Gace reading version 1

While there is general agreement about the significance of the Harlem Renaissance, there is less accord on when the movement begins and ends, since it Line is not marked by a consistent set of aesthetics or a(5)unifying style. Literature from the period covered a wide range of forms, from classic sonnets to modernist verse to blues and jazz aesthetics to folklore. The movement is associated with the 1920s, the Jazz Age, but just when it emerged and disappeared is a source of debate. (10) Literary scholars Cheryl Wall and Gloria Hull have observed that narrow time and geographical parameters for the Harlem Renaissance work against women, most of whom published in a scattered way across a continuum of time and from regions outside Harlem.(15)Given that point of view, the movement's limits should be tied to two landmark events: the production of Angelina Weld Grimké's play Rachel (1916) and the publication of Zora Neal Hurston's novel Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937). Neither of these works was(20)written in Harlem or in the 1920s. But bracketing the Renaissance with these two events pins the period to African American-authored creative literature rather than to political or economic events, which were dominated by White men. These limits also underscore the(25)importance of women to the movement, despite circumstances of gender that limited their ability to get into print. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage? A. An unresolved question is pointed out, and then a possible answer to the question is put forth. B. A movement is defined, and then several new illustrations to enhance that definition are presented. C. A period in history is described, and then some pivotal events that occurred during the period are discussed. D. A creative movement is summarized, and then its major contributors are discussed in detail. E. An ongoing controversy is presented, and then the history of that controversy is examined.

Option (A) is correct. In the first paragraph, the passage points out a question about the beginning and ending dates of the Harlem Renaissance movement. The second paragraph suggests the publication dates of two particular works as landmark events bracketing the movement.

The fact that climate change could occur suddenly,perhaps with dire consequences, has gained currency in recent years as many general interest science Line magazines have run feature articles on the subject of(5)what is usually called "abrupt" climate change. Perhaps this has been a bit too much of a good thing, in that it has led to excessive treatments like the one in The Day After Tomorrow, the 2004 movie in which Los Angeles is leveled by tornadoes and New York City, in a matter of(10)days, is buried under mountains of ice. This emphasis on abruptness has been misleading since the question is not just how fast climate change might occur but also whether the change would be drastic enough to threaten the foundations of civilizations. (15) To judge from the behavior of the insurance industry, this message is only just beginning to sink in. The fortunes of insurance companies will depend on whether the damage done by global warming is merely incrementally worse than damage done in the recent(20)past, or whether the effects are drastically different in kind. But most insurance companies continue to rely mainly on historical extrapolations from past patterns rather than on dynamic climate models to assess climate risks. If it turns out that they are greatly(25)underestimating future damages, as will likely be the case, the consequences will be serious. Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: In the second paragraph, the author suggests that the insurance industry's response to potential "climate risks" (line 24) has been A. largely appropriate B. disturbingly aggressive C. understandably skeptical D. unfairly implemented E. overly conservative

Option (E) is correct. In the final sentence of the passage the author indicates that insurance companies' current risk models, which rely heavily on past patterns, probably are "greatly underestimating" future damages from climate change and that insurers' response to risk is, therefore, too conservative in its approach.

Grammatical language defines humanity. The complex vocalizations of mammals such as dolphins and primates have been the subject of many studies,Line but so far, no natural animal communication appears(5)to have a power of expression that is in any way close to human language. Animal communication can be based on a limited repertoire of calls (e.g., warning or territorial calls) or consist of variations on a theme(such as birdsong) or be a continuous signal (e.g., the(10)honeybee's dance, which transmits information on food sources). But the grammar inherent in human language enables us, in the words of Wilhelm von Humboldt, to"make infinite use of finite means." The author most probably uses the word "defines" in line 1 to mean A. distinguishes B. limits C. depicts D. illustrates E. interprets Correct Answer: A

Correct Answer: A Option (A) is correct. The passage discusses what sets human language apart, or distinguishes it, from animal communication. According to the passage, the distinctiveness of human communication defines humanity.

Questions 42-46 refer to the following passage. Whenever people talk about Times Square, a commercial area in the heart of New York City, they talk about its giant signs. Those signs were there at the Line square's very start, and for its whole life they have been(5)designed and arranged to overwhelm the people on the ground. Over the years they have run 50, 60, 70 feet high, sometimes a whole block long. They have been extravagantly lit with whatever the state of advertising art allows — thousands of bulbs, lovely neon(10)calligraphy, tremendous spotlights, throbbing and exploding computer graphics. They are the most striking elements in the New York cityscape. In its profusion of signs, Times Square has never been alone. Early in the twentieth century, every city had(15)its own version of Times Square. Most of these went dark after the Second World War, however, when many American cities, especially in the American Southwest,replaced their downtown squares with long, broad roads that favored drivers rather than pedestrians. In Las(20)Vegas and Los Angeles, these new commercial spaces were populated with signs as big and bold as Times Square's, but they were laid out in straight lines, meant to be seen one or at most two at a time by drivers or passengers on the road. New York City alone survived(25)to tell the tale. Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: The author would most likely agree with which of the following about the giant signs in Times Square? A. While the technology behind the signs has changed, the basic purpose of those signs has remained constant. B. The signs have been the driving force behind many of the changes in advertising art during the last century. C. Only with the advent of computer graphics have the signs become truly striking to onlookers. D. The use of the signs should be reconsidered given the amount of energy that they consume. E. Because of their large size and extravagant lighting, the signs are unique in the American urban landscape.

Option (A) is correct. Given the information about the "giant signs" in the second and third sentences of the first paragraph, it is reasonable to conclude that the author would most likely agree with (A).

Questions 33-38 refer to the following pair of passages. Passage 1 In January 2002, Judge Louis Pollak made headlines with a ruling on the admissibility of fingerprints. The Line opinion of the distinguished judge and former academic(5)was essentially that fingerprint identification was not a legitimate form of scientific evidence. Fingerprints not scientific? The conclusions of fingerprint examiners not admissible in court? Fingerprints have been used as evidence in the U.S. courtroom for nearly 100 years.(10)They have long been considered the gold standard of forensic science and are widely viewed as an especially powerful and indisputable form of evidence. What could Judge Pollak have been thinking? About six weeks later,Judge Pollak changed his mind. And yet, Judge Pollak's(15)first opinion was the better one. Passage 2 Recently, the number of challenges to finger print evidence has been increasing. Given finger printing's long standing as the gold standard of human(20)identification, this may seem surprising, but there are several reasons for this development. Foremost is DNA identification, which has not only transformed forensic science but also created a new set of standards that have raised expectations for forensic science. Even(25)given these new expectations, however, how can finger print analysis, so long the paradigm for human identification, be subject to serious question? The answer lies in recognizing the distinction between a latent print (one taken from a crime scene), and a rolled(30)or inked print (a print taken under controlled conditions). Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: Both authors do which of the following? A. Acknowledge historical precedents B. Provide a definition of a term C. Reference an authority figure D. Offer an explanation for a recent trend E.

Option (A) is correct. Historical precedent for the use of fingerprints is given in the fifth sentence of Passage 1 and the second sentence of Passage 2.

In the early years of the twentieth century, successful courtroom lawyers were little different from ham actors in melodramas. By going through every histrionic trick in Line the theatrical repertoire, the greatest of them could(5)make the jury weep. The days of the great orators have long gone, though. Juries today would laugh out loud if one of the old-style attorneys appeared before them now, displaying orotund delivery, false emotions, and verbal pomposity. Society has changed, language has(10)changed, and television has brought the courtroom —fictional and real — into everyone's consciousness. Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: The primary purpose of the passage is to A. discuss a kind of courtroom behavior that has passed out of fashion B. imply that legal proceedings are not as objective as most people think they are C. suggest that today's lawyers possess the same kinds of talents as television actors D. show how the public's opinion of the legal profession has changed over time E. contrast real-life courtroom drama with courtroom drama depicted on television

Option (A) is correct. The first two sentences of the passage describe a kind of histrionic behavior formerly displayed by courtroom lawyers. The rest of the passage notes that this type of behavior has passed out of fashion and it provides an explanation for why it has passed out of fashion.

Questions 30-32 refer to the following passage. Radio data obtained in 1996 indicated the wall of a south polar crater on the Moon to be more reflective than expected, and ice was the most likely explanation. Line Why should the Moon — a world with no atmosphere(5)and whose rocks contain almost no water — have ice?By a fortuitous coincidence, the Moon's rotation axis tilts in such a way as to put the floors of some polar craters eternally in shadow. These floors become very cold and trap random molecules of water, which might come from(10)the tails of passing comets, or even comet impacts. Impacts elsewhere on the Moon would redistribute rock and soil, so any ice would be mixed with lots of dirt. Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument presented in the passage? A. Meteorites riddled with ice have collided with the Moon. B. Reflectivity can be caused by a number of elements. C. It is possible that the Moon's rotation axis may change. D. Radio data about the Moon has been obtained since 1996. E. Orbits around the Moon's equator fail to reveal any signs of ice.

Option (A) is correct. The question encourages test takers to select a choice that would strengthen the claim that "passing comets, or even comet impacts" are possibly the source of the water molecules that later develop into ice on the Moon.

Questions 50-53 refer to the following passage. Embarrassment is ubiquitous in human social life: it occurs all the time. But what triggers the experience of embarrassment? Two competing accounts have Line emerged in recent years. According to the(5)"social-evaluation" model, which seems closest to ordinary intuition, the root of embarrassment is the anticipation of negative evaluation by others. People become embarrassed when they perceive that the social image they want to project has been undermined(10)and that others are forming negative impressions of them, as, for example, when stumbling in a busy restaurant. While there are many situations that seem to fit this account quite well, it does not provide a complete story. Why, for example, do most people feel(15)embarrassed when their friends sing "Happy Birthday"to them in a restaurant? Here, others' attentions are entirely positive and do not reflect negatively on the self in any way. According to the "awkward-interaction"model, embarrassment is likely to arise when a person(20)anticipates a disruption of smooth social interaction and faces a situation without a clear sense of the social expectations governing behavior. In other words, it is not that people are worried about making a bad impression per se that causes embarrassment, but rather that they(25)do not know what to do next. Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: It can be inferred from the passage that proponents of the social-evaluation model and proponents of the awkward-interaction model would probably disagree on which of the following issues? A. Whether embarrassment is an automatic biological response B. What kinds of concerns trigger feelings of embarrassment C. What the outward signs of embarrassment are D. What kind of person is most likely to become embarrassed E. How important others' opinions are to most people

Option (B) is correct. Lines 3-4 provide evidence for answering this question correctly. The passage focuses on the question of what triggers embarrassment. Two models are offered to answer the question. The fact that the models are described as "competing accounts" with respect to the question indicates that they answer the question differently and, therefore, disagree on it.

Art, or at least art that matters, traffics in a space between the world as it might be and the world as it is. Whether we feel better or worse about ourselves in its midst depends on the kinds of artists involved, but either way, the best artists make us want to linger in the spaces they concoct if only because afterward the real world comes more clearly into focus. Question: Which of the following could be substituted for the phrase "traffics in" in the first sentence with the least change in meaning? A.clogs up B.exists in C.passes by D.overtakes E.consumes

Option (B) is correct. Test takers are being asked to select a substitute phrase that will maintain the meaning of the sentence containing "traffics in." Here, "traffics in" suggests to reside in, live in. The choice that most clearly conveys that same meaning is (B).

Grammatical language defines humanity. The complex vocalizations of mammals such as dolphins and primates have been the subject of many studies,Line but so far, no natural animal communication appears(5)to have a power of expression that is in any way close to human language. Animal communication can be based on a limited repertoire of calls (e.g., warning or territorial calls) or consist of variations on a theme(such as birdsong) or be a continuous signal (e.g., the(10)honeybee's dance, which transmits information on food sources). But the grammar inherent in human language enables us, in the words of Wilhelm von Humboldt, to"make infinite use of finite means." A. More research needs to be done on animal communication before it can profitably be compared to human communication. B. Human language, as compared to the diverse types of animal communication, is distinguished by a system of grammar. C. Wilhelm von Humboldt, a grammar expert, notes that humans and animals have a similar capacity for infinite communication. D. Dolphins and primates have a system of intricate articulations that is similar to that of humans. E. Animal warning calls, as well as birdsong and the dance of honeybees, have elements of grammatical structure.

Option (B) is correct. The passage compares human language with animal communication and asserts that grammar is what makes human communication uniquely powerful.

Even though no ancient writings survive from the thirteenth-century city of Cahokia — located in what is now Illinois — archaeologists hypothesize, given the artifacts found at Cahokian burial sites, that the residents of Cahokia engaged in trade. These artifacts include arrowheads made from the black chert of Oklahoma, worked shells from the Gulf of Mexico, and ornamental cutouts of mica from North Carolina. Question: Which of the following, if true, would suggest an alternative to the archaeologists' hypothesis? A.The residents of Cahokia used arrowheads for decorative as well as practical purposes. B.The residents of Cahokia often received gifts from travelers. C.The artifacts found at Cahokia date from the middle of the thirteenth century. D.The artifacts found at Cahokia are elaborately ornamented. E.The artifacts found at Cahokia are made from materials that cannot be found in the Cahokia area.

Option (B) is correct. The passage suggests that trade is hypothesized to account for the presence of certain artifacts in Cahokia. Of the answer choices given, only the receiving of gifts would offer an alternate means of accounting for the presence of the artifacts

Michael Novacek, curator of paleontology at the American Museum of Natural History, is a world-class field scientist. He is also one of paleontology's most effective popularizers, an entertaining writer as good at bringing oviraptors and other fantastic creatures to life in print as at spotting their fragmented remains in a wall of rock. He writes without the sensationalism that has dogged the study of dinosaurs since the nineteenth century, when rival museums competed to claim the biggest skeletons. Question: Which of the following best describes Michael Novacek's work in paleontology? A.His primary concern is to criticize the work of paleontologists who have sensationalized the field. B.He excels at fieldwork as well as at popular writing about serious scientific issues. C.He does good fieldwork, but his pompous style weakens his writing about scientific themes. D.He aims to be an entertaining writer, and as a result he sensationalizes his subject. E.His writing, both popular and academic, overshadows his fieldwork.

Option (B) is correct. The second sentence of the paragraph directly addresses Novacek's work in paleontology.

Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Jazz's prestige suffers from the fallacy that it is a product of emotion and not intellect. As a response to such misunderstandings, jazz trumpeter Wynton Marsalis invokes the intellectualism of jazz practice as a means of proving its status as art. The lack of a full array of written scores does not signify a shortcoming: "What is so amazing is that [jazz musicians] came up with as intellectual a system as was eventually developed, without the emphasis being on written music." Question: It can be inferred from the passage that Wynton Marsalis would agree with which of the following statements? A.Not all music that has a written score is intellectual. B.Music need not have a written score to be intellectual. C.Jazz is unique in that it is intellectual without the presence of written scores. D.The prestige of a musical genre should not be related to its intellectualism. E.Emotion and intellect are not mutually exclusive qualities of music.

Option (B) is correct. The statement in the second sentence of the passage that Marsalis "invokes the intellectualism of jazz practice" and the quotation of Marsalis in the final sentence concerning jazz's lack of emphasis on written music suggest that Marsalis would not regard a written score as essential to the intellectual quality of music.

Embarrassment is ubiquitous in human social life: it occurs all the time. But what triggers the experience of embarrassment? Two competing accounts have Line emerged in recent years. According to the(5)"social-evaluation" model, which seems closest to ordinary intuition, the root of embarrassment is the anticipation of negative evaluation by others. People become embarrassed when they perceive that the social image they want to project has been undermined(10)and that others are forming negative impressions of them, as, for example, when stumbling in a busy restaurant. While there are many situations that seem to fit this account quite well, it does not provide a complete story. Why, for example, do most people feel(15)embarrassed when their friends sing "Happy Birthday"to them in a restaurant? Here, others' attentions are entirely positive and do not reflect negatively on the self in any way. According to the "awkward-interaction"model, embarrassment is likely to arise when a person(20)anticipates a disruption of smooth social interaction and faces a situation without a clear sense of the social expectations governing behavior. In other words, it is not that people are worried about making a bad impression per se that causes embarrassment, but rather that they(25)do not know what to do next. Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: For which of the following situations does the social-evaluation model, as it is described in the passage, provide the most likely explanation? A. A woman pretends to be surprised when her family hosts a surprise party for her, even though she already knew that the party was going to take place. B. A creative-writing class cheers when the professor announces the name of the best student author of the year. C. An employee blushes uncontrollably when he forgets the name of a colleague he is attempting to introduce to his friends. D. A young child begins to cry when his family starts singing "Happy Birthday" to the child's older brother. E. A high school senior bursts into tears of joy when informed that she has been awarded a scholarship to a major university.

Option (C) is correct. Here, test takers are being asked to recognize a situation that is most similar to that of "stumbling in a restaurant." According to the social-evaluation model, such a situation would result in others forming negative opinions of the person who stumbles or, in this case, "forgets the name of a colleague" to be introduced.

Samantha is a member of a health club and prefers to exercise at approximately 5:30 A.M. every day, even on the weekend (Saturday-Sunday). Below is a chart showing the activities she participated in during the month of June. Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: Which of the following statements about Samantha's exercise routine in June is best supported by the information provided? A. Samantha participated in water aerobics more than any other activity. B. Samantha lifted weights only on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. C. Samantha regularly lifted weights and engaged in cardio activities. D. Samantha participated in yoga at least once every weekend. E. Samantha participated in two different activities on the same day twice each week.

Option (C) is correct. Samantha's workout schedule in the month of June reveals that each week Samantha consistently incorporated weights and cardio training in her workout schedule.

Questions 42-46 refer to the following passage. Whenever people talk about Times Square, a commercial area in the heart of New York City, they talk about its giant signs. Those signs were there at the Line square's very start, and for its whole life they have been(5)designed and arranged to overwhelm the people on the ground. Over the years they have run 50, 60, 70 feet high, sometimes a whole block long. They have been extravagantly lit with whatever the state of advertising art allows — thousands of bulbs, lovely neon(10)calligraphy, tremendous spotlights, throbbing and exploding computer graphics. They are the most striking elements in the New York cityscape. In its profusion of signs, Times Square has never been alone. Early in the twentieth century, every city had(15)its own version of Times Square. Most of these went dark after the Second World War, however, when many American cities, especially in the American Southwest,replaced their downtown squares with long, broad roads that favored drivers rather than pedestrians. In Las(20)Vegas and Los Angeles, these new commercial spaces were populated with signs as big and bold as Times Square's, but they were laid out in straight lines, meant to be seen one or at most two at a time by drivers or passengers on the road. New York City alone survived(25)to tell the tale. Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: The final sentence in the passage suggests that which of the following is true of Times Square? A. It remains unappreciated by much of the United States. B. It is the inspiration for much of the urban development in the United States after the Second World War. C. It is unique in that it still has a single area with a concentration of large signs. D. It needs some form of governmental protection if it is to survive. E.It is no longer the commercial center that it once was.

Option (C) is correct. The final sentence emphasizes the uniqueness of New York City with its concentration of big signs.

Marginalia, notes written in the margins of a book, seem unworthy of attention almost by definition — they are slight, dispensable, often anonymous, and too often distracting. Of course, if they happen to be made by one literary celebrity in a book written by another — for example, the English poet John Keats on the ancient Greek historian Herodotus — some attention is deserved. Otherwise, such annotation is now taken as a kind of trespass, an inappropriate marring of a book's virgin terrain. Question: The function of the second sentence in the passage (Of course, if they . . . ) is to A.elaborate on the explanation given in the first sentence B.pose a rhetorical question C.provide an exception to a rule D.make an allusion to a relevant poem E.compare the same phenomenon in two historical periods

Option (C) is correct. The opening sentence claims that marginalia, by definition, seem almost unworthy of attention; however, an exception is noted, as in the case cited in the second sentence.

We know quite a lot about the universe, but there is much more we still do not know. About 80 percent of it, for instance, does not exist as visible matter, but as something invisible and mysterious — so-called dark matter. Scientists have not yet succeeded in detecting the sub-atomic particles thought to comprise this dark matter. Suppose they never succeed? That will mean that a substantial amount of the universe will continue to consist of material that we cannot perceive, even with our most advanced tools. Question: The author suggests which of the following about the fact that scientists have not yet succeeded in detecting dark matter? A.It has generated widespread criticism of the scientific establishment. B.It has stimulated the public's interest in the search for dark matter. C.It is testimony to how much we still have to learn about the structure of the universe. D.It only recently became a matter of concern for a select group of scientists. E.It has stimulated the development of new tools for searching for dark matter.

Option (C) is correct. The passage asserts that 80 percent of the universe consists of dark matter, which is "invisible and mysterious" and, therefore, poorly understood.

Questions 33-38 refer to the following pair of passages. Passage 1 In January 2002, Judge Louis Pollak made headlines with a ruling on the admissibility of fingerprints. The Line opinion of the distinguished judge and former academic(5)was essentially that fingerprint identification was not a legitimate form of scientific evidence. Fingerprints not scientific? The conclusions of fingerprint examiners not admissible in court? Fingerprints have been used as evidence in the U.S. courtroom for nearly 100 years.(10)They have long been considered the gold standard of forensic science and are widely viewed as an especially powerful and indisputable form of evidence. What could Judge Pollak have been thinking? About six weeks later,Judge Pollak changed his mind. And yet, Judge Pollak's(15)first opinion was the better one. Passage 2 Recently, the number of challenges to finger print evidence has been increasing. Given fingerprinting's long standing as the gold standard of human(20)identification, this may seem surprising, but there are several reasons for this development. Foremost is DNA identification, which has not only transformed forensic science but also created a new set of standards that have raised expectations for forensic science. Even(25)given these new expectations, however, how can finger print analysis, so long the paradigm for human identification, be subject to serious question? The answer lies in recognizing the distinction between a latent print (one taken from a crime scene), and a rolled(30)or inked print (a print taken under controlled conditions). Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: In the context in which it appears, "form" (line 6) most nearly means A. shape B. idea C. type D. conduct E. document

Option (C) is correct. The question asks test takers to select the word that is most similar in meaning. In this context, "form" means the kind or "type."

Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. The drive to regulate sweatshop working conditions in the United States in the 1890s required the cooperation of many groups. The most prominent leader of that campaign was Florence Kelley of Chicago. She devised a strategy that eventually came to dominate legislative remedies for sweatshop labor. Since sweatshops depended on women's labor, Kelley reasoned, passage and enforcement of an eight‑hour day for women would drive sweatshops out of business because their inefficient methods could not produce profits except through longer hours. Question: The passage provides information for answering most fully which of the following questions? A.How did Kelley first become interested in regulating sweatshop labor? B.What percentage of Chicago's workforce was employed in sweatshops during the 1890s? C.How did sweatshop working conditions in Kelley's time differ from those today? D.Why did Kelley believe that her legislative strategy would be effective? E.What impact did Kelley's work have on the efforts of labor unions in Chicago?

Option (D) is correct. The final sentence of the passage describes Kelley's reasoning regarding the effectiveness of her legislative strategy for regulating sweatshops.

The use of bitter manioc, a starchy root, by precontact populations in the Orinoco valley is inferred from archaeological grater flakes, griddle fragments, and topia, the ceramic stands that support a griddle over a fire. All of these artifacts are used by modern populations to process bitter manioc. Sweet manioc tends to be ignored as a possibility, perhaps because there are no modern artifacts associated with its processing. Question: According to the passage, why do archaeologists believe that bitter manioc was used by precontact populations? A.It is not necessary to cook sweet manioc over a fire before eating it. B.Bitter manioc is more popular than sweet manioc in the Orinoco valley today. C.Bitter manioc is used by modern populations living in the Orinoco valley. D.Items similar to those used today to process bitter manioc have been found at archaeological sites. E.Griddles that stand on topia are used today to process a number of different foods.

Option (D) is correct. The first sentence of the passage says that use of bitter manioc is inferred from artifacts found at archaeological sites. The second sentence says that modern populations use the same types of items to process bitter manioc.

The destruction of free-ranging herds of buffalo on the American Great Plains occurred in the 1870s, the result of businesses' being interested only in the Line animals' hides. But why was urban America eager to(5)pay good money for millions of buffalo hides when cattle hides were readily available close at hand? The answer is simple. Before the invention of rubberized belting for use in factories, industrial America required leather belts to connect steam engines with all the new machines(10)that were turning out manufactured goods in unprecedented quantity. Buffalo hides, being larger and thicker than cattle hides, could be made into stronger and more durable drive belts. The passage suggests that with the invention of rubberized belting, which of the following probably occurred? A. Factory productivity in the United States dramatically decreased. B. The price of buffalo hides rose sharply. C. Businesses came to prefer cattle hides to buffalo hides. D. Buffalo hides became less sought after for use in factories. E. Steam engines became less important in the manufacturing process.

Option (D) is correct. The next-to-last sentence of the passage asserts that leather drive belts were in demand "before the invention of rubberized belting," implying that leather drive belts were needed less, and therefore presumably "less sought after," following the invention of rubberized belting.

Questions 50-53 refer to the following passage. Embarrassment is ubiquitous in human social life: it occurs all the time. But what triggers the experience of embarrassment? Two competing accounts have Line emerged in recent years. According to the(5)"social-evaluation" model, which seems closest to ordinary intuition, the root of embarrassment is the anticipation of negative evaluation by others. People become embarrassed when they perceive that the social image they want to project has been undermined(10)and that others are forming negative impressions of them, as, for example, when stumbling in a busy restaurant. While there are many situations that seem to fit this account quite well, it does not provide a complete story. Why, for example, do most people feel(15)embarrassed when their friends sing "Happy Birthday"to them in a restaurant? Here, others' attentions are entirely positive and do not reflect negatively on the self in any way. According to the "awkward-interaction"model, embarrassment is likely to arise when a person(20)anticipates a disruption of smooth social interaction and faces a situation without a clear sense of the social expectations governing behavior. In other words, it is not that people are worried about making a bad impression per se that causes embarrassment, but rather that they(25)do not know what to do next. Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: The author finds fault with the social-evaluation model for its failure to answer which of the following questions? A. Why do we become embarrassed when we think others have formed a bad impression of us? B. Why does embarrassment most often tend to occur in public situations? C. Why are certain people more prone to embarrassment than others? D. What makes embarrassment an unpleasant sensation? E. Why are we embarrassed by positive attention?

Option (E) is correct. The author objects to the social-evaluation model because it does not account for a person's feelings of embarrassment in positive situations, as in the case of the "Happy Birthday" experience described in line 17.

Questions 42-46 refer to the following passage. Whenever people talk about Times Square, a commercial area in the heart of New York City, they talk about its giant signs. Those signs were there at the Line square's very start, and for its whole life they have been(5)designed and arranged to overwhelm the people on the ground. Over the years they have run 50, 60, 70 feet high, sometimes a whole block long. They have been extravagantly lit with whatever the state of advertising art allows — thousands of bulbs, lovely neon(10)calligraphy, tremendous spotlights, throbbing and exploding computer graphics. They are the most striking elements in the New York cityscape. In its profusion of signs, Times Square has never been alone. Early in the twentieth century, every city had(15)its own version of Times Square. Most of these went dark after the Second World War, however, when many American cities, especially in the American Southwest,replaced their downtown squares with long, broad roads that favored drivers rather than pedestrians. In Las(20)Vegas and Los Angeles, these new commercial spaces were populated with signs as big and bold as Times Square's, but they were laid out in straight lines, meant to be seen one or at most two at a time by drivers or passengers on the road. New York City alone survived(25)to tell the tale. Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: Which of the following best describes the relationship between the two paragraphs in the passage? A. The first paragraph makes an assertion, while the second paragraph refutes that assertion with evidence. B. The first paragraph describes a historical event, and the second paragraph presents various perspectives on that event. C. The first paragraph describes a complex problem, and the second paragraph proposes a possible solution. D. The second paragraph attempts to defend a theory introduced in the first paragraph. E. The second paragraph places the phenomenon discussed in the first paragraph in a broader context.

Option (E) is correct. The phenomenon discussed in the first paragraph is the "profusion of signs" in Times Square. The second paragraph asserts that the phenomenon of a profusion of large, lighted signs was not unique to New York City, and explains that their configuration in other cities changed after the Second World War.

Questions 30-32 refer to the following passage. Radio data obtained in 1996 indicated the wall of a south polar crater on the Moon to be more reflective than expected, and ice was the most likely explanation. Line Why should the Moon — a world with no atmosphere(5)and whose rocks contain almost no water — have ice?By a fortuitous coincidence, the Moon's rotation axis tiltsin such a way as to put the floors of some polar craters eternally in shadow. These floors become very cold and trap random molecules of water, which might come from(10)the tails of passing comets, or even comet impacts. Impacts elsewhere on the Moon would redistribute rock and soil, so any ice would be mixed with lots of dirt. Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: The author most likely mentions "Impacts elsewhere on the Moon" (line 11) in order to A. change the topic from water to impacts B. weaken the claim that the observed reflectivity is due to ice C. elaborate on the relevance of the Moon's rotation axis tilt D. provide a summary about the possibility of ice on the Moon E. strengthen the claim made about comets

Option (E) is correct. The question encourages test takers to evaluate the significance of a rhetorical choice in the author's argument. In the context of the passage, the reference to "impacts elsewhere on the Moon" helps to substantiate the claim about how water molecules might be accounted for on the Moon.

Questions 33-38 refer to the following pair of passages. Passage 1 In January 2002, Judge Louis Pollak made headlines with a ruling on the admissibility of fingerprints. The Line opinion of the distinguished judge and former academic(5)was essentially that fingerprint identification was not a legitimate form of scientific evidence. Fingerprints not scientific? The conclusions of fingerprint examiners not admissible in court? Fingerprints have been used as evidence in the U.S. courtroom for nearly 100 years.(10)They have long been considered the gold standard of forensic science and are widely viewed as an especially powerful and indisputable form of evidence. What could Judge Pollak have been thinking? About six weeks later,Judge Pollak changed his mind. And yet, Judge Pollak's(15)first opinion was the better one. Passage 2 Recently, the number of challenges to finger print evidence has been increasing. Given finger printing's long standing as the gold standard of human(20)identification, this may seem surprising, but there are several reasons for this development. Foremost is DNA identification, which has not only transformed forensic science but also created a new set of standards that have raised expectations for forensic science. Even(25)given these new expectations, however, how can finger print analysis, so long the paradigm for human identification, be subject to serious question? The answer lies in recognizing the distinction between a latent print (one taken from a crime scene), and a rolled(30)or inked print (a print taken under controlled conditions). Answer the question below by clicking on the correct response. Question: The reference to the "gold standard" in both passages serves to A. emphasize the high quality of the fingerprints that are typically taken B. highlight the superiority of scientific evidence over eyewitness accounts C. illustrate the prestige associated with high‑profile court cases D. indicate the accuracy of fingerprints in correctly solving crimes E. convey the high regard for fingerprints as a form of unique identification

Option (E) is correct. The use of "gold standard" in connection with fingerprinting implies a view of fingerprinting as a benchmark of excellence by which other forms of unique identification are measured.