Gen. Bio. II Ch.18

Determine the 3-D structure of the protein as well as other attributes (such as potential binding sites for other molecules

What does the biochemical approach aim to do to proteins?

The dynamic behavior of whole biological systems

What does the systems biology approach aim to model?

Sequencing by synthesis

What has resulted in the massive increase in speed and decrease in the cost of sequencing entire genomes?

Microbial communities found in diverse environments such as the Sargasso Sea and the human intestine

What has the approach of metagenomics been applied to?

Metagenomics

What involves sequencing DNA from a group of species?

CNVs occupy much longer stretches of DNA than SNPs and are likely to have greater phenotypic consequences

What is an advantage of focusing on copy-number variants (CNVs) over single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in human genomic studies?

To define gene circuits and protein interaction networks

What is one important use of the systems biology approach?

Bioinformatics

What is the application of computational methods to the storage and analysis of biological data?

Proteomics

What is the investigation of full protein sets and their interactions?

Exon shuffling

What is the mixing and matching of different exons together wither within a gene or between two different (nonallelic) genes owing to errors in meiotic recombination?

Transposition

What is the movement of a transposable element, or "jumping gene", from one site in a cell's DNA to a different target site by a type of recombination process?

Polyploidy

What is the possesion of one or more extra sets of chromosomes (relative to an ancestral condition) called?

Polygenic inheritance

What is the production of a phenotypic trait through the additive influence of multiple genes?

Genomics

What is the study of whole sets of genes and their interactions?

Single nucelotide polymorphisms (SNPs)

What is the term for single base-pair sites where variation is found in at least 1% of the population?

Determine the complete nucleotide sequence of each chromosome

What is the ultimate goal in mapping any genome?

Whole-genome shotgun approach

What starts with the cloning and sequencing of DNA fragments from randomly cut DNA?

The development of technology for faster sequencing

What was a major thrust of the Human Genome Project?

After transcription, but before translation

When are introns spliced out?

1990

When did the Human Genome Project officially begin?

Regions of the genome being duplicated or deleted inconsistently within the population

Where do CNVs result from?

Pan troglodytes

Which species is our closest living relative?

The cloning step (#2)

Which step of the whole-genome shotgun sequencing approach is unnecessary because of the sensitivity of the sequencing by synthesis techniques?

Edward B. Lewis

Who discovered homeotic genes through work on the embryonic development of Drosophila?

J. Craig Venter

Who is associated with the development of the whole-genome shotgun approach to genome sequencing?

Stanley Prusiner

Who is responsible for the leading model of how prions act as transmissible pathogens?

Shinya Yamanka

Who was the first to produce induced pluripotent stem cells from human differentiated cells?

The redundancy in the genetic code

Why might the DNA sequence itself vary more among species then the protein sequence does?

Determining how insulin resistance affects transcription of hundreds of other genes in the genome

An example of a systems biology experiment might be what?

SNPs

Are there more CNVs or SNPs?

Sequences all the DNA in an environmental sample and uses computer software to assemble the sequences into specific genomes

Metagenomics is a new approach that...?

"High-throughput"

Methods that can analyze biological materials very rapidly and produce enormous volumes of data re said to be what?

Complex diseases and disorders

The long variants of CNVs are also likely to play a role in what?

Coding and noncoding regions of the genome

Both CNVs and SNPs are present in what?

Genetic variation among poluations

CNVs and SNPs both provide important information about what?

About once in 100-300 base pairs in the human genome

How often do SNPs occur?

2

Less than __% of a genome codes for proteins.

1) Cut the DNA from many copies of an entire chromosome into overlapping fragments short enough fro sequencing 2) Clone fragments in plasmid or other vectors 3) Sequence each fragment 4) Order the sequences into one overall sequence with computer software

List the steps of the whole-genome shotgun approach to sequencing.

Eukaryotes

WD40 domains are present in many what?

Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy-number variants across individuals from the same and different populations

What approach would be most useful in tracing human evolution?

Evo-devo and the comparison of developmental genes in plants and animals

What approaches would be more useful over broader evolutionary time scales than that in which human species has diversified?

DNA sequencing

What are SNPs usually detected by?

Signal transduction pathways

What are WD40 domains known to function in?

Transposons

What are a type of trnsposable element that does not involve an RNA intermediate/

Alleles

What are alternate versions of a gene called?

Plasmids

What are circular pieces of DNA in bacteria that are separate from the main bacterial chromosome?

Copy-number variants (CNVs)

What are locations called where some individuals have one or multiple copies of a particular gene or genetic region rather than the standard two copies (one on each homolog)

Retrotransposons

What are segments of eukaryotic DNA that can move from one site to another in the genome by means of an RNA intermediate called?

Introns

What are unexpressed segments of DNA that interrupt genes sequences?

Particular genetic disorders or functional consequences of genes but would be less useful in tracing human evolution

What can systems biology and the use of "knock out experiments" be important in understanding?

An enzyme called transposase that moves the DNA segment within a genome by either a "cut-and-paste" or a "copy-and-paste" mechanism

What do transpososns require and encode for?