GACE - Elementary Education Test I & II Combo (501)

Syntax

Phrases and sentences from words

Idioms

Phrases or words used only in specific locations or cultures

Consumer sovereignty

Process through which consumers vote with their dollars

Bacteria

Prokaryotic, single-celled organisms that lack cell nuclei

Scholar-officials

A class of career government officials who functioned between the populace and the government

Atlas

A collection of maps, usually bound into a book, that contains geographic features, political boundaries, and perhaps social, religious, and economic statistics

Glide reflection

A combination of a reflection and a translation

Climax community

A community that is established and flourishing

Summary statement

A concise presentation of the essential data from a passage

Degenerative disease

A condition in which diseased tissues or organs steadily deteriorate

Scientific notation

A convenient method for writing very large and very small numbers

Repeating decimal

A decimal that continues forever by repeating a string of digits

Terminating decimal

A decimal that has a fixed number of digits

Chronic disease

A disease that is long lasting, often continuing for more than three months

Pathogen

A disease-causing organism

Plane

A flat surface that extends forever in two dimensions

Rounding numbers

A form of estimation that is very useful in many mathematical operations

Regression

A form of statistical analysis used to predict a dependent variable (y) from values of an independent variable (x)

Linear function

A function defined by the equation f(x) = mx + b

Population

A group of individuals of one species that live in the same general area

Persuasion

A piece of writing whose purpose is to change the minds of the audience members or to get them to do something

Joint

A place where two bones meet, they enable movement

Quadrilateral

A polygon with four sides

Triangle

A polygon with three sides

Point

A position in space, on a line, or on a plane

Parasitism

A predator that lives on or in its host, causing detrimental effects to the host, but not to the parasite

Isosceles trapezoid

A quadrilateral where the nonparallel sides are congruent

Trapezoid

A quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel sides

Parallelogram

A quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel sides

El Niño

A sequence of changes in the ocean and atmospheric circulation across the Pacific Ocean

Conspicuous strategies

A sequence of teaching events and teacher actions used to help students learn new literacy information and relate it to their existing knowledge

New Deal

A series of public programs beginning in 1933 that were designed to assist Depression-wracked Americans and to promote economic recovery

Exponent form

A shorthand way of writing repeated multiplication

Electroscope

A simple device used to indicate the existence of a positive or negative charge

Models

A small object, usually built to scale, that represents in detail another, often larger, object

Feudalism

A social system in which the wealthy protected the weak in return for labor and service

Cone

A space figure having a circular base and a single vertex

Sphere

A space figure having all its points the same distance from the center

Function

A special type of relationship between two values in which each input value corresponds to exactly one output value

Base words

A stand-alone linguistic unit that cannot be deconstructed or broken down into smaller words

Hypothesis

A statement of the researcher's expectations for the outcome of the research problem, a summary statement of the problem to be addressed in any research document, an unproved theory or educated guess followed by research to best explain a phenomena

Element

A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances

Indicator

A substance that changes color when it comes into contact with an acid or a base

New South

A term sometimes used to describe the South after the Civil War, it refers to a South no longer dependent on slave labor and based on industry instead

Ice age

A time period in which glaciers advance over a large portion of a continent

Translation

A transformation that "slides" an object a fixed distance in a given direction

Rotation

A transformation that turns a figure about a fixed point called the center of rotation

Equilateral triangle

A triangle with all three sides the same length

Acute triangle

A triangle with exactly three acute angles

Scalene triangle

A triangle with no sides the same length

Obtuse triangle

A triangle with one obtuse angle

Right triangle

A triangle with one right angle

Isosceles triangle

A triangle with two sides the same length

Metaphor

Any time one thing is used in place of something else in text, signifying some sort of resemblance

Root words

A word from which another word is developed

Black Death

An outbreak of plague that killed about one-third of the European population during the 14th century

Combination

An unordered collection of distinct elements

Vaccines

Antigens given in very small amounts, which stimulate both humoral and cell-mediated responses

Intrusive rock

Any igneous rock that was formed below the earth's surface

Contractions

Shortened form of two words in which one of more letters have been deleted

Pictographs

Show comparison of quantities using symbols, each symbol represents a number of items

Line graphs

Show trends, often over a period of time

Magnetic domains

Small areas in iron where atomic magnetic fields line up in the same direction

Bases

Contain the elements oxygen and hydrogen (OH)

Acid

Contains one element of hydrogen (H)

Manifest destiny

The 19th century doctrine that the US had the right and duty to expand throughout the North American continent

Phonological awareness

The ability of the reader to recognize the sound of spoken language

Phonemic awareness

The ability to break down and hear separate or different sounds and to distinguish among the sounds one hears, the acknowledgement of sounds and words

Energy

The ability to cause change in matter, such as heating a frozen liquid changes it from a solid to a liquid

Inferential comprehension

The ability to create or infer a hypothesis for a given statement based on collected facts and information

Fluency

The ability to read in much the same manner as speaking, with fluidity and smoothness

Evaluative comprehension

The ability to understand and sort facts, opinions, assumptions, persuasive elements, and the validity of a passage

Narration

Discourse that is arranged chronologically

Exposition

Discourse whose only purpose is to inform

Description

Discourse whose purpose is to make an experience available through one of the five senses

Historic causation

The concept that events in history are linked to one another by an endless chain of cause and effect

Meninges

The connective tissues that protect the central nervous system

Centripetal force

The constraining force directed toward the center of a circle that keeps an object moving in a circular path

Natural numbers

The counting numbers

Frost wedging

The cycle of daytime thawing and refreezing at night

Corroborated

The data presented is more consistent with this theory than with any other theory

Endocrine system

Manufactures proteins called hormones

Convergence

Occurs when the oceanic crust collides with either another oceanic plate or a continental plate, also includes continent-to-continent plate collisions

Bill of Rights

The first 10 amendments added to the US Constitution that spell out limits on governmental authority

Convenience sampling

The method of choosing items arbitrarily and in an unstructured manner from the frame

Median

The middle number of a set

Order of operations

The order in which mathematical operations should be performed: parentheses, exponents, multiply, divide, add, subtract

Chronology

The ordering of events through time, often listen along a timeline or in a list by date

Classification

The paragraph presents grouped information about a topic

Perimeter

The sum of the lengths of the sides of any polygon

Mean

The sum of the numbers given divided by the number of items being averaged

Information Revolution

The sweeping changes during the latter half of the 20th century as a result of technological advances and a new respect for the knowledge provided by trained, skilled, and experienced professionals in a variety of fields

Friction

Resistance to motion

Biodiversity

The variety of species, organisms, and habitats available on the Earth

Cardiac output

The volume of blood per minute that the left ventricle pumps

Peristalsis

The wavelike contractions that carry food down the pharynx to the stomach

Antecedent

The word or word group that a pronoun stands for or refers to

Monotheism

The worship of one God

Plate tectonics

Theory of the origin of glacial activity that demonstrates that some continental masses, now in temperate climates, were at one time blanketed by snow

Chromatography

Uses the principles of capillarity to separate substances

Indirect measurement

Using an alternate method for measuring, such as using scale drawings

Personification

Whenever an author gives human life to an inanimate item

*DOMAIN V*

*HEALTH, PHYS ED, & THE ARTS*

*DOMAIN III*

*MATHEMATICS*

*DOMAIN I*

*READING & ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS*

*DOMAIN IV*

*SCIENCE*

*DOMAIN II*

*SOCIAL STUDIES*

Code of Hammurabi

A Babylonian code of laws

Skepticism

A Greek word meaning a method of obtaining knowledge through systematic doubt and continual testing

Nationalism

A believe in one's own nation, or country, people

Civilization

A high level of cultural and technological development

Variable

A letter that is used to represent one or more numbers, includes a factor that is changed

Questioning technique

A mathematic process in which students devise questions to clarify the problem, eliminate possible solutions, and simplify the problem-solving process

Gross domestic product

A measure of the economy's output during a specified time period

Decimal

A number written with a whole-number part, a decimal point, and a decimal part

Rectangle

A parallelogram with a right angle

Rhombus

A parallelogram with all sides equal length

Square

A rectangle with all sides of equal length

Kamikaze

A typhoon that dispersed a Mongol invasion fleet threatening Japan from the west in 1281, in WWII this term was used to describe Japanese pilots who deliberately crashed their planes into enemy targets

Prior knowledge

All of an individual's prior experiences, education, and development that precede his or her entrance into a specific learning situation or his or her attempts to comprehend a specific text

Circle graph

Also called pie charts, a circular graph that shows quantities in proportional sectors

Capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership of capital

Traditional economy

An economy based on traditional ways of doing things

Mixed economy

An economy in which certain sectors are left to private ownership and the free market, while others are regulated by the government

Command economy

An economy in which decisions about production and allocation are made by the government

Global warming

An enormous environmental issue today, it is caused by the "greenhouse effect"

Inferencing

An evaluative process that involves the reader in making a reasonable judgment based on the information given and engages children in literally constructing meaning

Counterexample

An exception to a proposed rule or conjecture that disproves the conjecture

Law

An explanation of events that occur with uniformity under the same conditions

Fraction

An expression of numbers in the form of x/y where x is the numerator and y is the denominator

United Nations

An international organization composed of most countries of the world and dedicated to promoting peace, security, and economic development

Permutations

An ordering of a certain number of elements of a given set

Prefixes

Beginning units of meaning that can be added to a base word or root word

Guess-and-check strategy

Calls for students to make an initial guess at the solution, check the answer, and use that outcome to guide the next guess

Doppler effect

Change in experienced frequency due to relative motion of the source of the sound

Hormones

Circulate in the bloodstream and stimulate actions when they interact with target tissue

Dollar voting

Consumers, in effect, voting for the goods and services that they want with their dollars

Biomes

Communities that are ecologically similar in regards to temperature, rainfall, and the species that live there

Similie

Comparisons between two objects, or between a person and an object, that use the words "like" or "as" to identify the similarities

Behavior

Complex responses, which may or may not be instinctual

Oxides

Compounds that are formed when oxygen combines with another element

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Congressional act that allowed the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether to allow slavery, it repealed the Missouri Compromise

Missouri Compromise

Congressional solution to the addition of slave states to the union, it forbade slavery to areas north of latitude 36°30′ N

Ray

Consists of all the points on a line starting at one given point and extending in only one of the two opposite directions along the line

Species

Defined by the ability to successfully reproduce with members of their own kind

Vocabulary

Demonstrates the strong ties between oral and written language, increasing it will help students with both comprehension and fluency

Regression equation

Derived from a known set of data

Sequence of events

Details are presented in the order in which they have occurred

Symmetry

Equal on both sides

Suffixes

Ending units of meaning that can be "affixed" or added onto the ends of root or base words

Summarizing

Engages the reader in pulling out the essential bits of information in a longer passage or excerpt of text and making them into a cohesive whole

Fungi

Eukaryotic, mostly multicellular organisms

Protists

Eukaryotic, single-celled organisms

Matter

Everything in the world is made up of this which is defined by the space it takes up and it's mass

Agricultural Revolution

Experimentation that resulted in the increased production of crops as well as a new and more technical approach to the management of agriculture

Variable addition

Explains the concept of multiplication, which is simply repeated addition

Future tense

Expresses an action or a condition of a future time

Past perfect tense

Expresses an action or a condition that occurred as a precedent to some other action or condition

Present perfect tense

Expresses an action or a condition that started in the past and is continued to or completed in the present

Present tense

Expresses an action that is currently happening or is always true

Past tense

Expresses an action that occurred in a past time

Future perfect tense

Expresses an action that started in the past or the present and will conclude at some time in the future

Line

Extends forever in one dimension

Genes

Factors transferred from parents to their offspring

Stalacites

Icicle-like structures of calcium carbonate that hang from the roofs of caves

Semantic cues

For example, does that make sense to you?

Syntactic cues

For example, does that sound right?

Equation

Formed when an equals sign is placed between two expressions

Fault

Fractures in the earth's crust that have been created by either tension or compression forces transmitted through the crust

Conditional statements

Frequently written in the "if-then" form

Sinkholes

Funnel-shaped depressions created by dissolved limestone

Popular sovereignty

Grants citizens the ability to directly participate in their own government by voting and running for public office

Graphic organizers

Graphical representations of the content in a text

Mixed number

Has an integer part and a fractional part

Accuracy

How close a measurement comes to the "true" value

Monsoons

Huge wind systems that cover large geographic areas and that reverse direction seasonally

Topic sentence

Indicates what the passage is about

Active learning

Involves a learning atmosphere full of action

Daimyos

Japanese lords of great lands who were of the highest social classes

Shogun

Japanese warriors who served the Daimyos and who followed a code of honor

Figurative language

Language that uses creative or poetic methods to convey points

Glaciers

Large bodies of slow-moving ice

Jim Crow laws

Laws enacted after the Civil War that resulted in the segregation of whites and blacks, with blacks being forced to use inferior facilities

Plants

Like animals, multicellular, eukaryotic organisms

Compound

Made of two or more elements that have been chemically combined

Monitoring comprehension

Making certain that the text is making sense to the reader

Percent

Means "per 100," 10% is 10 parts out of 100

Monitoring

Means self-clarifying

Spectrophotometry

Measures the percent of light at different wavelengths absorbed and transmitted by a pigment solution

Direct measurement

Measuring something directly

Phonics

Method for teaching students to read which relies on studying the rules and patterns found in language, the connection between the sounds and letters on a page

Animals

Multicellular, eukaryotic organisms

Orogeny

Natural mountain building

Social support systems

Networks that students develop with their peers that provide support when students experience challenges and difficulties

Essential nutrients

Nutrients that the body needs but cannot make by itself

Manipulatives

Objects a student can use to reinforce a lesson

Reflection

Objects have the same shape and size, but the figures face in opposite directions

Compound words

Occur when two or more base words are connected to form a new word

Libraries

Offer resources such as survey information from various departments and bureaus of the federal and state government, magazines and periodicals in a wide range of topics, artifacts, encyclopedias, and other reference materials, and usually access to the Internet

Dikes

Old lava tubes that form when magma entered a vertical fracture and hardened

Subduction

Plate collisions that are either intercontinental or ocean floor collisions with a continental crust

Profit

Positive gain from an investment or business operation after subtracting for all expenses

Truman Doctrine

President Harry S. Truman's foreign policy declaring the US "leader of the free world"

Rifting

Process by which the Earth's crust is forced apart, generally occurs in mid-ocean ridges

Introductory statement

Provides a bridge between any previous, relevant text and the content to follow, it provides information about the text and also sets the tone and parameters

Irrational numbers

Real numbers that cannot be written as the ratio of two integers

Macroeconomics

Refers to the functioning of the economy on the national level, as well as the functioning of the aggregate units that comprise the national economy

Semantics

Refers to the meaning expressed when words are arranged in a specific way

Estimating and testing for reasonableness

Related skills that students should employ before and after solving a problem, students compare their estimate to the sum that they actually compute to determine if their answer is reasonable

Working backward strategy

Requires students to determine a starting point when solving a problem where the final result and the steps to reach the result are given

Plates

Rigid blocks of the earth's crust and upper mantle

Supporting details

Sentences that give more information about the topic and the main idea

Sample space

Set of all possible outcomes for an experiment or trial

Logical order

So a reader can follow the information easily and quickly

Opinion

Something that a person believes, thinks, or feels

Fact

Something that is true and can be proved

Denseness property

States that if all real numbers are ordered from least to greatest on a number line, there is an infinite set of real numbers between any two given numbers on the line

Main idea

States the important idea or ideas that the author wants the reader to know about a topic

Simplifying

Strategy used when the best way to solve a problem is to break it into a series of simpler problems

Schemata

Structures that represent generic concepts stored in the memory

Question answering

Students answer questions regarding a text, either out loud in small groups, or individually on paper

Passive learning

Students are taught in a non-stimulating and inactive atmosphere

Summarization

Students go over the main point of the text along with strategically chosen details that highlight the main point

Salt

Substance formed when an acid and a base combine chemically

Sectional endings

Suffixes that impart a new meaning to the base or root word

Histograms

Summarize information from large sets of data that can be naturally grouped into intervals

Random sampling

Supplies every combination of items from a frame, or stratum, with a known probability of occurring

Exponent

Tells how many times the base is multiplied by itself

Precision

Tells us how exact a measurement is

Mediated scaffolding

Temporary support or guidance provided to students in the form of steps, tasks, materials, and personal support during initial learning

Relative humidity

The actual amount of water vapor in a certain volume of air compared to the maximum amount of water vapor this air could hold at a given temperature

Coefficient addition

The addition of variables

Dew point

The air temperature at which water vapor begins to condense

Volume

The amount of cubic space that an object occupies

Quotient

The answer to a division problem

Product

The answer to a multiplication problem

Mood

The atmosphere or attitude the writer conveys through descriptive language

Background knowledge

The basic knowledge most children bring to their learning experiences

Neuron

The basic unit of the nervous system

Refraction

The bending of light as it enters a different medium

Immunity

The body's ability to recognize and destroy an antigen before it causes harm and to fight disease through special proteins that destroy infection

Central nervous system

The brain and the spinal cord, it is responsible for the body's response to environmental stimuli

Demography

The branch of science of statistics most concerned with the social well-being of people

Weathering

The breaking down of rocks at or near the earth's surface

Causation

The change in one of those data points caused the other data points to change

Condensation

The change in phase from gas to liquid

Evaporation

The change in phase from liquid to gas

Cardiovascular system

The closed circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood and nutrients to all cells of the body and returns carbon dioxide waste to the lungs for expulsion

Industrial Revolution

The development of power-driven machinery fueled by coal and steam

Range

The difference between the highest and lowest value of data items

Tolerance interval

The difference between the lower and upper levels of tolerance

Circumference

The distance around a circle

Emergent literacy

The early reading and writing behaviors that precede and develop into conventional literacy

Détente

The easing of tensions or strained relations between rivals

Wave-particle duality

The exhibition of both wavelike and particle-like properties by a single entity, usually a quantum phenomenon relating to photons, electrons, and protons

Control

The experiment conducted under normal conditions

Stamp Act

The first direct tax on British colonists in America

Kinetic friction

The force of friction of two surfaces in contact with each other when there is relative motion between the surfaces

Static friction

The force of friction of two surfaces that are in contact but do not have any motion relative to each other, such as a block sitting on an inclined plane

Caldera

The formation left by the collapse of a volcano cone into an empty magma chamber

Theory

The formation of principles or relationships that have been verified and accepted

Upper limit

The greatest acceptable measure of error

Tolerance

The greatest measure of error allowed

Abrasion

The grinding action of sand, pebbles, and other rock fragments in a stream

Rule of law

The ideal that the law applies not only to the governed, but to the government as well

Erosion

The inclusion and transportation of surface materials by another moveable material (usually water, wind, or ice)

Phagocytosis

The ingestion of foreign particles

Fusion

The joining of atomic nuclei which results in the release of large amounts of energy

Correlation

The joint movement of various data points, a measure of association between two variables

Greatest common factor

The largest number that is a factor of all the numbers in a problem

Lower limit

The least acceptable measure of error

Trophic levels

The levels of feeding relationships that determine energy flow and chemical cycling

Line of reflection

The line where a mirror may be placed, the distance from a point to this line is the same as the distance from the points image to this line

Hyperbole

The literary version of exaggeration

Statement support

The main idea is stated and the rest of the paragraph explains or proves it

Density

The mass of a substance contained per unit of volume

Statistics

The mathematical science that deals with the collection, organization, presentation, and analysis of various forms of numerical data

Weight

The measure of Earth's pull of gravity on an object

Entropy

The measure of how much energy or heat is available for work

Mass

The measure of the amount of matter in an object

Volcanism

The movement of magma through the crust as well as its emergence as lava onto the Earth's surface

Whole numbers

The natural numbers and zero

Peripheral nervous system

The nerves that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

Frequency of the interval

The number of data values in any interval

Area

The number of square units covered by a polygon

Frequency

The number of times any particular data value occurs

Mode

The number that occurs with the greatest frequency in a set of numbers

Base

The number to be multiplied as many times as indicated by the exponent

Question generating

The opposite of question answering, where students learn to ask questions and think critically about texts

Exfoliation

The peeling away of the outer layers from a rock

Scientific Revolution

The period beginning in the 16th century that was dominated by scientific study, particularly applied to the study of physics

Prehistory

The period of mankind's achievements before the development of writing

Character

The person, such as a hero or villain, represented in a story

Setting

The place or location where a story occurs

Point of averages

The point on the respective averages of the x and y values

Integers

The positive and negative whole numbers and zero

Periodization

The practice of dividing time into a number of discrete periods or blocks of time

Scientific method

The process by which researchers over time endeavor to construct an accurate representation of the world

Discussion

The process by which students are encouraged to see the range of possibilities in a text by sharing their thoughts about it in a group

Deductive thinking

The process of arriving at a conclusion on the basis of other statements that are all known to be true, such as theorems, axioms, or postulates

Evolution

The process of change over a long period of time

Inductive thinking

The process of finding a pattern from a group of examples

Active listening

The process of repeating back what was said in the form of a question

Word analysis

The process readers use to figure out unfamiliar words based on written patterns

Gametogenesis

The production of the sperm (spermatogenesis) and egg cells (oogenesis)

Supply

The quantities of a good or service that a producer is willing and able to sell at different prices during a given period of time

Demand

The quantity of goods and services that consumers are willing and able to purchase at different prices during a given period of time

Flexibility

The range of motion around a joint or muscle

Specific gravity

The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water

Comprehension

The reader can ascribe meaning to text

Niche

The relational position of a species or population in an ecosystem

Coordinate pair

The relationship between a pair of values

Laws of thermodynamics

The relationship between heat, forms of energy, and work (mechanical, electrical)

Ovulation

The release of the egg into the fallopian tube

Fossil

The remains or trace of an ancient organism that has been preserved naturally in the earth's crust

Taxonomy

The science of classification

Culture

The set of values, conventions, or social practices associated with a particular group

Least common multiple

The smallest number in a group of numbers that all the given numbers will divide into evenly

Molecule

The smallest particle of a substance that can exist independently and has all of the properties of that substance

Atom

The smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element

Magnetic field

The space around a magnet where its force will affect objects

Content area vocabulary

The specific vocabulary related to the particular concepts of various academic disciplines

Fission

The splitting of an atomic nucleus which releases large amounts of energy

Equilibrium

The state of balance between opposing forces of change

Cold War

The state of political tension and military rivalry between the Soviet Union and the West from the end of WWII to the 1980s

Economics

The study of how a society allocates its scarce resources to satisfy what are basically unlimited and competing wants, a study of the production, consumption, and distribution of goods and services

Ecology

The study of how living organisms interact with the physical aspects of their surroundings (their environment) including soil, water, air, and other living things

Biogeography

The study of how the surface features of Earth (form, movement, and climate) affect living things

Geography

The study of location and how living things and Earth's features are distributed throughout the Earth

Electrostatics

The study of stationary electric charges

History

The study of the past, especially aspects of human past, like political incidents, economic events, and cultural and social conditions

Dynamics

The study of the relationship between motion and the forces affecting motion

Morphology

The study of word structure

Dermis

The thicker inner layer of the skin

Epidermis

The thinner outer layer of the skin

Themes

The underlying messages, above and beyond all plot elements, that writers want to convey

Literal comprehension

The understanding of the basic facts of a given passage

Text structure

The use of headings, sidebars, and more that give important clues to the reader about what to look for in a story

Opportunity cost

The value of the sacrificed alternative

Cause and effect

This pattern describes how two or more events are connected

Decode

To change communication signals into messages

Active immunization

Treatment that provides immunity by challenging an individual's own immune system to produce an antibody against a particular organism

Passive immunization

Treatment that provides immunity through the transfer of antibodies obtained from an immune individual

Marshall Plan

US program for rebuilding the economic foundation of Western Europe following WWII

Alphabetic principle

Understanding that written words are composed of patterns of letters that represent the sounds of spoken words

Subjunctive mood

Used for conditional clauses or wish statements that pose untrue conditions

Bar graph

Used to compare various quantities

Correlation coefficient

Used to describe the strength of the association between the variables, as well as the direction of the association

Indicative mood

Used to make unconditional statements

Electrophoresis

Uses electrical charges of molecules to separate them according to their size

Stalagmites

Water that falls on a constant spot on the cave floor and evaporates, leaving a deposit of calcium carbonate

Precipitation

Water that falls to Earth in the form of rain and snow

Topic

What the paragraph or story is about

Comparison-contrast

When a paragraph describes the differences of similarities of two or more ideas, actions, events, or things

Predation

When a predator eats its prey

Monopoly

When a single company owns all or nearly all of the market for a given type of product or service

Destructive interference

When a trough and a crest of different shapes meet, the two pulses will cancel each other out and the medium will assume the equilibrium position

Substitution

When an equation is solved for either of two variables, then the solution is substituted to find the remaining variable

Secularism

When emphasis shifts away from religion to the state

Strategic instruction

When information is carefully combined with what the learner already knows and understands to produce a more generalizable, higher-order skill

Tangent

When objects make contact at a single point or along a line without crossing

Linear combinations

When one or both of two equations are replaced with an equivalent equation so that they can be combined and one variable eliminated

Inflammatory response

When the blood supply to the injured area increases, causing redness, heat, and swelling

Constructive interference

When two crests or troughs of the same shape meet

Competition

When two or more species in a community use the same resources

Symbiosis

When two species live close together

Wave interference

When two waves meet while traveling along the same medium

Textual marking

Where students interact with the text as they read, for example, with sticky notes, to help them focus on the importance of small things and provide a reference point for review

Prime numbers

Whole numbers greater than 1 that have only two factors: 1 and the number itself

Composite numbers

Whole numbers that have more than two different factors

Transitions

Words that signal relationships between ideas that can help to improve the flow of a document