Gender Final Exam Study Guide

Describe some of the data that supports the importance of paternity leave (as described in the article "Paternity Brief")

-Paternity leave promotes parent-child bonding, improved outcomes for children and increases gender equality at home -Longer leaves mean dads have more time to bond with children and can be more involved in caring for their child -Increased time fathers spent caring for their very young children is associated with higher cognitive test scores for their children -When fathers take more paternity leave, mothers increase their level of full time work and another study from Sweden found increasing the amount of paternity leave men take has similar positive impacts on women's labor force participation.

When we look at the research on implicit stereotypes about gender and STEM with an intersectional lens, we have found that ______. a. African American women are even more impacted than White women b. women across ethnicities are impacted similarly c. some of our thinking about gender and STEM could be limited to Whites d. Asian women seem to be impacted less than other women of color and White women (WRONG)

?

In comparison to White lesbians, African American and Latina lesbians ______. a. reported coming out at an older age (WRONG) b. reported having more social support when coming out c. are more represented in the research d. reported wondering and deciding they were lesbian at a younger age

? I think d.

Define the term "glass cliff". According to the article, why does this seem to occur?

A "glass cliff" is a term used to describe when women are appointed to leadership positions when an organization is in crisis. This occurs because the crisis shifts people's stereotype view of what makes an ideal leader and it makes people believe that a change from the status quo is what is needed in a crisis. The glass cliff only happens when a man was in the leadership position when the crisis began, if a female was in the leadership position, then they are just as likely to choose a male for leader during the crisis.

What is an "unacknowledged rape victim?" According to the research article, what are some of the differences between acknowledged and unacknowledged victims. You can describe the differences between the assaults or the pathology (tables 1 and 2 in the article)

An unacknowledged rape victim is someone who does not label or recognize their experience as rape or even victimization. These individuals conceptualize their experience as a less serious event, such as miscommunication, seduction or an instance of bad sex or are unsure how to label the experience. The assaults of unacknowledged victims tend to be less violent and involve less force, resistance and injury. They are also more likely to occur in the context of a romantic relationship. In contrast, acknowledged victims engage in disclosure about the rape more than unacknowledged victims. Unacknowledged victims are at elevated risk of revictimization because they have more hazardous alcohol use and are more likely to continue a relationship with the assailant than acknowledged victims.

Describe the gender differences between males and females in terms of IQ, math, verbal abilities, spatial abilities, and school achievement

There are no gender differences in IQ or math scores. There is a slight gender difference in verbal ability, (d=-0.11) with females being better at verbal abilities, but gender differences have grown smaller over time. In terms of spatial abilities men are slightly better, d=0.13. In terms of school achievement, girls earn better grades than boys at all grade levels and in all subjects, but all of the gender gaps are small.

Based on the research what can you infer about a women who expresses dominance and agentic behaviors in the workplace? a. a reduction in her hire ability and likability b. a reduction in her likability but an increase in her hirability d. reduction in hirability but an increase in her likability

a. a reduction in her hire ability and likability

J. Eccles' analysis is based on the belief that gender differences in math performance and competence are not so much caused by gender differences in ______ as by gender differences in ______. a. ability; course choice b. course choice; biology c. biology; environment d. attributions; ability

a. ability; course choice

Which STEM field is most representative of women? a. biology b. computer science c. engineering d. mathematics and statistics

a. biology

Lesbians who are women of color ___ a. experience triple oppression b. usually identify more with their ethnic identity than their sexual orientation c. are less likely to come out as gay than White lesbians d. are rare in the United States

a. experience triple oppression

Childcare workers, dental hygienists, and registered nurses are examples of ______. a. female-dominated occupations b. male-dominated occupations c. occupations least impacted by the motherhood penalty d. occupations most impacted by the motherhood penalty

a. female-dominated occupations

In social psychological terms, being a sexual minority person ____ a. is associated with stigma and stress b. puts one at higher risk for low self-esteem c. can be measured with the IAT d. has more positive impacts than negative impacts

a. is associated with stigma and stress

In social psychological terms, being a sexual minority person ______. a. is associated with stigma and stress b. puts one at higher risk for low self-esteem c. can be measured with the IAT d. has more positive impacts than negative impacts

a. is associated with stigma and stress

Researchers found that the Jezebel stereotype was associated with ______ in Black women. a. lower self-esteem b. increased sexual behavior c. higher self-esteem d. decreased sexual behavior

a. lower self-esteem

In one study (O'Brien et al., 2012), female and male undergraduates were given a task and then asked to fill out a measure of entitlement, reporting on how much they thought they deserved to be paid for their work. The participants were also given the option of awarding themselves bonuses privately from an envelope containing US$5. The researchers found that women completed more work with greater accuracy than the men. They also found that ______. a. men reported they deserved higher pay and paid themselves higher in bonuses than women did b. women reported they deserved higher pay and paid themselves higher in bonuses than women did c. men reported they deserved higher pay, but women paid themselves higher in bonuses than men did d. women reported they deserved higher pay, but men paid themselves higher in bonuses than women did

a. men reported they deserved higher pay and paid themselves higher in bonuses than women did

The ____ refers to the gap in performance between first-generation college student and continuing-generation college students a. social class gap b. college attendance gap c. continuing education gap (WRONG) d. socioeconomic status gap

a. social class gap???

According to meta-analysis, which of these gender differences is the largest? a. the gender difference in throwing distance b. the gender difference in verbal ability c. the gender difference in spatial ability d. the gender difference in mathematical computation

a. the gender difference in throwing distance

In the textbook images article, the independent variable (the variable being manipulated) was ___ and there were ____ conditions a. the gender of the scientists in the textbook (male, female, mixed-gender); three b. the gender of the scientists in the textbook (male vs female); two c. the comprehension test results; two

a. the gender of the scientists in the textbook (male, female, mixed-gender); three

Nadya is a supervisor who is known to motivate and mentor her employees. She is working from a ______. a. transformational leader model b. dictator boss model c. democratic leader model d. nurturing boss model

a. transformational leader model

The textbook images article found that: a. females reported higher anxiety when textbook images were stereotypical (male) than counter stereotypical (WRONG) b. males experienced more anxiety when textbook images were counter stereotypical (female) than women they were stereotypical (male) c. there was a main effect of state anxiety as a result of textbook images d. males comprehension was not impacted by whether the images were all male, female or mixed e. none of these answers are correct

b or e

How does age impact the wage gap? a. The wage gap decreases with age. b. The wage gap increases with age. c. The wage gap is stable across ages. d. No answer text provided

b. The wage gap increases with age.

Medicine, veterinary medicine, and law are all examples of ____ a. male-dominated challenging occupation with only a small number of female professionals b. challenging occupations that were formerly dominated by men but have seen a significant influx of women professionals c. challenging occupations that are female-dominated, with numbers of female professionals on the rise

b. challenging occupations that were formerly dominated by men but have seen a significant influx of women professionals

Research on lesbian relationships indicates that when compared to heterosexual couples, lesbians ____ a. tend to have higher relationship quality b. do not differ on relationship quality c. have lower relationship quality d. do not differ in balance of power

b. do not differ on relationship quality

Cheryl has ties in both the lesbian community and the heterosexual community. This is an example of ______. a. heteronormativity b. dual identity c. bisexuality (WRONG) d. cross-sexual identity

b. dual identity

Which of the following would be a good intervention strategy to make girls more successful in math and in math-related careers, according to Eccles? a. lower girls' expectations for success in math careers b. increase the perceived value of math courses for girls c. increase the accessibility of math courses for girls d. decrease achievement related experiences in math for boys

b. increase the perceived value of math courses for girls

Unlike the FBI's old definition of rape, the updated definition ____ a. focuses on the fact that consent is not given b. indicates victims and perpetrators can be any gender c. indicates violence against women specifically d. indicates physical force as required

b. indicates victims and perpetrators can be any gender

Mr. Garcia, who is the president of H & I Enterprises, uses more masculine words (e.g., leader, competitive, dominant) in the job ad he puts out into the newspaper and online. Based on the research, what can we infer that ______. a. more men work at H & I Enterprises b. more men than women will apply for that job c. an equal amount of women and men will apply for the job d. women will find the job appealing

b. more men than women will apply for that job

The complexities of work-life issues demonstrate the importance of the ______ of roles. a. quantity b. quality c. diversity d. compensation

b. quality

The perceived gender role incongruity of dominance or assertiveness depends on gender as well as ______. a. socioeconomic status b. race c. culture d. language

b. race

A meta-analysis of studies of gender differences in verbal ability found that ____ a. girls do considerably better than boys on verbal tests, d= -.70 b. the gender difference is smaller now than it was several decades ago c. girls do better on simple tasks such as spelling, whereas boys do better at complex tasks such as analogies

b. the gender difference is smaller now than it was several decades ago

Hochschild (1989, 2012) concluded that, if "work" is defined as including work for pay outside the home plus work done in the home, then women worked, on average ___ hours more per week than men did a. 5 b. 10 c. 15 d. 20

c. 15

According to a meta-analysis of research on LGB victimization, ____ have experienced a physical assault because of their sexual orientation a. 56% b. 19% of the women and 28% of the men c. 28% d. 48% of the women and 10% of the men

c. 28%

Today, women earn about ______ cents for every dollar men earn. a. 67 b. 76 (WRONG) c. 80 d. 92

c. 80

Which of the following ethnic groups has the largest gender wage gap (men in that ethnic group compared to women in that ethnic group)? a. Latino/a b. African-American c. White (non-Hispanic) d. American Indian e. Native Hawaiian

c. White (non-Hispanic)

The 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting is an example of ____ a. a rare hate crime in the U.S. b. gun violence against women c. continued violence against gay people of color d. violence against gay Jewish men

c. continued violence against gay people of color

Eccles has proposed a(n) ______ model of achievement and course choice to explain why females stop taking math and science courses in high school and college. a. cognitive-developmental b. psychoanalytic c. expectation-value d. gender schema

c. expectation-value

Eccles has proposed a(n) ____________ model of achievement and course choice to explain why females stop taking math and science courses in high school and college. a. cognitive-developmental b. psychoanalytic c. expectation-value d. gender schema

c. expectation-value

Numerous explanations for the gender gap in STEM have been proposed. Research supports which of the following? a. women lack the math ability to succeed in STEM b. women lack interest in STEM fields c. gender bias and discrimination in STEM fields d. women leave the STEM fields earlier than men to have children

c. gender bias and discrimination in STEM fields

Marika is a high school junior who is contemplating taking an optional course in physics. The expectancy-value theory says that she will sign up for physics only if she ____ a. believes the course has little utility value, but has high interest employment value b. has high interest-employment value for the subject, even if she is unsure of her expectations of success (WRONG) c. has positive expectations for success and positive values related to the course d. was encouraged by her parents to take the course

c. has positive expectations for success and positive values related to the course

Studies on gender differences in abilities and achievements indicate ___ a. boys do better in terms of school achievement b. females have better mathematical ability c. males have better spatial ability, especially on tests of mental rotation d. males have better fine motor coordinations

c. males have better spatial ability, especially on tests of mental rotation

As more professional degrees are awarded to women in selected professions in which there have been substantial advances (e.g., dentistry, medicine, law), ______ will surely decrease. a. gender discrimination b. explicit sexism c. occupational segregation d. the motherhood penalty

c. occupational segregation

Bus drivers, editors and reporters, and college and university teachers are examples of ______. a. male-dominated occupations b. female-dominated occupations c. occupations that are close to an equal gender ratio d. occupations that are further from an equal gender ratio

c. occupations that are close to an equal gender ratio

Nearly ______ women have been raped at some point in their lives compared to ______ of men. a. one in three; one in 56 b. one in ten; one in 83 c. one in five; one in 71 d. one in two; one in 35

c. one in five; one in 71

Research shows that there is typically less gender bias in evaluation of work and hiring decisions when ____ a. the occupations were segregated b. the applicant meets all qualifications c. raters are given more information about the applicant d. the rater is a woman

c. raters are given more information about the applicant

Empirical research on the adjustment of lesbians ____ a. indicates that they have low self-esteem as a result of society's discrimination against them b. indicates that they have many problems of adjustment c. shows that lesbians do not differ from heterosexual women in their self-esteem d. shows that lesbians are more frequently anxious than heterosexuals are

c. shows that lesbians do not differ from heterosexual women in their self-esteem

The gender difference in outcomes of wage negotiation is dependent on ______. a. the gender of the supervisor or boss b. the gender of the worker c. the context and how much the worker knows about negotiation d. how negotiable the wage of the occupation is

c. the context and how much the worker knows about negotiation

In an experiment by Moss-Racusin et al (2012), science faculty from research universities rated the materials of an applicant for a laboratory manager position. The materials were identical, except half of the faculty saw them with a male name and the other half saw them with a female name. The results from the study highlight ____ a. the explicit bias of both male and female faculty members towards women b. how easy it is for men to gain employment in science fields c. the continuing discrimination against women in science

c. the continuing discrimination against women in science

Women may be promoted and move up in ranks in their company, but there is a point past which they can't seem to rise any further. The term ______ is often used to reflect this phenomenon. a. workplace climate b. gender discrimination c. the glass ceiling d. the upper limit

c. the glass ceiling

Women having less of a sense of entitlement to high pay than men do leads them to ______. a. seek wage increases b. leave the workforce earlier than men c. tolerate wage injustice d. seek promotions in order to increase wages

c. tolerate wage injustice

When we look at the data on gender differences in school achievement with an intersectional lens, we can conclude that ____ a. girls receive higher grades than boys across ethnic groups (WRONG) b. asian boys receive higher grades than asian girls, but girls receive higher grades in every other ethnic group c. white, black, and asian girls have higher school achievement scores, but Latino boys have higher school achievement scores than Latina girls. d. gender differences in school achievement vary across ethnic groups

d. gender differences in school achievement vary across ethnic groups

Heterosexist language, misgendering a person, and not inviting a same-gender partner to a family gathering are examples of ____ a. immaturity b. hate crimes c. unintended discrimination d. microaggressions

d. microaggressions

In 2000, Vermont was the first state to ____ a. allow adoption between two lesbian partners b. provide health insurance for same-gender partners of state employees c. ban discrimination based on sexual orientation in the workplace d. provide legal civil unions to same-gender couples

d. provide legal civil unions to same-gender couples

Which of the following is a factor in reducing the motherhood penalty? a. gendered roles in the workplace b. fathers taking advantage of partnering leave c. paying women more when they are first hired d. publicly funded childcare

d. publicly funded childcare

Research shows that people perceive women less favorably than men as potential occupants of leadership positions. Further, when women engage in leadership behavior, the behavior is evaluated less favorably than the same behavior enacted by a man. These findings support which theory? a. the glass ceiling theory b. gender bias theory c. leadership gender gap theory d. role congruity theory

d. role congruity theory

Ironically, the American emphasis on ____ may be a factor in keeping women in traditional, female-dominated jobs and out of CEP jobs a. explicit stereotyping b. identity development c. female role models d. self-expressive value symptoms

d. self-expressive value symptoms

Situation-dependent flexibility in women's sexual responsiveness to women or men is termed ______. a. situationality b. heteroflexibility c. identity confusion d. sexual fluidity

d. sexual fluidity

____ is an umbrella term for all people with non heterosexual sexual identities and behaviors a. homosexual b. bisexual c. multisexual d. sexual minority

d. sexual minority

Data show that sexual violence, such as rape, is alarmingly prevalent among ______. a. ethnic minority populations b. Black and Latinx populations c. the gay male population d. sexual minority and trans populations

d. sexual minority and trans populations

If Maria has a productive day at work, she might bring feelings of accomplishment and satisfaction home with her, being in a generally positive mood when she interacts with her child and partner. Alternatively, if her child has a tantrum at preschool drop-off, putting Maria in a bad mood just as she starts her workday, it may impact her work. This is an example of ____ a. compensation b. quality roles c. role flooding d. spillover

d. spillover

Gendered wording in job ads is an example of ______. a. explicit sexism and discrimination b. old-fashioned sexism c. occupational segregation d. subtle ways modern sexism persists

d. subtle ways modern sexism persists

Research on children reared by lesbian mothers compared with children reared by heterosexual couples generally indicates that ____ a. children of lesbian mothers are stigmatized by other children b. children of lesbian mothers are more likely to engage in premarital intercourse at early ages c. children of lesbian mothers are more likely to become gay themselves d. there are no differences in adjustment between the two groups

d. there are no differences in adjustment between the two groups

According to meta-analysis of research on gender differences in mathematics performance, ____ a. males score higher, d=0.53 b. males score higher, d=0.21 c. females score higher, d= -0.15 d. there is no gender difference

d. there is no gender difference