tome & Principe

Henry L. Gantt

Scientific Mgmt, Gantt Charts for Scheduling

Stuarts

Scottish family that ruled England from 17th - 18th century. Afterwards went to the House of Hanover

How did civilians join the war effort

Scrap metal drives, working in war industries, rationing

Caribbean Sea

Sea that is point of connection between North & South America, resource rich, & first territories reached by European settlers in 15th & 16th centuries

Danube River

Second longest European river through central & SE Europe. Empties Black Sea

Horace Mann

Secretary of Massachusetts Board of Education - created public school system in MASS - became model for nation

George Marshall

Secretary of State after WWII, oversaw Marshall Plan for Europe. Received Nobel prize

Henry Kissinger

Secretary of State to Nixon, opened diplomatic relations with China. Helped negotiate end of Vietnam war. Won Nobel prize in 1973

supremacy clause

Section of the Constitution that requires conflicts between federal law & state law to be resolved in favor of federal law. State constitutions & laws that violate the US Constitution, federal laws, or international treaties can be invalidated through this

devshirme

Selection' in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries

Irreconcilables

Senators who voted against the League of Nations with or without reservations

Transdniester Republic

Separatist movement in Moldova

First Continental Congress

September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, & sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation & unfair judicial system

Hundred Years War

Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English & French royal families & French noble families. (1337 - 1453) France vs. England, France won, lasted 116 yrs - a series of conflicts

Sioux Wars

Series of clashes that insued as railroads intruded into Native American lands

Constantinople

Set up by ruler Constantine. 312 - 337CE. Se up his capital city to regulate Eastern Roman Empire

great compromise

Settlement reached at the Constitutional convention between large states & small states. Called for two legislative houses

Rush - Bagot Agreement

Severely limited British & American naval guard on Great Lakes. (1817)

Helen Hunt Jackson

She wrote a book humanizing the Indians for people who didn't understand them that well. Sort of like Uncle Tom's Cabin, but for Indians

Motor Voter Act of 1993

Signed into law by Pres. Clinton, it enables people to register to vote at motor vehicle departments

SIB

Single idea bullet

Crazy Horse

Sioux chief at the Battle of Little Bighorn

Harappa

Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium B. C. E. It was located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation & may have been a center for the acquisition of raw materials

Division of labor

Skilled workers each have a specialized function, resulting in increased productivity

Clipper ships

Sleek ships that sacrificed cargo space for speed

Sun Belt

Smiling crescent of 15 states in Southern America. The population increased in this area at double the rate of old industrial zones in the Northeast

Leadership ability

Social skills,cleverness, creativity, diplomacy,tact, fluency in speaking,knowledge about group task, organizational ability, & persuasiveness

Buffalo Bill

Soldier against Native Americans, later founded the celebrated 'Wild West Show. '

Hawthorne studies: Employee attitudes, interpersonal relations & group processes

Some things satisfied some workers but not others. People restricted output to adhere to group norms

Leader

Someone who can influence others & who has managerial authority

Epic of Gilgamesh

Sometime before 2000 BCE in Sumeria. Tells story of a king's quest to achieve immortality

Purus

Source: Andes Mountains of Peru Outflow: Amazon River

Lena

Source: Baikal Mountains, Russia Outflow: Arctic Ocean

Indus

Source: Himalayan Mountains, Tibet Outflow: Arabian Sea

Brahmaputra

Source: Himalayan Mountains, Tibet Outflow: Ganges River

Ganges

Source: Himalayas Outflow: Bay of Bengal

Volga

Source: Valdai Plateau, Russia Outflow: Caspian Sea

Dewey/Manila

Spanish - American war was started when Dewey's fleet seized or destroyed all ten Spanish ships anchored in Manila Bay (Philippines)

Ceuta

Spanish city on the tip of Morocco. Illegal immigration is an issue here

Hernando Cortes

Spanish explorer & conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519 - 1521 for Spain

Francisco Coronado

Spanish explorer of the 16th century. Travelled through the southwest, & 'discovered' the Grand Canyon

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Spanish explorer who discovered the Pacific & claimed it for Spain

Fransisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531 - 1533

House Divided speech

Speech given by Lincoln early on saying that crisis was inevitable on issue of slavery

Consumption expenditure

Spending by households on goods & services such as food, clothing, & entertainment

Kievan Russia

State established at Kiev in Ukraine ca. 879 by Scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population

Cabinets of the executive branch

State, Treasury, Defense, Attorney General, Interior, Agriculture, Commercie, Labor, Health & Human Services, HUD, Transportation, Energy, Education, Vetrans Affairs, Homeland Security

Self Determination

States need this _ because: - people cannot be subordinate - there are spheres of influence - foreign domination - social unrest around the world harms US - all occurrences of foreign domination are incorrect

Indus River Treaty

States that the Indus & all tributaries must flow unblocked to the ocean

most - favored - nation

Status in an international trading arrangement whereby agreements between two nations on tariffs are then extended to other nations. Every nation involved in such an arrangement will have most - favored - nation status. This policy is used to lower tariffs, extend cooperative trading agreements, & protect nations from discriminatory treatment. used to apply economic pressure on nations by deliberately excluding them from international trade

Fulton's steamboat

Steamboat faster than any other form of transportation at the time, revolutionized industry

Homestead Strike

Strike that turned violent at Carnegie's Homestead steel plant. (1892)

Name the countries that feed into the Nile River

Sudan, Ethiopia, Egypt, Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Eritrea, Democratic Republic of the Congo

scramble for africa

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s & 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, & Spain) acquired lesser amounts

Sugar & Currency Acts

Sugar - Established a number of new duties & contained provisions aimed at deterring molasses smugglers. It was explicity designed to generate revenue for the British govt. (1764) Currency - Forbade Americans from producing their own paper currency. (1764)

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

Suspension of chinese immigration for fear they were driving down wages for whites. By 1902, Chinese immigration banned completely. Became eligible for citizenship in 1943

Name some countries with a federalist system of govt

Switzerland, US, Belgium, Germany, Canada

khipu

System of knotted colored cords used by preliterate Andean peoples to transmit information

Crop Lien System

System that allowed farmers to get more credit. They used harvested crops to pay back their loans

Mercantile System

System that binds trade & it's administration to the National gov't

Hold

Tactic by which a senator asks to be informed before a particular bill is brought to the floor. This stops the bill from coming to the floor until the hold is removed

island hopping strategy

Take over one island after the other as American troops slowly moved closer to Japan

Where would you most likely use an SIB

Talking paper, point paper, or bullet background paper

Porto - Novo, Benin

Tallinn, Estonia

Goods

Tangible objects that satisfy economic wants

527 groups

Tax - Exempt organizations set up by interest groups to engage in political activities

Specific Tax

Tax of a certain amount of money per unit sold

Excise taxes & tariffs

Taxes placed on manufactured products. The excise tax on whiskey helped raise revenue for Hamilton's program

Focus group

Technique used by pollsters to determine how a cross section of voters feels about a particular topic

divination

Techniques for ascertaining the future or the will of the gods by interpreting natural phenomena such as, in early China, the cracks on oracle bones or, in ancient Greece, the flight of birds through sectors of the sky

Bull Moose Party

Teddy Roosevelt's party in the election of 1812

Mexican Cession

Texas, California, all area in between

Media Campaign

That part of a political campaign waged in the broadcast & print media

Eastern Question

The "question" posed by the Great Powers about the future of the Ottoman territories.

Grand Canal

The 1,100 - mile (1,700 - kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow & the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period & completed during the Sui Empire

Era of "Good Stealings"

The 1870's - 1890's was a dark period in American politics filled with corruption, which rivaled today's. Dubbed "The Era of Good Stealings," the gilded age was arguably when politicians first recognized the seemingly deep pool of corporate money & also when many of them signed their souls over to the corporations

James G. Blaine

The 1884 nomination for the Rebublican presidential candidate. Pan - Americanism stated that events in the Americans affected the U. S. & we thus had reason to intervene. Pushed the "Big Sister" Policy & said we should open Latin American markets to Yankee traders

How did the AFL & CIO differ historically

The AFL was a craft union, while the CIO was an industrial union

What empire controlled the most territory in human history

The British Empire. It was a product of the European Age of Discovery that began with the global maritime explorations of Portugal & Spain in the late 15th century. By 1921 the British Empire held sway over about 470 - 570 million people; roughly 1/4 of world's population

Five Civilized Tribes

The Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, & Seminole tribes, all located in the southeast. They were considered civilized by whites because they followed many of their practices, such as slavery

the birth certificate of the U. S

The Declaration of Independence

5 functions of the Fed

The Federal Reserve Board controls the supply of money, sets the discount rate, performs open market operations, regulates banks & other financial institutions, & supervises the FDIC

What labor arrangement does the federal governement operate under

The Federal govt operates under "open shop" rules nationwide, although many of its employees are represented by unions. So, an employee cannot be compelled to join a union that may exist at the employer, nor can the employee be fired if s/he joins the union. In other words, the employee has the "right to work", whether as a union member or not

What political party did Alexander Hamilton start

The Federalist party in 1792, which advocated strong national govt. It was opposed by Thomas Jefferson & James Madison's Republican party

Clovis

The Frankish warlord who conquered much of Gaul in 486 who converted to Roman Christianity

Free Soil Party

The Free Soil Party was a short - lived political party in the U. S. organized in 1840 that faded out by about 1856. Its main purpose was opposing the extension of slavery into the territories, as well as advocating the abolition of slavery itself

Great Awakening

The Great Awakening was a religious revival held in the 1730's & 1740's to modivate the colonial America. Modivational speakers such as Jonathan Edwards & George Whitefield helped to bring Americans together

Name the two houses of Congress

The House of Representatives & The Senate

the Idealist Approach to Foreign Policy

The Idealist approach assumes that a foreign policy based on morals, legal codes, & international norms is the most effective foreign policy because it encourages unity & cooperation among states rather than competition & conflict

the difference between the ICC & the ICJ in the Hague

The International Criminal Court is a permanant war crimes tribunal. The International Court of Justice rules on disputes between states

Boyar

The Russian Nobility

SEC

The SEC was created by section 4 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

How many trust funds make up Social Security

The Social Security System Comprises Four Trust Funds: Old - Age & Survivors Insurace, Disability Insurance, Hospital Insurance, Supplemental Medical Insurance

3/5 Compromise

The South wanted slaves to count of citizens in order to increase the population, & therefore increasing the number of Southerners in the House of Representatives. The North argued that slaves were property & couldn't be counted. In the end, slaved came to be counted as 3/5 of a person

the Status Quo Approach to Foreign Policy

The Status Quo Approach to Foreign Policy seeks to maintain the territorial, ideological, or power distribution of the state

Tories

The Tories were colonists who disagreed with the move for independence & did not support the Revolution

Super Tuesday

The Tuesday on which a number of primary votes take place

European Union

The Western European regional organization established in 1983 when the Maastricht Treaty went into effect. The EU encompasses the still legally existing European Community, the EEC & EURATOM

Yi Kingdom

The Yi dynasty ruled Korea from the fall of the Koryo kingdom to the colonization of Korea by Japan

Committee clearance

The ability of a congressional committee to review & approve certain agency decisions in advance & without passing a law. Such approval is not legally binding on the agency, but few agency heads will ignore the expressed wishes of committees

Competitiveness

The ability of a country to sell its goods to other countries

Franking privilege

The ability of members of Congress to mail letters to their constituents free of charge by substituting their facsimile signature (frank) for postage

Power

The ability of one person to get another person to act in accordance with the first person's intentions

sustainable development

The ability to continue to improve the quality of life of those in the industrialized countries and, particularly, those in the less developed countries while simultaneously protecting the Earth's biosphere

Visionary Leadership

The ability to create & articulate a realisitic, credible, & attractive vision of the future that improves upon the current situation

Bully pulpit

The ability to use the office of the presidency to promote a particular program and/or to influence Congress to accept legislative proposals

Marginal Physical Product (MPP)

The additional units of output that hiring an additional worker will bring about

Principal amount

The amount originally lent

Bureaucrats

The appointed officials who operate govt agencies from day to day

John Wilkes Booth

The assassin of Lincoln, fanatically devoted to the Confederate cause

collective attitudes

The attitudes workers have about their work life & their work life

How are concepts of communication preperation universal

The basic philosophy & guidance for effective writing & speaking are the same. Both involve getting started with the communication, subject research, support selection, & organizing

Economic planning

The belief that government plans, such as wage and price controls or the direction of investment, can improve the economy

Purposive incentive

The benefit that comes from serving a cause or principle from which one does not personally benefit

Civil law

The body of rules defining relationships among private citizens. It consists of both statutes & the accumulated customary law embodied in judicial decisions (the "common law")

Federal Reserve System

The central bank of the U. S. incorporates 12 Federal Reserve branch banks & all national banks & state - charted commercial banks & some trust companies. It was was created in 1913 by the Federal Reserve Act

Substitution effect

The change in the quantity demanded of a good that results because buyers switch to or from substitutes when the price of the good changes

Consumption possibilities

The combination of goods & services that a country's citizens might feasibly consume

Horizontal Merger

The combining of two companies in the same industry

technology transfer

The communication of specific plans, designs, or educational programs necessary for the use of new technologies from one society or class to another

Who is most affected by per unit taxes

The cost of per unit taxes is split between the buyer & the seller

judicial branch

The court systems of govts, responsible for interpreting the laws passed by the legislative branch & enforced by the executive branch. These courts try criminal cases or civil cases. The courts attempt to resolve conflicts impartially in order to protect the individual rights The courts may exercise the powers of judicial review & injunction

Global interdependence

The degree of linkage among the community of nations

Credibility

The degree to which followers perceive someone as honest, competent, & able to inspire

Credibility of monetary policy

The degree to which the public believes the central bank's promises to keep inflation low, even if doing so may impose short - run economic costs

Outside lag (of macroeconomic policy)

The delay between the date a policy change is implemented & the date by which most of its effects on the economy have occurred

contempt of Congress

The deliberate obstruction of the workings of the federal legislative branch. For example, a witness under subpoena who refuses to testify before Congress can be cited for contempt of Congress

McCellands Theory friendship

The desire for friendship, affiliation & close interpersonal relationships

conflict resolution

The development & implementation of peaceful strategies for settling conflicts

Gender division of labor

The division of work into two categories based on sex, or gender. The result is that men and women do different kinds of work.

Economic surplus

The economic surplus from taking any action is the benefit of taking the action minus its cost

Income - expenditure multiplier

The effect of a one - unit increase in autonomous expenditure on short - run equilibrium output

National Interest

The elements that constitute a state's most vital needs

What are Narrows

The entrance to New York Harbor

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, & technologies between the Americas & the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages

Dual Economy

The existence of two sectors: a traditional sector & an internationally oriented modern market sector

international norms

The expectations held by participants about normal relations among states

Discretionary authority

The extent to which appointed bureaucrats can choose courses of action & make policies that are not spelled out in advance by laws

Self Concept Clarity

The extent to which beliefs about onesself are clearly & confidently identified & stable over time

Readiness

The extent to which people have the ability & willingness to accomplish a specific task

Receiver Apprehension

The fear of misunderstanding or misinterpreting the message spoken by others or of not being able to adjust psychologically to messages expressed by others

Necessary & proper clause

The final paragraph of Article I, section 8, of the Constitution, which authorizes Congress to pass all laws "necessary & proper" to carry out the enumerated powers. Sometimes called the "elastic clause" because of the flexibility that it provides to Congress

Invisible Primary

The first phase of the presidential nomination process, where candidates attempt to gain front - runner status & raise the most money

Jamestown

The first successful English colony, established in 1607 on a small river near Chesapeake Bay. It was headed by John Smith, who befriended Pocahontas. It was all male

gunpowder

The formula, brought to China in the 400s or 500s, was first used to make fumigators to keep away insect pests & evil spirits. In later centuries it was used to make explosives & grenades & to propel cannonballs, shot, & bullets

UN Charter

The founding document of the UN; it is based on the principles that states are equal, have sovereignty over their own affairs, enjoy independence & territorial integrity, & must fulfill international obligations. The Charter also lays out the structure & methods of the UN

Force Acts

The four Force Acts passed by the Congress of the U. S. shortly after the American Civil War helped protect the voting rights of African - Americans

Social Capital

The habitual way of doing things that guides people in how they approach production

Congressional Medal of Honor

The highest military decoration in the U. S. armed services, often called the Congressional Medal of Honor. It recognizes valor & bravery in action "above & beyond the call of duty. " There have been some 3,400 recipients of the medal, which was established by an act of Congress in 1862

Caesaropapism

The idea that a king's rule has an aura of divinity & is sanctioned by God

Rent

The income from a factor of production that is in fixed supply

Principle

The initial amount of money given as a loan

Council of the Indes

The institution responsible for supervising Spain's colonies in the Americas from 1524 to the early eighteenth century, when it lost all but judicial responsibilities

Discount rate

The interest rate that the Fed charges commercial banks to borrow reserves

County

The largest territorial unit between a city & a town

Gold Specie Flow Mechanism

The long - run adjustment mechanism that maintained the gold standard

mass production

The manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small repetitive tasks. This method was introduced into the manufacture of pottery by Josiah Wedgwood & into the spinning of cotton thread by Richard Arkwright. (602)

Conglomerate Merger

The merging of relatively unrelated businesses

Great Circuit

The network of Atlantic Ocean trade routes between Europe, Africa, & the Americas that underlay theAtlantic system

carrying capacity

The number of people that an environment, such as the Earth, can feed, provide water for, & otherwise sustain

Five Pillars

The obligatory religious duties for all Muslims: Confession of faith, Prayer, Fasting during Mamadan, Zakat, Hajj

Foreign Policy

The official strategy of a state regarding how it will relate to other states & international organizations

Mesetizo

The offspring of intermarriage between Europeans(Spanish) & Native AMericans

settlement

The outcome of a bargaining process

Plaintiff

The party that initiates a lawsuit to obtain a remedy for an injury to his or her rights

Connoative Meaning

The personal & subjective meaning of a word

Hearing

The physiological process of decoding sounds

Majoritarian politics

The politics of policy - making in which almost everybody benefits from a policy & almost everybody pays for it

Induced aggregate demand

The portion of aggregate demand that is determined within the model

Hurdle method of price discrimination

The practice by which a seller offers a discount to all buyers who overcome some obstacle

Indexing

The practice of increasing a nominal quantity each period by an amount equal to the percentage increase in a specified price index. Indexing prevents the purchasing power of the nominal quantity from being eroded by inflation

Statistical discrimination

The practice of making judgments about the quality of people, goods, or services based on the characteristics of the groups to which they belong

Congressional Review

The process by which Congress can nullify an executive branch regulation by a resolution jointly passed in both houses within sixty days of announcement of the regulation & accepted by the pres.

Implementation

The process by which a law or policy is put into operation by the bureaucracy

Romanization

The process by which the Latin language & Roman culture became dominant in the western provinces of the Roman Empire. Romans did not seek to Romanize them, but the subjugated people pursued it. (155)

Reverse Engineering

The process of a firm buying other firms' products, disassembling them, figuring out what;s special about them, & then copying them within the limits of the law

Controlling

The process of assessing the organizations progress toward accomplishing its goals; includes monitoring the implementation of a plan & correcting deviations from it

Organizing

The process of coordinating & allocating a firms resources to carry out its plans

Leadership

The process of guiding & motivating others toward the achievement of organizational goals

enculturation

The process of learning your culture that you are born into

Rhetoric

The process of using symbols to influence or persuade others

Senate confirmation

The process outlined in Article Two of the Constitution, giving the Senate the authority to approve appointments made by the pres.

witch - hunt

The pursuit of people suspected of witchcraft, especially in northern Europe in the late sixteenth & seventeenth centuries

Socially optimal quantity

The quantity of a good that results in the maximum possible economic surplus from producing & consuming the good

Core rate of inflation

The rate of increase of all prices except energy & food

Share Distribution of Income

The relative division of total income amoung income groups

Leadership Style

The relatively consistent way in which individuals in leadership positions attempt to influence the behaviour of others

Denotative Meaning

The restrictive, or literal, meaning of a word

What was Wilson's stated reason the US declared war on germany in 1917

The resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare in the atlantic

academic freedom

The right of teachers & students to express their ideas in the classroom or in writing, free from political, religious, or institutional restrictions, even if these ideas are unpopular

commander in chief

The role of the U. S. pres. as highest ranking officer in the armed forces

Oregon trail

The route over which settlers traveled to Oregon in the 1840s & 1850s

British raj

The rule over much of South Asia between 1765 & 1947 by the East India Company & then by a British govt

Equal Time Rule

The rule that requires broadcast stations to sell campaign air time equally to all candidates if they choose to sell to any

Veterans Administration

The second - largest cabinet department, the VA coordinates the distribution of benefits for veterans of the American armed forces & their dependents. The benefits include compensation for disabilities, the management of veterans' hospitals, & various insurance programs

elastic clause

The section of the Constitution that allows Congress to pass laws "necessary & proper" to the performance of its duties. Allows Congress to stretch its pwers beyond those that are specifically granted to it

Taiku Reforms

The seventh century "Great change" reform that established the centralized Japanese state

norms (of behavior)

The shared expectations about what behavior is considered proper

What was one part of Roosevelt's New Deal program to fight the Depression

The stock market & banking system created their own reform council, gov. agencies took over businesses & farms, large publick works projects helped to provide jobs

Health Communication

The study of communication that has an impact on human health

Public Choice Analysis

The study of decision making as it affects the organization & operation of govt & other collective organizations. Involves the application of economic principles to political science topics

Expected value of a gamble

The sum of the possible outcomes of the gamble multiplied by their respective probabilities

Fisher effect

The tendency for nominal interest rates to be high when inflation is high & low when inflation is low

Gold plating

The tendency of Pentagon officials to ask weapons contractors to meet excessively high requirements

Technological Agglomeration

The tendency of technological advances to spawn further technological advances, creating a concentration of new technologies in a specific location

absolution

The theory popular in France & other early modern European monarchies that royal power should be free of constitutional checks

Dualist Theory

The theory that there has always been an underlying binary party nature to US politics

Bubble standard

The total amount of air pollution that can come from a given factory. A company is free to decide which specific sources within that factory must be reduced & how to meet the bubble standard

conflict & cooperation

The types of actions that states take towards each other through time

manslaughter

The unlawful killing of a person, without malice or premeditation. Involuntary manslaughter is accidental, such as running into someone with a car. Voluntary manslaughter is committed in the "heat of passion," as in a spontaneous fight in which one person is killed by a strong blow. Manslaughter is usually considered less serious than murder. Both murder & manslaughter are types of homicide

Macartney Mission

The unsuccessful attempt by the British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire

Senate

The upper house. 2 senators from each state, 6 - year terms. tends to respond more directly to issues of national, rather than local, concern, though both houses of Congress participate in all aspects of legislation & policymaking. has the exclusive right to try cases of impeachment, approve presidential appointments, confirm treaties, & elect a vice pres. if no majority. The vice pres. presiding officer

dollar diplomacy

The use of diplomatic influence, economic pressure, & military power to protect a nation's economic & business interests abroad. The term was first used to describe the exploitative nature of U. S. involvement in Latin America

geopolitics

The use of geography as an element of power, & the ideas about it held by political leaders & scholars

Third - order devolution

The use of nongovernmental organizations to implement public policy

state - sponsored terrorism

The use of terrorist groups by states, usually under control of a state's intelligence agency, to achieve political aims

Concentration Ratio

The value of sales by the topfirms of an industry stated as a percnetage of total industry sales

Vertical intercept

The value taken by the dependent variable when the independent variable equals zero

Delegate model

The view that an elected representative should represent the opinions of his or her constituents

Party in the electorate

The voters who consider themselves allied or associated with the party

Forbidden City

The walled section of Beijing where emperors lived between 1121 & 1924. A portion is now a residence for leaders of the People's Republic of China

development banks

There are a few multilateral development banks throughout the world. Their purpose is to assist nations in economic development though loans etc

How many types of accomplishment bullet statements are there Name them

There are three - action verb bullet; modified verb bullet; & specific achievment bullet

Leavenworth

There are two US prisons in Leavenworth, Kansas. One is for the military, one is for civilians. Both are maximum security. The military one houses the US Military's Death Row

steps in overcoming communication barriers

There are two steps. The first is to establish an orginizational policy that defines lines of responsibility & authority, establishes communications channels, provides a climate for effective communication, & keeps key people informed. The next step is to increase skills in written & oral expression

Which of the following two statements accurately reflects the trend in foreign direct investments over the past 20 years

There has been a rapid increase in the total volume of FDI undertaken & there has been a change in the importance of various countries as sources for FDI

how is effect implemented in communication

There is always an outcome or consequence from an action or behavior, communication always has an effect

Townshend Acts

These acts put a light import duty on such things as glass, lead, paper, & tea. The acts met slight protest from the colonists, who found ways around the taxes such as buying smuggled tea. Due to its minute profits, the Townshend Acts were repealed in 1770, except for the tax on tea. The tax on tea was kept to keep alive the principle of Parliamentary taxation. (1767)

Market penetration strategies

These strategies focus primarily on increasing the sale of present products to present customers

Why did coastal nations gain in power during the age of Exploration

They became very rich & influential due to increased trade. Inland states such as Germany declined in power

convertible bonds

They carry a provision that the bond can be converted into shares of common stock under certain circumstances. Convertible bonds can be more attractive that bonds with no conversion provision, depending on the price of the underlying stock

Significance of the writing systems

They helped codify laws, keep records, transmit knowledge

Council of Economic Advisors

This council was created by the Employment Act & was made to promote maximum employment, production, & purchasing power

Buying stocks on margin

This is when you buy a stock with a small downpayment & say that you will pay the rest later because you don't have the money now. It's buying something with money you hope that you'll be getting in the future

Marketing planning

This process can be viewed in terms of three interrelated tasks:establishing marketing objectives,selecting the target market, anddeveloping the marketing mix

Diversification

This strategy can lead the organization into entirely new & even unrelated businesses. It involves seeking new products (often through acquisitions) for customers not currently being served

Discretionary Spending

Those appropriation items in the budget that are not mandatory. In the federal budget, discretionary spending consists of measures in the 13 appropriation bills that must be passed by Congress by October 1 in such categories as transportation, agriculture, & education

Policy entrepreneurs

Those in & out of govt who find ways of pulling together a legislative majority on behalf of unorganized interests

govt

Those institutions that create public policy

Nonrenewable resources

Those natural resources such as oil, which based on consumption, are limited

Renewable resources

Those natural resources such as solar energy that can be used over again

Implied powers

Those powers in the Constitution that are not listed or delegated. An example of an implied power is the Elastic Clause, giving Congress the right to make laws that are "necessary & proper. "

Shared powers

Those powers that are concurrent, or overlapping, between the federal & state govts. Taxation is a shared power, for instance

War on Poverty

Those programs of Pres. Lyndon Johnson's Great Society that were specifically aimed at assisting the poor were known collectively as this. Among these programs was Volunteers in Serivce to America (VISTA), Medidcaid, & the creation of the Office of Economic Opportunity

Unfunded mandates

Those regulations passed by Congress or issued by regulatory agencies to the states without federal funds to support them

Salutary Neglect

Throughout the late 17th & early 18th centuries, the English govt did not enforce those trade laws that most harmed the colonial economy. The purpose of salutary neglect was to ensure the loyalty of the colonists in the face of the French territorial & commercial threat in North America. The English ceased practicing salutary neglect following British victory in the French & Indian War

Marketing information systems

Throughout the marketing management process, current, reliable, & valid information is needed to make effective marketing decisions. Providing this information is the task of the marketing information system & marketing research

2 main Mesopotamian rivers

Tigris River & Euphrates River

the goal of Sinn Fein

To unite Ireland & kick out the british. The IRA is Sinn Fein's militant wing

Hansaetic League

Trade network in the Baltic & North Sea which embraced many cities. This encouraged economic, social, & banking growth

Dutch West India Company

Trading company chartered by the Dutch govt to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas & Africa

trans - Saharan Caravan Routes

Trading network linking North Africa with sub - Saharan Africa across the Sahara

Reagan Democrats

Traditional Democratic middle - class voters turning to Ronald Reagan during the 1980s

How are transitional devices valuable tools when arranging the elements your message

Transitional devices, when woven skillfully into your message, can assist your audience in following your train of thought

devices are used to ensure the continuity of thought

Transitions & interim summaries are used to ensure the continuity of thought

Jay Treaty

Treaty in which Britain agreed to evacuate its posts on the US western frontier (1794)

Treaty of Paris 1815

Treaty of Paris (1815) - followed defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo

Treaty of Tientsin

Treaty signed in Tianjin in June 1858, ending the first part of the Second Opium War (1856 - 1860). France, UK, Russia, & the U. S. were party. These treaties opened eleven more Chinese ports to the foreigners, permitted foreign legations in Beijing, allow Christian missionary activity, & legalised the import of opium. They were ratified by the Emperor of China in the Beijing Convention in 1860, after the end of the war

Treaty of Ghent

Treaty that ended the War of 1812 & maintained prewar conditions

Salem witch trials

Trials & execution of 20 women for allegedly practicing witchcraft. Gives rise to saying 'witch hunt'

Containment

Truman policy to contain spread of Communism. Lead to the formation of NATO

fiscal year

Twelve month period starting on October 1. govt budgets go into effect at the beginning of the fiscal year. Congress & the pres. agree on a budget resolution in April to guide govt spending for the coming fiscal year

Sacco & Vanzetti

Two anarchists executed in early 1920s for two murders. Liberals & Anarchists around the world thought they were executed for their political views

Romanesque & Gothic

Two main architectural styles of this era:

Emerson & Thoreau

Two transcendentalist authors. Emerson - Poet, philosopher, "The American Scholar. " Thoreau - Poet, mystic, "Walden: Or Life in the Woods. "

movable type

Type in which each individual character is cast on a separate piece of metal. It replaced woodblock printing, allowing for the arrangement of individual letters & other characters on a page. Invented in Korea 13th Century. (293)

five different patterns used when organizing a presentation

Types of patterns include: topical; time or chronological; reason;problem - solution; spatial or geographical; and/or summarize of facts or data

U. N. 1945

U. S. & 50 other countries founded the UN

the lack of competition

U. S. has been an attractive target for FDI for all of the following reasons except:

Dag Hammarskjold

UN Secretary General during Cold War & oversaw decolonization

George Keenan "Containment"

US diplomat who advocated to keep communism where it was & not to let it spread

govt officials alone

Under Stalin's command economy, all economic decisions were made by

Mamluks

Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth & tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt & Syria (1250 - 1517)

King Menes

Unified rule came from this conquerer in 3100BCE & founded Memphis

Transcontinental railroad

Union Pacific: Began in Omaha in 1865 & went west. Central Pacific: Went east from Sacramento & met the Union Pacific Railroad at Promontory Point, Utah on May 10, 1869, where the golden spike ceremony was held. Transcontinental railroad overcharged the federal govt & used substandard materials

Raw Data

Unprocessed facts & figures

Chief executive

Used to describe the Pres. Powers found in Article II of the Constitution

Indirect Preception Checking

Using your own perceptual abilities to seek additional information to confirm or refute someoes behavior

Name the order of presidential succession

VP, speaker of house, pres. pro tempore of senate, Sec. State, Sec. Treasury, Sec. Defence, Attorney General

Honiara, Solomon Islands

Vaiaku village, Funafuti province, Tuvalu

Non - departmental cabinet level poistions

Vice Pres., Chief of Staff, Deputy Chief of Staff, Administrator of the EPA, Director of the OMB, Director of the National Drug control Policy, USTR, Director fo the CIA, Ambassador to the UN, Under Secretary of Homeland Security, Emergency Preparedness, White House Counsel, National Security Advisor, Director of National Intelligence

dealignment

Voters act increasingly independent of a party affiliation. Split - ticket voting may be a consequence

Prospective voting

Voting for a candidate because one favors his or her ideas for addressing issues after the election

William of Orange

WHat did the Glorious Revolution bring to England's throne

Spanish Civil War

War Between authoritarian/military leaders (facists) vs. Communist. facist won

King George's War

War between British & Spaniards on American soil

Civil War

War between Northern & Southern States. South wanted to secede to preserve economic model, including slavery, & autonomy. North won

Seven Years' War

War between Prussia & Britain on one side & Austria, France & Russia on the other. Prussia & Britian won. Britian got Canada, India. Fought also in US called the French & Indian War

guerilla war

Warfare without front lines & with irregular forces operating in the midst of, & often hidden or protected by, civilian populations

More

Was diplomacy after WWI more or less open / democratic

Medgar Evers

Was shot by a white man the night of Kennedy's television address

Rhine River

Waterway of western Europe, which is culturally & historically one of the great rivers of the continent & among the most important arteries of industrial transport in the world

German & Irish immigration

Wave of German/Irish immigration in 1840s - 50s that was met with wave of resentment due to competition for jobs. Irish especially, for Catholicism

Confucius

Western name for the Chinese philosopher Kongzi (551 - 479 B. C. E. ). His doctrine of duty & public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought & served as a code of conduct for govt officials

Ethiopia & Liberia

What African countries were never colonized

Double entry bookkeeping

What accounting system did merchants of Venice in the late 1400s use

China by Confucius. Social harmony, importance of families.

What country did Confucianism originate in What are its beliefs

China by Lao - Tzu. Harmony with Nature

What country did Taoism originate in What are it's beliefs

violently persecute Jews

What did the pogroms that occurred in the late 19th century Russia do

total war

What did the war become once the participating countries began devoting all of their resources to the war effort

Interprets Laws

What does the Judicial Branch do

Crimean War

What event best illustrates geopolitics

a Communist revolution

What fear added to the appeal of fascism in Italy & Germany

Ways to manage conflict

What is the level of conflict, who is in conflict & what is the source of conflic

how many votes each estate gets

What issue arose after the king called for the Estates General to meet

A bill concerning money or revenue

What kind of Bill can only begin in the House of Representatives

Large States

What kind of States liked the Virginia Plan

Interactional/transactional

What part of communication is the way you sit/look

english civil war, restoration, glorious revolution

What reflects the chronological order of events in English history

Latin America, then Asia, then Europe

What region of the world receives the most immigrant visas to the US

the Balkan Peninsula

What region was referred to as the "powder keg" of Europe

The Amazon

What river expels the most water / second

The House gathers the evidence

What role does the House play in an impeachment trial

Diplomatic Realism

What sub - ideology - "There can be a slippage between the distribution of power & the perception of threat" - Revisionist are threatening, while status quo states are not

Corporate bonds

What tend to be the riskiest type of bonds

Humility

What trait did Napoleon Not possess

Turned the tide of the war against the Japanese

What was significant about the Battle of Midway

it believed that the US should stay out of European affairs

What was teh American public's opinion about joining the League of Nations

cut oil supplies to Japan

What was the US response to Japanese aggression in Southeast Asia in mid - 1941

French middle class had increased power

What was the immediate results of the French Revolution in 1789

George sand

What was the pen name of a woman writer

a plan for postwar world

What were the Fourteen Points

I am the State

What would an absolute monarch most likely say

1998, nearly resulting in a war in 1999

What year did India & Pakistan become nuclear powers

1970. U. S. U. K. China, Russia, France. Today Israel, Pakistan, & India

What year did the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty take effect What countries had nues then & now

1937

What year was FDR's court packing scheme

Burr - Hamilton duel

When Hamilton lobbied for Jefferson when Jefferson & Burr were up for the presidency, Burr became so angered he challenged Hamilton to a duel. Hamilton accepted, & lost

free, white men

When Jefferson wrote "all men are created equal", he really meant _

Organizational strategies

When an organization has formulated its mission & developed its objectives, it knows where it wants to go. The next managerial task is to develop a "grand design" to get there. This grand design constitutes the organizational strategies

A rhetorical question is one requiring no answer; its answer is usually obvios

When starting a presentation, what are some attention - getting devices you might consider

Credentialism

When the academic degrees, or credentials, become more important than the knowledge learned

1863

When was the red cross founded

Istanbul

Where is the Golden Horn

Nazi

Which German political party sought to overturn the Treaty of Versailles & combat communism

immediate - delayed

Which feedback may take awhile to get to a person

Louis XIV

Which long - ruling French monarch decided to repeal the Edict of Nantes

The new trade theory & theory of national competitive advantage

Which of the following two theories justify some limited & selective govt intervention to support the development of certain export - oriented industries

direct speech

Which part of language communicates your meaning explicitly & leaves little doubt for the thoughts you are trying to convey

public communication

Which type of communication has others informing & persuading you

Great purge, 5year plans, establishment of collective farms

Which was a part of the transformation of the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state

7 years war

Which was resulted in the beginning of the modern state system in Europe

White Flight

Whites migrating/moving to the suburbs by the millions

The US

Who did Libya side with during the cold war

Congress, on govt expenditures & assignments

Who does the General Accounting Office (GAO) report to

People

Who elects the Congressmen

Senate

Who holds the Impeachment trial

The Vice - Pres., followed by the Speaker of the House

Who is next in line if something happens to the Pres.

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Who led Germany during the last decade of the 1800's & most of WWI

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Who was not included in the Big Four at the Paris Peace Conference

Ptolemy

Who's work did Galileo contradict

Hatred of Jews, or anti - semitism, was a key part of Nazi ideology

Why did Hitler blame the Jewish population for all of Germany's troubles

he was a devout catholic

Why did Parliament remove James II of England

to escape the British

Why did thousands of Boers move north in the Great Trek

They were of Japanese descent & falsely labeled as enemies

Why were thousands of U. S citizens put in internment camps during the war

Flappers

Wild women (relatively speaking) of the 1920s

Theory Y assumes that workers are:

Willing to work, Capable of self control, Willing to accept responsibility, Imaginative & creative, Capable of self - direction

Interagency councils

Working groups created to facilitate coordination of policy making & implementation across a host of governmental agencies

Second Treatise of Civil govt

Written by John Locke, it contains the blueprint principles found in the Declaration of Independence

Maximillien Robespierre

Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror

SPIRITUAL - SELF

Your concept of self, based on beliefs & your sense of who you are in relationship to other forces in the universe, also includes your thoughts & introspections about your values & moral standards

govts

_ are created to protect people's natural rights

goal

_ of the Declaration of Independence was to explain why the colonists felt the need to be free of British rule

Duverget's law

a 2 - party system is created when parliament is elected by plurality in single - member districts; a multi - party system is created in proportional representation

decent

a _ respect to the opinions of mankind

national party convention

a antioanl meeting of delegates elected in primaries, caucuses, or state conventions who assemble once every fours years to nominate candidates for pres. & vice pres., ratify the party platform, elect officers, & adopt rules

liberalism

a belief in the positive uses of govt to bring about justice & equality of opportunity

omnibus bill

a bill that sets the budget of many departments of the U. S. govt at once. It is one possible outcome of the budget process in the U. S

brand extension

a branding strategy that uses an existing brand name to promote a new or improved product in a company's product line

executive summary

a brief overview of an entire marketing plan

joint venture

a business enterprise that different companies set up together; often, the venture involves a domestic company & a foreign company

domestic business

a business that sells its products only in its own country

global business

a business that sells its products to more than one country

memorandum buying

a buying process in which the supplier agrees to take back any unsold goods by a certain pre - established date

bureaucrat

a career govt employee

hyperpersonal communication

a certain type of interpersonal communication that is facilitated by using a computer to establish relationship with others because you are more mindful about what you're saying

causes of shifts in the consumption function

a change in any other relevant economic variable (besides real disposable income); # of such determinants is unlimited

political predisposition

a characteristic of individuals that is predictive of political behavior

color wheel

a circular illustration of the relationships between colors

horse race

a close contest; by extension, any contest in which the focus is on who is ahead & by how much rather than one substantive differences between the candidates

direct close

a closing method in which a salesperson asks for the sale

Neutralist

a colonist that did not side with either the Loyalist or Patriot

most common marketing research technique in developing nations is still:

a combination of cluster analysis & multiple regression analysis

straddling

a company seeks to match the benefits of a successful position while maintaining its existing position; add new features, services, or technologies onto the activities it already performs

foreign corporation

a company that is incorporated under the laws of a state that differs from the one in which it does business

Ethical responsibility

a company's social responsibility nnot to violate accepted principles of right & wrong when conducting its business

Legal responsibility

a company's social responsibility to obey society's laws & regulations

Domesday Book

a comprehensive survey of the lands of england

ideology

a consistent pattern of beliefs about political values & the role of gov

Time preference

a consumer will place a premium on enjoyment nearer in time over more remote enjoyment. high time preference means a person wants to spend their money now & not save it

insurance policy

a contract between a business & and insurance company to cover a specific business risk

causation

a correlation in which a change in one variable results in a change in others

cooperative advertising

a cost - sharing arrangement whereby both a supplier & a local advertiser pay for advertising

high content culture

a culture that avoids direct use of language to express information especially about relational matters

liability

a debt that a perosn owes to others, such as credit card debt, school loans, car payments, or taxes

opinions

a decent respect to the _ of

Devil's advocacy

a decision - making method in which an individual or a sub group is assigned the role of a critic

Brainstorming

a decision - making method in which group members build on each others' ideas & generate many alternative solutions

hypertext markup language (html)

a detailed code used to write web pages

intervening variable

a factor influenced by an independent variable that affects the changes in a dependent variable

emotional motive

a feeling experienced by a customer through association with a product

limited partnership

a form of business organization in whixch each limited partner is liable for any debts only up to the amount of his or her investment in the company. the business's general partner is liable for all debts

constitutional monarchy

a form of national govt in which the power of the monarch is restricted by a parliament, by law or by custom

Management by objectives (MBO)

a four - step process in which manger & employees discuss & select goals develop tactical plans & meet regularly to review progress toward goal accomplishment. brings planning process down to the individual; Peter Drucker; judge employee performance on basis of results rather than telling him or her what to do every step of the way

slush fund

a fund for buying votes or bribing public officials

Problem

a gap between a desired state & an existing state

stereotype

a generalization applied to persons because you perceive them to have attributes common to a particular group

industrial policy

a govt's decisions & actions, which define goals & methods for the manufacturing sectors of an economy

Gantt chart

a graphic chart that shows tasks must be completed at which times in order to complete a project or task

industry

a group of establishments primarily engaged in producing or handling the same product or group of products or in rendering the same services

Rate buster

a group of members whos work pace is significantly faster than the normal

faction

a group organized on the grounds of self - perceived common interests within a political party, interest group, or govt

method of arrangement for the body of a speech

a guide selected for sequencing information for listener clarity

military - industrial complex

a huge interlocking network of governmental agencies, industrial corporations, & research institutions, working together to supply a nation's military forces

descriptive label

a label that gives information about the product's use, construction, care, performance, & other features

brand licensing

a legal authorizaion by a trademarked brand owner to allow another company (the licensee) to use its brand, brand mark, or trade character for a fee

corporation

a legal entity created by either a state or a federal statute authorizing individuals to operate an enterprise

cover letter

a letter written by an applicant to an employer describing why that applicant is the best person to fill a specific job opening

divergence

a linguistic strategy in which speakers empathise differences between their comunicative style in others in order to create distance

customer profile

a list of information about a target market, such as age, income level, ethnicity, occupation, attitudes, lifestyle, & geographic residence

selective listening

a listening style in which the receiver responds to messages that only interest him or her

content oriented listeners

a listening style that focuses on the content of the message

nonpartisan election

a local or judicial election in which cnadidates are not selected or endorsed by political parties & party affiliation is not listed on ballots

Types of teams: vertical

a manager & his subordinates. Might involve three to four levels of management

undifferentiated marketing: targeting strategies

a market coverage strategy in which a firm decides to ignore market segment differences & go after the whole market with one offer

differentiated marketing: targeting strategies

a market coverage strategy in which a firm decides to target several market segments & designs separate offers for each

concentrated marketing: targeting strategies

a market coverage strategy in which a firm goes after a large share of one or a few segments or niches

direct marketing channel

a marketing channel that has no intermediary levels

party caucus

a meeting of the members of a party in a legislative chamber to select party leaders & to develop party policy, republicans call them conferences

disconfirming response

a message that expresses a lack of caring or respect for another person

transactions approach

a method of measuring the money supply by looking at money as a medium of exchange

Green Party

a minor party dedicated to the environment, social justice, nonviolence, & a foreign policy of nonintervention; Ralph Nader ran as the Green party's nominee in 2000

Reform party

a minor party founded by Ross Perot in 1995; focuses on national gov reform, fiscal responsibility, & political accountability; recently struggled with internal strife & criticism that i lacks an identity

johari window

a model that describes the realstionship between self disclosure & self awareness

ERG Hiearchy

a motivation category that uses three types of needs, existence, relatedness & growth needs

the Asian Development Bank

a multilateral development finance institution dedicated to reducing poverty in Asia & the Pacific. It was founded in 1966 with 31 members states & has now grown to include 64, including the US, many europen nations, & all asian nations, including the stans. Headquartered in Philippines

dissaving

a negative saving: a situation in which spending exceeds income; can occur when a household is able to borrow or use up existing assets

disfluences

a non linguistic verbalization

neo - imperialism

a pejorative label given to a variety of attempts to achieve hegemony over other nations; some people tend to use the term to describe the use of corporate power & wealth to gain influence in Third World countries; others use it to describe attempts by international organizations to impose change upon rich & powerful nations

Gilded Age

a period of intense economic development & wealth transfer in the U. S. Following Reconstruction, this period corresponded with the Second Industrial Revolution & the greatest economic, territorial, industrial, & population expansion in American history

depression

a period of prolonged recession

lobbyist

a person who is employed by & acts for an organized interest group or corporation to try to influence policy decisions & positions in the executive & legislative branches

significant other

a person who's oppinion is important enough to effect ones self concept strongly

What was the European Defence Community

a plan proposed by René Pleven, the French foreign minister, in response to the American call for the rearmament of West Germany. intention to form a pan - European defence force as an alternative to Germany's proposed accession to NATO, meant to harness its military potential in case of conflict with the Soviet bloc. never ratified & collapsed 30 of August, 1954

accelerator effect in economics

a positive effect on private fixed investment of the growth of market economy. Rising GDP implies that businesses in general see rising profits, increased sales & cash flow, & greater use of existing capacity. This usually implies that profit expectations & business confidence rise, encouraging businesses to build more factories & other buildings & to install more machinery

geographical pricing

a pricing technique that makes price adjustments because of the location of the customer for delivery of products

societal marketing concept

a principle of enlightened marketing that holds that a company should make good marketing decisions by considering consumers wants, the company's requirements, consumers' long run interests, & society's long run interests

Relative comparisons

a process in which each criterion is compared directly to every other

Absolute comparisons

a process in which each criterion is compared to a standard or ranked on its own merits

category management

a process that involves managing product categories as individual business units

cross - training

a process that prepares a team member to do many different activities

focused factory

a production facility works best when it focuses on a fairly limited set of production objectives

flextime

a program that allows workers to choose their work hours

abstaction ladder

a range of more to less abstract terms describing an event or object

escalatory conflict spiral

a reciprical pattern of communications of which messages between communicators reinforce eachother

buyer

a representative of a retail store who places orders for products that will be sold in the store, usually by traveling to manufacturers' showrooms

federal mandate

a requirement imposed by the federal gov as a condition for the receipt of federal funds

rally point

a rise in public approval of the pres. that follows a crisis as Americans "rally round the flag" & the chief executive

Zoot suit riots

a series of riots that erupted in LA during WWII, between sailors & soldiers stationed in the city & Mexican American youth gangs headed by pachucos, recognized because of the zoot suits they favored. racially charged atmosphere of Los Angeles. In response Eleanor Roosevelt wrote in her weekly column about the problems faced by the Mexican American community as a result of racism in the U. S

target market

a set of buyers sharing common needs or characteristics that the company decides to serve

harbor

a sheltered place along the shoreline where ships can anchor safely

internal summary

a short restatement of what has just been said in the section that you are about to leave, before proceeding to the next segment

security community

a situation in which low expectations of interstate violence permit a high degree of political cooperation - as for example, among NATO members

topical method of issue arrangement

a speaker explains an idea in terms of its component part

technical report

a statement describing a process, explaining a technique, or discussing new elements to either people within a business or industry or people outside it, such as customers or researchers, who may be interested in the topic

generalization

a statement that is accepted as true by by most people

Intensive distribution

a strategy in which they stock their products in as many outlets as possible

insulated listeners

a style in which the reciever ignores undesirable information

international security

a subfield of IR that focuses on questions of war & peace

Chapman Catt

a suffragette who was pres. of the National Women's Suffrage Association, & founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920

income statement

a summary of income & expenses during a specific period of time; also known as profit & loss statement

provisionalism

a supportive style of communication in which the sender expresses a willingness to consider the other persons position

constitution

a supreme law that defines the structure of a nation - state's regime & the legal processes govts must follow

the european Common Agricultural Policy

a system of European Union agricultural subsidies which represents about 44% of the EU's budget. These subsidies work by guaranteeing a minimum price to producers & by direct payment of a subsidy for crops planted. This provides some economic certainty for EU farmers & production of a certain quantity of agricultural goods

Gulag

a system of prison camps inside the former Soviety Union used for political prisoners. Under Stalin millions died in these camps

bundling

a tactic of political action committees whereby they collect contributions from like - minded individuals (limited to $2000 each) & present them to a candidate or political party as a "bundle" thus increasing their influence

expansion

a time when the economy is flourishing; also called prosperity

cash on delivery (cod) sale

a transaction that ocurs when a customer pays for merchandise at the time of delivery

fidelity bonds

a type of insurance that protects a business from employee dishonesty

equivocation

a vague statement that can be interpreted in more than one way

distribution center

a warehouse designed to speed delivery of goods & to minimize storage costs

limited warranty

a warranty that excludes certain parts of the product form coverage or requires the customer to bear some of the expense for repairs resulting form defects

full warranty

a warranty that guarantees that if a product is found to be defective within the warranty period, it will be repaired or replaced at no cost to the purchaser

greeting approach

a way to approach a customer that focuses on welcoming the customer to the store

mixed number

a whole number & a fraction written together

Personality - based integrity test

a written test that indirectly estimates job applicants; honesty by measuring psychological traits, such as dependability & conscientiousness

four primary motives for engaging in FDI

a. Resource seeking b. market Seeking c. Efficiency Seeking d. Responding to Competitive dynamics

capacity flexibility

ability to rapidly increase/decrease production levels

Immigration & Nationality Services Act of 1965

abolished the national - origin quotas that had been in place in the U. S. since the Immigration Act of 1924. An annual limitation of 170,000 visas was established for immigrants from Eastern Hemisphere countries with no more than 20,000 per country. By 1968, the annual limitation from the Western Hemisphere was set at 120,000 immigrants, with visas available on a first - come, first - served basis. Congress in favor. Pres. Lyndon Johnson signed the legislation into law

Efficiency wages

above - equilibrium wages paid by firms in order to increase worker productivity

convergence

accomodating ones speaking style to another person who usually is desirable or has higher status

govt Action" in Porter's Theory

actions by govt that could have a positive or negative effect of foreign business

Function of the Federal Reserve System #6

acts as the "lender of last resort" (the Federal Rserve's role as an institutions that is willing & able to lend to a temporarily illiquid bank that is otherwise in good financial condition to prevent the bank's illiquid position from lending to a general loss of confidence in that banks or in others)

Function of the Federal Reserve System #4

acts as the govt's fiscal agent (helps the govt collect certain tax revenues & aids in the purchase & sale of govt securities)

Intelligence Community

agencies & bureaus that are responsible for obtaining & interpreting information for the govt

interstate compact

agreement among two or more states, Constitution requires that most such agreements be approved by Congress

cost - plus pricing

all costs & expenses are calculated, & then the desired profit is added to arrive at a price

External environments

all events outside a company that have the potential to influence or affect it

inventory

all the goods stored by a business before they are sold

Meroitic Script

alphabetic script originally derived from Egyptian hieroglyphs, used to write the Meroitic language of the Kingdom of Kush. Developed 700 - 300 BCE. Appeared in the 2nd Century

Treaty of San Francisco

also known as the Treaty of Peace with Japan, was signed on September 8th, 1951 and came into effect on April 28th, 1952; officially ended WWII and provided compensation to victims of Japanese aggression

James Eads

an American engineer & inventor. solved the problem with a wooden jetty system that narrowed the main outlet of the river, which caused the river to speed up & cut its channel deeper, so allowing year - round navigation

Economic Policy

an action (or inaction) taken by govt to influence economic actions

Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC)

an agency of the U. S. govt established in 1971 that helps U. S. businesses invest overseas & promotes economic development in new & emerging markets. OPIC operations cost nothing to American taxpayers because it charges market - based fees for its products & services. The agency has earned a profit in each year of operations — $175 million in 2002 — & built its reserves to more than $4 billion

Coalition

an alliance of political groups formed to oppose a common foe or pursue a common goal

comprimise

an approach to conflict resoloution in which both parties attain atleast part of what they seek through self sacrifice

Delphi method

an approach to technological forecasting; used w/ expert respondents in the field of interest; getting individuals to state their judgments, review them, & make a final judgment about some question

law of diminishing marginal utility

an economic law stating that consumers will buy only so much of a given product, even though the price is low

command economy

an economic system in which the govt decides what, when, & how much will be produced & distributed

winner - take - all system

an election system in which the candidate with the most votes wins

extended coverage

an endorsement tha provides protection against types of loss that may not be covered under a basic property insurance policy

Dynamic environment

an environment in which the rate of change is fast

Complex environment

an environment with many environmental factors

Principle of utilitarian benefit

an ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that does not result in greater good for society

Principle of govt requirements

an ethical principle that holds that you should never take any action that violates the law, for the law represents the minimal moral standard

direct aggression

an expression of the speakers thoughts or feelings that attack the position & dignity of the reciever

pseudolistening

an imitation of true listening in which the receivers mind is elsewhere

John Locke

an important philosopher of the English Enlightenment. He believed that the rights to life, liberty, & ownership of property were given by God & could not be taken away by govts. His philosophy influenced the framers of the Constitution

label

an information tag, wrapper, seal, or imprinted message that is attached, to a product or its package

the Council of Europe

an international organisation of 46 member states in the European region. open to those who accept the principle of the rule of law & guarantee fundamental human rights & freedoms to their citizens. One of the main successes of the Council was the European Convention on Human Rights in 1950, which serves as the basis for the European Court of Human Rights

north american free trade agreement (nafta)

an international trade agreement among the U. S. canada, & mexico

exit interview

an interview arranged by human resources department when an employee leaves a company

Preamble

an introduction or opening

just - in - time (jit) inventory system

an inventory system that controls the flow of parts & material into assembly & manufacturing plants

internship

an opportunity that offers students direct work experience & exposure to various aspects of a career, either with or without pay

political party

an organized group of people with the primary purpose of electing its members to govt office (alternatively, some parties exist to represent & promote a point of view or ideology regardless of electoral successes)

destruction

annihilation

Primary stakeholder

any group on which an organization relies for its long - term survival

Secondary stakeholder

any group that can influence or be influenced by a company & can affect public perceptions about its socially responsible behavior

product

anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use, or consumption that might satisfy a want or need

Stephen Langton

archbishop of Canterbury during late 1100s

Functional managers

are responsible for a single area of activity

General managers

are responsible for more complex units that include many functional areas

relatedness needs

are the need to relate to people

learning curve

as plants produce more, they gain experience in the best production methods, which reduce their costs per unit

disadvantages of functional project

aspects of the project that are not directly related to the functional area get short - changed, motivation of team members is often weak, needs of the client are secondary & are responded to slowly

Storming the Bastille

attack on the Paris prison by enraged citizens was called

halo

attractive: smart, happy, rich, honest

In re Neagle

authority of the U. S. Attorney General to appoint U. S. Marshals as bodyguards to Supreme Court Justices

buyer readiness stages

awareness, knowledge, liking, preference, conviction, & purchase

Saratoga

battle which was the "turning point" in the Revolutionary War

flexibility

behavior that allows you to adapt to changing circumstances

ethical behavior

behavior that conforms to a society;s accepted principles of right & wrong

Garibaldi

behind the group known as Young Italy

Trust

belief in the integrity, character, & ability of a leader

post - materialist values

beliefs in the importance of policy goals beyond one's immediate self interest (e. g. environmentalism & cultural diversity) as well as one's prosperity & security; sometimes labeled "post - modern values"

collectivist culture

benevolence, tradition & conformity (group values) your responsible for contributing to the success of the group

emotional barriers

biases against the sender's opinions that prevent a listener from understanding

Francis Parkman

born in Boston, Massachusetts. He is best known as a historian, & particularly as author of The Oregon Trail: Sketches of Prairie & Rocky - Mountain Life, & his monumental seven volume France & England in North America. These works are considered masterpieces of both history & literature

mesa

broad, flat - topped landform with steep sides, smaller than a plateau

Bureaucratic Politics Model

bureaucracies argue from their stance; conglomerates come to their decisions from their organizational standing

intermediaries

businesses involved in sales transactions that move products from the manufacturer to the final user; also known as middlemen

simplifying assumptions of Keynesian model

businesses pay no indirect taxes (ex. sales taxes); businesses distribute all of their profits to shareholders; there is no depreciations (capital consumption allowance), so gross private domestic investment = net investment; the economy is closed (there is no foreign trade)

capacity utilization rate

capacity used/best operating level

Causal attribution theory

cause for behavior is person, stimulus, circumstance

coupons

certificates that entitle customers to discounts on goods & services

learning

changes in an individual's behavior arising from experience

indirect marketing channel

channel obtaining one or more intermediary levels

personal communication channels

channels through which two or more people communicate directly with each other, including face to face, on the phone, through mail or email, or even though an internet chat

Economic Union

characterized by harmonization of economic policies of member nations, including introducing a common currency

English Civil War

civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I

psychological noises"

cognitive or mental interference

Oceania

collective name for the islands scattered throughout most of the Pacific Ocean. The term, in its widest sense, embraces the entire insular region between Asia & the Americas

conditionality

collective reference to measures imposed on debtor nations (privatization of enterprises, trade liberalization, tax reform, etc)

Loyalist

colonist who were loyal to the king

free trade

commercial exchange between nations that is conducted on free market principles, without tariffs, import quotas, or other restrictive regulations

ethnic identity

commitment to the beliefs & philosophy of your culture

Why study communication

communicate to satisfy needs, provide a meaning that others will understand

Impersonal Communication

communication that treats people as objects or that responds only to their roles, rather thanto who they are as quique people

mediated interpersonal communication

communications with others established or maintained through media. - anonyminity - physical apperance: less emphasis - distance. Time ASYNCHRONIOUS(message are not easily read or heard at the time they are sent

Competitors

companies in the same industry that sell similar products or services to customers

internet service providers (isps)

companies that provide internet access for businesses, organizations, & individuals

Comparative Business/Management

compared business practices/management in various countries that are different enough to justify study & separate treatment in the academic curriculum

Department of Labor

concerned with improving working conditions & employment opportunities for laborers. Its programs include job training (especially for the poor), appraising manpower resources & needs, & regulating occupational safety

expected value

conditional value of alternative times probability of state of nature

demand conditions

conditions governing how companies are created, organized, & managed & he nature of domestic rivalry is referred to as

normative analysis

consideration based upon preferences & values about what things should be like

Types of teams:task force

consists of members from different departments who have gotten together to achieve a task, usually the team is disbanded when the project is acomplished

Equal Rights Amendment

constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender

Pocket Veto Case

constitutionality of the pocket veto

imperium

consuls could take military power & authority

convenience product

consumer product that the customer usually buys frequently, immediately, & with a minimum of comparison & buying effort

consumer market

consumers who purchase goods & services for personal use

current issues in OM

coordinating relationships bw mutually supportive but separate orgs, optimizing global supplier, production & distribution networks, increased co - production of g/s, managing customer touch points, raising senior management awareness of operations as a significant competitive weapon

internation communication

country based communication

metalworking

craft of shaping refined metal into tools; like metallurgy, a highly advanced skill

our federalism

created by Ronald Reagan, Sandra Day O'Connor, Antonin Scalia, William Rehnquist. presumes power of the fed gov is limited in favor of the broad powers reserved to the states

Ninth International Conference of American States 1948

created the Organization of American States (OAS) to intensify U. S. & Latin American collaboration in all fields

Kansas - Nebraska Act

created the territories of Kansas & Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, & allowed the settlers to decide whether or not to have slavery within those territories

order winner

criterion that differentiates the p/s of one from from those of another; may be the price, quality, & reliability

meanings are

culture bond, & context bond

d

d

The Russians

defeated in the Crimean War

steps in problem - solving & decision - making

define the problem, analyze info & try to understand cause - and - effect relations, generate alternative solns, identify criteria, make decision, develop action/contingency plans

statement of central idea

defines the subject & develops the criteria by which to evaluate the material to be included in the speech

Representative

delegates of people are of the people & are also citizens & share values with their constituents

emblems

deliberate non verbal behaviors with precise meanings known to virtually all members of a cultural group

inputs

demands & support by individuals & groups upon the policymaking process of govt

excess reserves leakages

depository institutions may wish to maintain excess reserves greater than zero (greater the excess reserves, the smaller the money multiplier)

statism

describes a system that involves a significant interventionist role for the state in economic or social affairs. In economics, the term "statism" refers to any economy where the state plans or coordinates the economy, or the advocacy of such a system

goals

desired end states

extemporaneous speaking mode

developing a set of "talking points," such as notes or an outline, to assist them in presenting their ideas

C - Type conflict (cognitive)

disagreement that focuses on problem - and issue - related differences of opinion

A - type Conflict (affective)

disagreement that focusses on individual or personal issues

gender segmentation

dividing a market into different groups based on gender

demographic segmentation

dividing a market into groups based on variables such as age, gender, family size, family life cycle, income, occupation, religion, race, generation, & nationality

punctuation of communication consist of

dividing parts of communication into stimuli & responses

cross - cutting cleavages

divisions within society that cut across demographic categories to produce groups that are more heterogeneous or different

reinforcing cleavages

divisions within society that reinforce one another, making groups more homogeneous or similar

effectiveness

doing the right thing to create the most value for the company

Foreign Business

domestic business operating in foreign countries

In Re Gault

due process, juveniles

disadvantages of pure project

duplication of resources, organizational goals & policies are ignored, org falls behind on its knowledge of new technology team members have no functional area "home"

transactional communication mean

each person in the communication act is both speaker & listener; each person is simultaneously sending & receiving messages

Cuneiform

earliest known forms of writing in ancient Sumer

EEC - European Economic Community

economic union of some European countries creates in order to unify their trade policies and cancel tax barriers between the member nations

Louis Napoleon

elected ruler of France who declared himself emperor was

fedwire

electronic payments transfer system operated by the Federal Reserve System (about 2,000 U. S. depository institutions use to process interbank payments)

highland

elevated land area such as a hill, mountian, or plateau

5 basic categories of kinesics

emblems, illustrators, affect displays, regulators, adaptors

cues - filtered - out theory

emotional expression is severely restricted when we communicate online because sending messages via internet filters out non - verbal cues

communication climate

emotional tone of relationship as it is expressed in the messages that the partners send & receive

civil servants

employees of the govt who administer (not make) policy; expected to serve any & all govts

writing

enabled people to keep records, pass on learning & transfer information - allowed people to keep historical records of themselves - developed by Sumerians between 3500 & 3000 BCE

method of speech development

encompasses how you plan to approach the presentation

Greece

english poet Lord Byron fought in the war for the Independence of

Department of Defense

entrusted with formulating military policies & maintaining American military forces. Its top official is the civilian secretary of defense. It is headquartered in the Pentagon

outputs/inputs

equals productivity

Fair Labor Standards Act

established a national minimum wage, guaranteed time & a half for overtime in certain jobs, & prohibited most employment of minors in "oppressive child labor". The law originally contained a large number of special industry exemptions, many of which were designed to protect traditional pay practices in small, rural businesses. The bulk of these exemptions have been repealed

green - field investment

establishment of a wholly new operation in a foreign country is referred to as a(n):

absolute location

exact location of a place on the earth described by global coordinates

Ex parte Young

exception to sovereign immunity under the Eleventh Amendment

regulatory agency

executive agency responsible for enforcing laws pertaining to a certain industry, the agency writes guidelines for the industry, such as safety codes, & enforces them through methods such as inspection

branches of govt

executive, legislative, & judicial branches. The executive branch consists of the pres., the cabinet, & the various departments & executive agencies. The legislative branch consists of the two houses of Congress, the Senate & the House of Representatives, & their staff. The judicial branch consists of the Supreme Court & the other federal courts

operating budget

expenditures for current operations, such as salaries & interest payments

What led to the economic downfall of Spain

expensive war, Jew & Muslim expulsion, english raids on Spanish ships

natural law

expressions of what man knows in his own heart to be right or wrong

Uncertainty

extent to which managers can understand or predict which environmental changes & trends will affect their businesses

cleavage

factors that separate groups within a society; may be cultural, historic, geographic, economic, ethnic, racial, etc. the wider & deeper the cleavages, the less unified the society; cleavages which coincide with one another can reinforce each other; cleavages that don't coincide can weaken the divisions between groups

Evaluation apprehension

fear of what others will think of your ideas

consumer product safety commission (cpsc)

federal agency responsible for overseeing the safety of all products except food, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, tobacco products, firearms & ammunition, motor vehicles, pesticides, aircraft, boats, & fixed site amusment rides

EPA

federal agency that protects human health & our environment

FDA

federal agency that regulates labeling & safety of food, drugs, & cosmetics sold in the U. S

interested money

financial contributions by individuals or groups in hope of influencing the outcome of an election & subsequently influencing policy

depository institutions

financial institutions that accept deposits from savers & lend funds from those deposits out at interest

inventory control

finding the optimal combination of products to stock in a network of warehouses or storage locations

product planning

finding the optimal product mix where several products have different costs & resource requirements

Bush's stance on international trade

for international trade b/c his main constituency is the service sector

centripetal forces

forces that pull societies closer together

govt bargaining model

foreign policy decisions result from the bargaining process among various govt agencies with somewhat divergent interests in the outcome

causing fear

formidable

30 years war

fought between the years 1618 & 1648, principally on the territory of today's Germany, but also involving most of the major continental powers. It occurred for a number of reasons. Although it was from its outset a religious conflict between Protestants & Catholics, the self - preservation of the Habsburg dynasty was also a central motive

Maslow's esteem needs

fourth level; needs for recognition & respect

rights

freedoms that are protected by law

London Economic Conference

goal to develop a worldwide solution to the Great Depression, wanted a stabilized currency for the revival of world trade, composed of 66 nations

imports

goods & services purchased from other countries

exports

goods & services sold to other countries

democracy

gov by the people, either directly or indirectly, with free & frequent elections

constitutional democracy

gov that enforces recognized limits on those who govern & allows the voice of the people to be heard through free, fair, & relatively frequent elections

Content Regulation

governmental attempts to regulate the electronic media

Independent Executive Agencies

governmental units that closely resemble a Cabinet department but have a narrower area of responsibility (such as the CIA) & are not part of any Cabinet Department

Structural policy

govt policies aimed at changing the underlying structure, or institutions, of the nation's economy

Cognitive maps

graphic depictions of how mangers believe environmental factors relate to possible organizational actions

Communist takeover of Mozambique

group of white rebels attempted to seize control of the Mozambique govt but were quickly subdued by Portuguese & Frelimo troops. increased racial violence erupted, there was an exodus of Europeans from Mozambique. As the Portuguese left, they took their valuable skills & machinery, which had an adverse effect on the economy. Frelimo established a single - party Marxist state, nationalized all industry, & abolished private land ownership. Frelimo also instituted health & education reforms

entitlements

guarenteed benefits under a govt program such as social security, medicare, or medicaid (often called noncontrollable expenditures)

Characteristics of a leader

guide, direct, persuade, coach, counsel & inspire others

directing (leading) function

guiding & influencing people to seek organizational objectives

Ex parte Bollman

habeas corpus, definition of treason, Supreme Court's power to issue writs to circuit courts

Ex parte Milligan

habeas corpus, military tribunals

Hawk

hardlingers; willingly pursue the national interest through confrontation; emphasis on power; smart; tough; crafty; cunning

firewall

hardware or software that protects a computer from attacks by hackers

sentence outline

has complete sentences for all entries & usually has correct punctuation

plants within plants

have separate suborganizations, equipment & process policies, workforce management policies, production control methods, & so forth, for different products - finds the best operating level for each department

How did Menelik II keep colonial interests of Ethiopia

he exploited European rivalries & built a modern army

chief of staff

head of the White House staff

elevation

height of land above sea level

National Economic Council

helps the president with economic planning. consists of 3 leading economists and is assisted by 60 other economists, attorneys, and political scientists.

indirect communication

hinting at a message instead of expressing thoughts & feelings directly

Cicero

historian, wrote On The Republic

precautionary demand

holding money to meet unplanned expenditures & emergencies

classical dichotomy

holds that the `real' & `monetary' sides of the economy can be analyzed separately

Contingency approach

holds that there are no universal management theories & that the most effective management theory or idea depends on the kinds of problems or situations that managers are facing at a particular time & place

foreign policy process

how policies are arrived & implemented

collective goods problem

how to provide something that benefits all members of a group regardless of what each member contributes to it

think: one way - linear

human communication as action

three main Globalization Drivers

i. Declining Trade & Investment Barriers. ii. The role of technological change iii. Competition

Faults of Containment

ideolical threat of communism - military threat of the red army - security dilemma

soft power

if a state's values become widely shared among other states, it will easily influence others

clip art

images, stock drawings, & photographs used in print advertisements

Russia

in 1920, a dictatorship ruled

Confederate Advantages

in the Civil War - Large land areas with long coasts, could afford to lose battles, & could export cotton for money. They were fighting a defensive war & only needed to keep the North out of their states to win. Also had the nation's best military leaders, & most of the existing military equipment & supplies

case method of organizational speech structure

in which the speaker discusses the central idea without breaking it into sub points

resources

include capital, physical plant & equipment

Retailing

includes all the activities involved in selling products or services directly to final consumers for their personal, nonbusiness use

Department of the Treasury

includes the IRS. has general responsibility for setting federal fiscal policy by collecting taxes & customs duties, administering the public debt, keeping all govt accounts, minting currency, & licensing ships engaged in international & interstate commerce. The Department of the Treasury administers the Secret Service

gestures

incorporate the use of hands, body movements, & facial expressions

Business confidence indices

indices that show managers' level of confidence about future business growth

market intelligence

information about the size & location of a market, the competition, & the segmentation within the makret for a particular product or service

feedforward

information you provide before sending your primary message

investment companies

institutions that manage portfolios of financial instruments called mutual funds on behalf of shareholders; exist largely because of cost savings from their greater scale of operations

qualitative interpersonal communication

interaction in which people treat one another as unique individuals reguardless of the context in which the interaction occurs or the number of people involved

savings deposits

interest - earning funds that can be withdrawn at any time without payment of a penalty

10 roles involved in mgmt

interpersonal (figurehead, leader, liaison), informational (monitor, desseminator, spokesperson), decisional (entrepreneur, distrubance handler, resource - allocator, negotiator)

clear & present danger test

interpretation by justice Oliver Wendell Holmes regarding limits on free speech if it presents clear & present danger to the public or leads to illegal actions; for example, one cannot shout "Fire!" in a crowded theater

Function of the Federal Reserve System #8

intervenes in foreign currency markets (attempts to keep the value of the dollar from changing by buying & selling U. S. dollars in foreign exchange markets)

innovation

introduction of things that are new - technology, methods, ideas, & new products & services

foreign direct investment (fdi)

investments in factories, offices, & other facilities in another country that are used for a business's operations

initiating structure

involves giving direction & orders, clarifying jobs & roles, explaining objectives & pressuring subordinates for task performance

Competitive analysis

is a process for monitoring the competition that involves identifying competition, anticipating their moves, & determining their strengths & weaknesses

Stateless Society

is need - based, self protecting, self regulated. To be goverened is to be coerced & violated

the Inter - American Commission on Human Rights

is one of the two bodies that comprise the inter - American system for the promotion & protection of human rights

one

it becomes necessary for _ people to dissolve

Funding at par

it meant that the federal government would pay off its debts at face value with interest

What effect did the Dawes Plan have on the economy of Postwar Germany

it saved Germany from an inflationary crisis & stabilized the economy

why study self - concept

it's the frame through which we communicate, it influences the roles we play & how we behave, & it affects the way we view others

lowland

land, usually level, at a low elevation

equivocal language

language with one or more interpretations

Sokoto Caliphate

large Muslim state founded in 1809 in what is now northern Nigeria

Federal Reserves notes

largest component of U. S. currency (paper bills); distributed by the Fed

liberty

life, _ & the pursuit of happiness

Five Power Pact

limited the naval capacities of the U.S, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy, but later the treaty was ignored or broken.

5 Types of managers

line, staff, functional, general, & administrators

Foreign Agricultural Service

links U.S. agriculture to the world to enhance export opportunities and global food security

decentralized buying

local chain store managers or their designated buyers who are authorized to make special purchases for their individual stores

govts

main difference between European colonies & protectorates in Africa had to do with their

domestic producers

main gains from subsidies accrue to _, whose international competitiveness is increased as a result of them

Farewell Address George washington

maintain national unity, obey principles & authority, create permanent allience but not embroil in European affairs

Options - based panning

maintaining flexibility by making small, simultaneous investments in many alternative plans

fabrication

making up information or guessing at information & making it appear true

poet

man installed by the radicals to lead a temporary French gov. was a leading French

8 Key Results Areas

market share, productivity, profitability, innovation, resources, worker performance & morale, manager performance & development, social responsibilities

3 self

material, social, spiritual, cyber

abstract

meaning resulting from inability to experience a referent with one of senses

Civil rights act of 1968

meant as a follow - up to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. expanded on previous acts & prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental, & financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, sex, (and as amended) handicap & family status. It also provided protection for civil rights workers. Title VIII of the Act is also known as the Fair Housing Act (of 1968)

debt utilization ratio

measure how well the firm is utilizing debt & XYZ company's ability to repay the debt. Many novice investors believe that a company with no debt is superior. Having little debt on the balance sheet is generally very safe. But most companies assume debt to finance operations so the company can grow. General finance textbooks state that the ideal ratios is around 30%, due to leveraged buyouts the ratio of debt to assets or equity has been increasing

consumer price index (cpi)

measurement of the change in price over a period of time of approximately 400 retail goods & services used by the average urban household

news media

media that emphasizes the news

Types of teams: horizontal team

members are from different departments in an organization

Equal Pay Act of 1963 (part of EEO)

men & women performing the same work must get the same pay

controling message

messages in which the sender tries to impose some sort of out come on the reciever usually resulting in a defence reaction

descriptive communication

messages that describe the seekers position without evaluating others

certianty

messages that imply that the speakers position is correct & that the other person's ideas are not worth listening to

civil service system

method of hiring federal employees based on merit rather than on political beliefs or allegiances. replaced the spoils system in the US

Delian League

military alliance led by Athens to resist Persian Imperialism

Ex parte Quirin

military tribunals for enemy spies

Social Changes during (GC)

more industrial nation, child labor soared

absolute majority

more than 50% of all votes cast

Virgil

most famous Latin poet

Philip II

most powerful ruler in Spanish History was

Knight

mounted warrior in Europe in the Middle Ages

calculation of change in equilibrium real GDP

multiplier X change in autonomous spending

impression

must have met a person to form one

decision criteria

musts & NTH's ("nice to have's")

parochialism/ethnocentrism

my culture is better than yours

isthmus

narrow stretch of land connecting two larger land areas

newly - industrializing countries

nation - states that began developing economic industrial sectors relatively recently

Dublin, Ireland

no official capital; govt offices in Yaren District, nauru

NTB

non - tariff barrier - a non - monetary restriction on trade, such as quotas, technical specifications, or unnecessarily lengthy quarantine & inspection procedures

paralanguage

non linguistic means of vocal expression rate pitch tone & so on

illustrators

non verbal behaviors that accompany & support non verbal messages

fractions

numbers used to describe or compare parts of a whole

coinciding cleavages (polarizing)

occur when the factors composing one's social identity tend to pull in the same political direction

requires

of mankind _ that they should

entitle

of nature & of Nature's God _ them,

Federal Register

official document, published every weekday, that lists the new & proposed regulations of executive departments & regulatory agencies

horn effect

one bad quality implies others

meridian

one of many lines on the global grid running from the North pole to the South pole, used to measure degrees of longitude

listenable speech

one that is formatted in a way that when it is received it is understood by listener

communication principles for a lifetime has 5 principles

one: be aware of communication with yourself & others 2: effectively use & interpret verbal msg. 3:effectively use & interpret nonverbal msg. 4: listen & respond thoughtfullly to others. 5: appropriately adapt messages others

cultural differences in general talk

opening & closing conversations, interrupting, knowing when to use humor, using nonverbal behavior, knowing proper balance of speech & listening

UN Earth Summit

outlined key policies for sustainable development; produced Agenda 21 & the Rio Declaration

problem - solving

part of planning process in which problems are defined, understanding of cause - and - effect relationships is acquired, & alternative courses of action are identified

Title VII (part of EEO)

part of the Civil Rights Act of 1964; outlaws discrimination in employment on basis of race, color, religion, nat'l origin, or sex

critical path

path taking the longest time through this network of activities

consignment buying

paying for goods only after the final customer purchases them

Equity theory

people try to maintain or est. an equality b/w their own ratio of what they put in to a job vs. what they get out of it [I/O (self) = I/O (other)]

entrepreneurs

people who create, launch, organize, & manage a new business & take the risk of business ownership

centralists

people who favor national action over action at the state & local levels

decentralists

people who favor state or local action rather than national action

goal setting theory

people work harder to achieve goals that are specific, accepted by them, & challenging

egocentric communicator

person who creates messages without giving much thought to the person who is listening; a communicator who is felf focused & self - absorbed

conscientious objector

person who refuses to enter the military or bear arms due to moral or religious reasons

stages of team development: performing stage

phase of team development in which team members progress toward team objectives handle problems, coordinate work & confront each other if necessary

4 types of noise

physical, physiological, psychological, semantic

Maslows Hearchy of needs

physical, servival, social, esteem, & self realization needs

who you are is reflected how

physically, socially, psychologically, & holistically

hierarchy of plans

planning flows in a top - down sequence from overall vision to more specific detailed level of plans

project management

planning, directing, & controlling resources (people, equipment, material) to meet the technical, cost, & time constraints of the project

Tactical Plans

plans created & implemented by middle managers that specify how the company will use resources, budgets, & people over the next six months to two years to specific goals within its mission

Standing plans

plans used repeatedly to handle frequently recurring events

Henry David Thoreau

poet, naturalist, from Massachussets, lived during the 19th century, loved the outdoors & sought God/the Divine in nature

identity politics

political activity & ideas based on the shared experiences of an ethnic, religious, or social group emphasizing gaining power & benefits for the group rather than pursuing ideological or universal or even statewide goals

5 dimensions of feedback

positive - negative, person - focused message, immediate - delayed, low - monitored - high - monitored & supportive - critical

Civil Rights Cases

power of federal govt to prohibit racial discrimination by private parties

express powers

powers sepcifically granted to one of the branches of the national gov by the Constitution

poster session

prepare a poster, a series of charts or a power point program that visually highlights your research or idea

impoundment

presidential refusal to allow an agency to spend funds authorized & appropriated by Congress

freight forwarders

private companies that combine less than carload or truckload shipments form several businesses & deliver them to their destinations

International Business:

private or governmental business that involves activities crossing national boundaries

impeachment

process by which a pres., judge, or other govt official can be tried for high crimes & misdemeanors (does not remove from office)

Encoding - communication process

process of putting thought into symbolic form

initiative

process through which voters may propose new laws, one of several Progressive Era reforms that increased voters' power over govt

green marketing

producing & promoting environmentally safe products

consumer product

product bought by final consumer for personal consumption

industrial product

product bought by individuals & organizations for further processing or for use in conducting a business

generic brand

products that do not carry a company identity

Features of the "city"

protection & defense for large numbers of people; points of trade & economic activity; enable exchange of ideas, information, religious beliefs, & cultural values

proxemics in psychology

proxemics was introduced by anthropologist Edward T. Hall in 1963 to describe the measureable distances between people as they interacted. social distance between people is reliably correlated with physical distance, & described four distances: intimate (15 - 45 cm, 6 - 18 inches), personal (45 - 120 cm, 1. 5 - 4 feet), social (1. 2 - 3. 5 m, 4 - 12 ft), public (over 3. 5 m, 12 ft). different cultures maintain different standards of personal space

the Eurasian Economic Community

put into motion on 10 October 2000 when Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia & Tajikistan signed the treaty. EurAsEC was formally created when the treaty was finally ratified by all five member states in May 2001. EurAsEC grew out of the CIS Customs Union. All the members of EurAsEC are also members of the older Commonwealth of Independent States & the relationship between the two organisations is ambiguous

forced - choice questions

questions that ask repsondents to choose answers from possibilities given on a questionnaire

partial productivity measure

ratio of output to a single input; ex. =total output/energy

bounded rationality

real - world decision - maker has his thinking limited by such things as societal & organizational norms & impracticality of obtaining all possible info about problem or alternatives

excuses

reasons for not buying or not seeing the salesperson

Charles Townshend

reated the Townshend Acts. British Prime Minister (Grenville's replacement) Townshend Acts formed a program of taxing items imported into the colonies, such as paper, lead, glass, & tea; it replaced the direct taxes of the Stamp Act. Townshend Acts led to boycotts by Boston merchants, a key contributor to the Boston Massacre

spiral

reciprocal communication pattern in which each person's message reienforces eachother

business cycle

recurring changes in economic activity, such as the expansion & contraction of an economy

Reinforcement Theory

refers to learning theory & similar behavioristic approaches to understanding & controlling behavior

Industry regulation

regulations & rules that govern the business practices & procedures of specific industries, businesses, & professions

social penetration theory

relationships start with breadth & then moves toward depth of information

give up

relinquish

Indian Removal Act

removed indians from southern states and put them on reservations in the midwest

investment function

represented bas an inverse relationship between the rate of interest & the value of planned real investment (as interest rates fall planned investment spending increases)

Department of Education

responsible for providing federal aid to educational institutions & financial aid to students, keeping national educational records, & conducting some educational research

Department of Transportation

responsible for the national highways & for railroad & airline safety. It also manages Amtrak, the national railroad system, & the Coast Guard

Leadership style: posetive vs. negative motivation

rewards praises & promotion are the approach that a posetive leader takes

human risks

risks that are triggered by errors or omissions as well as the unpredictability of customers or of working environments

economic risks

risks that result from changes in overall business conditions

4 Options towards Soviet Russia

roll back communism (aggression) - negotiations of many disagreements (diplomacy) - appeasement - containment/isolation of USSR

indirect distribution

sales of goods or services to the customer through one or more intermediaries

consumer promotions

sales strategies that encourage customers & prospects to buy a product or service

feature - benefit selling

sales that match the characteristics of a product to a customer's need & wants

business - to - business selling

sales that take place in a manufacturer's or wholesaler's showroom (inside sales) or in a customer's place of business (outside sales)

Chester Barnard

saw organization as open system

George Bancroft

secretary of the navy who helped to found the Naval Academy at Annapolis in 1845; he published a history of the US to 1789 from 1834 to 1876; "Father of American History"

second principle of Scientific Mgmt

select workers systematically & scientifically

two types of self - fulfilling prophecies

self - imposed prophecies & imposed prophecies by others

global company

sells a single product all over the world

Pact of Locarno

series of agreements whereby Germany, France, Belgium, Great Britain, and Italy mutually guaranteed peace in western Europe. The treaties were initialed at Locarno, Switz., on October 16 and signed in London on December 1.

episode

series of interactions between individuals during which the mssage of one person influences the messages of another

market skimming pricing

setting a high price for a new product to skim maximum revenues layer by layer from the segments willing to pay the high price. fewer but more profitable sales

market penetration pricing

setting a low price for a new product in order to attract a large number of buyers & a large market share

permissive federalism

sharing of power & authority between the national & state gov, the states portion is upon the permission of the national govt

Distal goals

short - term goals or subgoals

topic of the speech

should be stated as specifically as possible

supporting speech material

should clarify a point you are making in the speech or offer evidence of the validity of the argument presented

causal method of issue arrangement

shows how two or more events are connected in such a way that if one occurs, the other will necessarily follow

Treaty of Brest - litovsk

signed between russia & germany to stop wwI for them, Russia gave Germany finland, poland, ukraine, & baltic proividences

Conservative Republicans

similar to liberal Dem;

Conservative Democrats

similar to liberal Rep;

transactional modes of communication

simultaneous sending & receiving, all elements are constantly in motion & you cannot not communicate

Knossos

site of the most majestic Cretan palace

Subsystem

smaller systems that operate within the context of a larger system

entitlement programs

social insurance programs that allocate federal funds to all people who meet the conditions of the program, they are a form of mandatory spending so it is incredibly difficult to cut funds during the budgetary process (Social Security largest & most expensive one)

graphics & design programs

software applications for creating & modifying images

communications program

software applications that enable users to electronically communicate through computers with people around the world

prophet

someone who is an interpreter of the will of God

collateral

something of value that a person pledges as payment for a loan in case of default

enterprise resource planning (erp)

sophisticated software that integrates all parts of a company's business management

primary sources of information

sources that represent the original reports of the observation or research

collective farming

soviet govt decided to eliminate Kulaks because of their strong resistance to

jargon

specialized vocabulary used by members of a particular group

comparison - contrast of issue arrangement

speech that shows both similarities & differences

dominance disadvantage

stability comes at a cost of constant oppression of, & resentment by, the lower - ranking members in the status hierachy

Rules & regulations

standing plans that describe how a particular action should be preformed or what must happen or not happen in response to a particular event

introduction stage

starts when the new product is first launched. sales are slow

opinion statement

statement based on the speaker's beliefs

factual statement

statement that can be verified as being true of false

great power

states that can be defeated militarily only by another great power (US, Germany, Russia)

impression management

stratagies used by communicators to influence the way others view them

Six Pillars of US security

superior economy - superior military - geography - power balance in Eurasia - Nuclear weapons - US isolation from foreign conflicts

Function of the Federal Reserve System #1

supplies the economy with fiduciary currency (paper currency known as Federal Reserve notes); changes throughout the yr (ex. demands for paper currency are largers during the holiday seasons)

Open system

systems that can sustain themselves only by interacting with their environment, on which they depend for their survival

the physical context

tangible or concrete environment in which communication takes place

extensional orientation

tendency to look first at the actual people, objects, & events & then look at their labels

term

tenure

competitive federalism

term defined by Thomas R Dye, all units of gov competing with each other over ways to put together the goods & services of gov

indirect speech

term for communicating in a roundabout way

channel

term for the medium through which a message passes

industrial sector

that part of the economy which manufactures finished & secondary products

service sector

that part of the economy which organizes & provides services at an economic cost

What gamble did Germany make before the U. S. entered the war

that their blockade would defeat Britain before US troops arrived

endowed Creator

that they are _ by their _ with

Continental Army

the American army during the American Revolution

James Madison

the Father of the Constitution

governmental party

the Office holders & candidates who run under a political party's banner

independent expenditures

the Supreme Court has ruled that individuals, groups, & parties can spend unlimited amounts in campaigns for or against candidates as long as they operate independently from the candidates

Bretton Woods triangle trade

the U. S. would use the convertible financial system to trade at a tremendous profit with developing nations, expanding industry & acquiring raw materials. It would use this surplus to send dollars to Europe, which would then be used to rebuild their economies, & make the U. S. the market for their products. This would allow the other industrialized nations to purchase products from the Third World, which reinforced the American role as the guarantor of stability

political bands

the _ _ which have connected

exchange

the act of obtaining a desired object from someone by offering something in return

political participation

the actions by citizens which involve them in the process of selecting leaders & making policies

unitary actor assumption

the actor exercising power is a single entity that can "think" about its actions coherently & make choices

reductivism

the attempt to explain complex correlations & causations using a single independent variable; oversimplification

media

the avenues through which messages are delivered; also known as channels

governance

the characteristics of a regime or govt

How can communication be a nonverbal behavior

the clothes you wear, the way you walk, shake hands, cock you head, comb your hair, sit & smile

Executive Office of the Pres.

the cluster of presidential staff agencies that help the pres. carry out his responsibilities; currently the office includes the Office fo Management & Budget, the Council of Economic Advisers, & other units

Economic System

the combination of social & individual decision making a society uses to answer the 3 economic questions

multichannel distribution

the company expands its sales & market coverage & gains opportunities to tailor its products & services to the specific needs of diverse customer segments. harder to control & generate conflict

evaluation: adoption process

the consumer considers whether trying the new product makes sense

trial: adoption process

the consumer tries the new product on a small scale to improve his or her estimate of its value

Disturbance handler role

the decisional role managers play when they respond to sever problems that demand immediate action

Buyers dependence

the degree to which a supplier relies on a buyer because of the importance of that buyer to supplier & the difficulty of finding other buyers for it products

operations & supply management

the design, operation, & improvement of the systems that create & deliver the firm's primary products & services

foreign direct investment by non - U. S. firms was motivated primarily by the following two factors:

the desire to disperse production activities to optimal locations; & the desire to build a direct presence in major foreign markets

gross profit

the difference between sales revenue & the cost of goods sold

duration gap

the difference between the duration of assets & liabilites. measures how well cash flows for assets & liabilities are matched. When the duration of assets exceeds the duration of liabilities the duration gap is positive. A positive duration gap means greater exposure to rising interest rates; if interest rates go up then the price of assets fall more than the price of liabilities

General environment

the economic, technological, sociocultural, & political trends that indirectly affect all organizations

leakages

the entire loan from one bank is not always desposited in another bank (two types)

copyright

the exclusive right to reproduce or sell a work authored by an individual, such as writings, music, & artwork

Which of the following factors led to the fall of France to the Nazis

the fall of dunkirk, evacuation of the British forces, Italy's attack on France from the South

Outflows of FDI"

the flow of FDI out of the country

prebendalism

the form of patron - client politics that legitimizes the exploitation of govt power for the benefit of office holders & their followers

equation of exchange

the formula indicating that the number of monetary units (Ms) times the number of times each unit is spent on final goods & services (V) is identical to the price level (P) times real GDP (Y)

Zeno

the founder of Stoicism on the island of Cyprus

hypertext transfer protocol (http)

the global computer protocol used to identify & locate web pages on the internet

CIA

the govt organization that oversees foreign intelligence - gathering & related classified activities

The Supreme Court

the highest court in the land

national debt or surplus

the historic total of yearly govt budgetary deficits & surpluses for a nation - state

Cultural Imperialism

the imposition of an alien ideology or civilization on an unwilling society

nonassertion

the inability or unwillingness to express ones thoughts or feelings when necessary

Disseminator role

the informational role managers play when they share information with others in their departments or companies

Liaison role

the interpersonal role managers play when they deal with people outside their units

lifestyle

the kind of life a person lives

100,000 in 1934

the largest denomination of US money ever created

45 degree reference line

the line along which planned real expenditures equal real GDP per year

home page

the main page of a web site that clearly & quickly lets people know what site they are visiting

relationship between the price of existing bonds & the rate of interest

the market price of existing bonds (and all fixed - income assets) is inversely related to the rate of interest prevailing in the economy

direct check method

the merchandise is checked directly against the actual invoice or purchase order

Communication competence

the message should: 1. be understood as the communicator intended it to be understood 2. Achieve the intended effect the communicator intended to achieve 3. Be ethical

disposable income

the money left over after taxes are taken out of a consumer's income

discretionary income

the money left over from a consumer's income after paying for basic living necessities such as food, shelter, & clothing

Recency effect

the most recent info you learn about someone is the most important

existence needs

the need related to a person's well being

Environmental complexity

the number of external factors in the environment that affect organizations

Catholicism

the oldest branch of christianity

credit

the opportunity for businesses or individuals to obtain products or money in exchange for a promise to pay later

economy

the organized way a nation provides for the needs & wants of its people

Hegemony

the overbearing influence of one nation over another

labor - force participation rate

the percentage of the adult population that is in the labor force

Percieved self

the person we believe our selves to be in moments of candor

infrastructure

the physical development of a country, including its roads, ports, sanitation facilities, & utilities

dollar control

the planning & monitoring of the total inventory investment that a business makes during a stated period of time

imperialism

the practice of one nation - state taking control of nations & territory of other countries

modes of speech presentation

the preparation method & reference aids to be used during the speech - impromptu, extemporaneous, manuscript, & memorized

policy implementation

the process by which executive departments & agencies put legislation into practive, they are often allowed a degree of freedom to interpret legislation as they write guidelines to enact & enforce the law

selective perception

the process by which individuals perceive what they want to in media messages

selective exposure

the process by which individuals screen out messages that do not conform to their own biases

buying behavior

the process individuals use to decide what they will buy, where they will buy it, & from whom they will buy it

inventory management

the process of buying & storing materials & products while controlling costs for ordering, shipping, handling, & storage

market targeting

the process of evaluating each market segments attractiveness & selecting one or more segements to enter

contract manufacturing

the process of hiring a foreign manufacturer to make products according to certain specifications

Human Communication

the process of making sense out of the world & sharing that sense with others bt creating meaning through verbal & non verbal messages

political integration

the process of promoting loyalty to & identity with the nation - state over more parochial loyalties

extensive decision making

the process used when there has been little or no previous experience with an item

Louis Daguerre - realism, Charles Dickens - realism, Ludwig van Beethoven - romanticism

the proper matching of realism vs romanticism to Daguerre Charles Dickens & Ludwig van Beethoven

Environmental change

the rate at which a company's general & specific environments change

doing business as (dba) registration

the registraion by which a county govt officially recognizes that a new proprietorship or partnership exists

self concept

the relavtive stable set of percieptions each individual holds of them selves

Right to Privacy

the right to be let alone; a judicially created doctrine encompassing an individual's decision to use birth control or secure an abortion

Conventional level of moral development

the second level of moral development in which people make decisions that conform to societal expectations

international system

the set of relationships among the world's states structured by certain rules & patterns of interaction

Proximity of effect

the social, psychological, cultural, or physical distance between a decision make & those affected by his or her decisions

Confederate States of America

the southern states that seceded from the U. S. in 1861, Jefferson Davis, Montgomery, AL

Technical skills

the specialized procedures, techniques, & knowledge required to get the job done

competition

the struggle between companies to attract new customers, keep existing ones, & take away customers from other companies

information screens

the subconscious or unconscious filters through which people put the information coming in about the world around them

Lone Star State

the symbolism of the star on the 1836 flag of the republic, the "National Standard of Texas. " The single golden star on a blue background signified Texas as an independent republic & was a reminder of the state's struggle for independence from Mexico

Organizational Culture

the system of shared beliefs & values that develops within an organization & guides the behavior of its members

intensional orientation

the tendency to view people, objects, & events according to the way they are talked about

reflected appraisal

the theory that a persons self content matches the way the way a person believes others reguard him or her

Temporal immediacy

the time between an act & the consequences the act produces

temporal (time) context

the time of day or time in history in which the communication is taking place

effect time lag

the time that elapses between the implementation of a policy & the results of that policy

gross natinal product (gnp)

the total dollar value of goods & services produced by a nation

Concentration of effect

the total harm or benefit that an act produces on the average person

gross sales

the total of all sales for a given period of time

public debt

the total value of all outstanding federal govt securities

generic definition for globalization

the trend towards a more integrated & interdependent global Economic systems

selective distribution

the use of more than one, but fewer than all, of the intermediaries who are willing to carry a company's products

display

the visual & artistic aspects of presenting a product to a target group of customers

communibiological approach

theoretical perspective that suggest commmunication behavior can be predicted based on personal traits & characteristics that result from people's genetic or biological backround

Hegemonic Stability

theory that one state is able to create stability in the international system i. e. Pax Britanica

divine right

theory used to justify absolutist rule in Europe was called

horizontal short - run aggregate supply curve

there is excessive unemployment & unused capacity in the economy (classical assumptino of everlasting full employment no longer holds)

developmental model

these models propose that the nature of communication is different in various stages of interpersonal relationships

How did Europeans use paternalism to govern people in colonies

they provided for colonial peoples' needs but did not give them full rights

variable costs

things that vary w/ the quantity of sales

civil rights

those protections against discrimination by the govt & individuals, intended to prevent discrimination based on race, religion, gender, ethnicity, physical handicap, or sexual orientation

dissolve

to do away with

institute

to form or create

introduction to a speech

to gain the listeners' attention & orient them to the material that will be presented

speech of introduction

to identify the person who will be speaking to the audience & give any other information that may spark listeners' interest in the speaker or the topic

laws nature

to which the _ of _ & of

codify

to write down a law in formal language

inestimable

too valuable to be measured

Gueranica

town in spain; used by hitler for target practice; used first ariel bombing against unarmed citizens

third principle of Scientific Mgmt

training workers in methods developed by Sci. Mgmt, providing incentives, giving leadership support

calculation of required reserves

transaction deposits X required reserve ratio

exempt carriers

trucking companies that are free from direct regulation of rates & operating procedures

chain stores

two or more outlets that are commonly owned & controlled

party column ballot

type of ballot that encourages party line voting by listing all of a party's candidates in a column under the party name

devil effect

ugly: dumb, poor, dishonest

cannot be taken away

unalienable

Commissioner v. Tufts

unanimous decision on when a taxpayer sells or disposes of property encumbered by a nonrecourse obligation exceeding the fair market value of the property sold, the Commissioner of Internal Revenue may require him to include in the "amount realized" the outstanding amount of the obligation; the fair market value of the property is irrelevant to this calculation

Workplace deviance

unethical behavior that violates organizational norms about right & wrong

Coolies

unskilled laborers from Asia in the 1800s to early 1900s who were sent to the U. S. Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Peru, North Africa, Sri Lanka & the West Indies. The term usually referred to Chinese, Indian, Japanese & Korean laborers & was often used in a derogatory way

mass marketing

use of a single marketing plan to reach all customers

staff mangers

use technical expertise to advise & support the efforts of line workers

economic forecasting

uses variety of methods to predict general levels of economic activity for a locality, region, country or the whole world

prompting

using silence & brief statements of encouragement to draw out a speaker

department

usually the largest organization in govt; also the highest rank in federal hierarchy

What was stressed by socialist realism

value of hard work, glory of soviet life, achievements of Stalin

Ideological party

values principled stands on issues above all else, including winning. It claims to have a comprehensive view of American society & govt radically different from that of the established parties

difference feminism

values the unique contributions of women as women, believes gender differences are not just socially constructed & that views women inherently less warlike than men

Kennedy's Domestic Policy

vigorous foreign policy - US space program - called for Cuban "freedom fighters"

Edward Teller

was a Hungarian - born America nuclear physicist, known colloquially as "the father of the hydrogen bomb" early member of the Manhattan Project charged with developing the first atomic bombs

Samuel Gompers

was the long - time leader of the American Federation of Labor who helped define the structure & the economic & political goals of the American labor movement. Founded the AFL in 1886. He was influenced by the writings of Marx

Charles A. Beard

was, with Frederick Jackson Turner, the most influential American historian of the early 20th century. He supported the new deal

unit of accounting

way of placing a specific price on economic goods & services (it serves as a standard of value (yardstick) that allows people to compare the relative worth of various goods & services)

interest aggregation

ways in which demands of citizens & groups are amalgamated into proposed policy packages (e. g. leadership, political parties, etc

social information - processing theory

we can communicate relational & emotional messages via the internet, but it just takes longer due to lack of non - verbals

impression formation theory

we make up stories about people

WOTS - UP analysis

weaknesses, opportunities, threats & strengths underlying planning

self concepts describe

what you could or want to be

Soldiering

when workers deliberately slow their pace or restrict their work outputs

Absolute Monarchy

where the king or queen has absolute power over all aspects of his/her subjects' lives

feminine culture

which type of culture values modesty, concerns for relationships & the quality of life

physiological noise

which type of noise is a physical barrier within the speaker or listener

Cultural evolution

which view states that some cultures are higher than others & relates to Darwinism view of humainty

WOS

wholly owned subsidiary

Department of Commerce

whose responsibilities include management of the census & the U. S. Patent Office. Through a variety of bureaus & agencies, such as the Industry & Trade Administration & the Office of Minority Business Enterprise, the Department of Commerce works to promote American business interests at home & abroad

democratic consensus

widespread agreement on fundamental principles of democratic governance & the values that undergird them

the South American Community of Nations

will be a continent - wide free trade zone that will unite two existing free - trade organizations eliminating tariffs for non - sensitive products by 2014 & sensitive products by 2019

Johari model of self disclosure

window of self (open,blind,hidden,unknown)

layman's terms

words the average customer can understand

fourth principle of Scientific Mgmt

work to be divided b/w mgmt & workers

job descriptions

written statements listing the requirements of a particular job & the skills needed to fulfill those requirements

usurpations