(General Biology II) Chapter 40: The Living World

Drifting freely in the upper, well-illuminated waters of the ocean, a diverse biological community exists, primarily consisting of microscopic organisms called A) phytoplankton B) archaeans C) detritus D) benthos E) bacteria

A) phytoplankton

What is predicted to be the increase in the Earth's temperature by the end of the century? A) 2.0-11.5 degrees Fahrenheit B) 4.0-10.5 degrees Fahrenheit C) 1.1-6.4 degrees Fahrenheit D) 8.0-13.5 degrees Fahrenheit

A) 2.0-11.5 degrees Fahrenheit

Which of the following are characteristics of biomes? (Check all that apply.) A) A biome is a large geographical area with distinctive plant and animal groups B) Biomes are only located at certain longitudes and latitudes C) The climate and geography of a region determines what type of biome can exist in that region D) Each biome consists of only one type of ecosystem E) Temperate evergreen forest is one of the major biomes

A) A biome is a large geographical area with distinctive plant and animal groups C) The climate and geography of a region determines what type of biome can exist in that region E) Temperate evergreen forest is one of the major biomes

Which statements about acid precipitation are accurate? (Check all that apply.) A) Acid rain is intermediate between point-source and diffuse pollution B) Mercury is a pollutant that often accompanies acid precipitation C) Acid precipitation is a severe problem in areas with soils having high buffering capacity D) Acid precipitation can affect aquatic ecosystems E) Acid precipitation can affect forests, weakening the trees and making them more susceptible to diseas

A) Acid rain is intermediate between point-source and diffuse pollution B) Mercury is a pollutant that often accompanies acid precipitation D) Acid precipitation can affect aquatic ecosystems E) Acid precipitation can affect forests, weakening the trees and making them more susceptible to diseas

The distribution of biomes is dependent upon which of the following? (Check all that apply.) A) Available moisture B) Temperature C) The presence of mountains D) Distance from the oceans and elevation E) A thermocline

A) Available moisture B) Temperature C) The presence of mountains D) Distance from the oceans and elevation

Which of the following adversely affects the ozone layer? A) Chlorofluorocarbons B) Greenhouse gases C) Oil D) Coal and natural gas E) Plastics

A) Chlorofluorocarbons

Which of the following human activities could contribute to the eutrophication of a lake? (Check all that apply.) A) Dumping piles of leaves near a lake B) Planting trees around the periphery of the lake C) Washing clothes with soap in the lake D) Feeding the ducks in the lake E) Dumping plastic trash into the lake F) Fertilizing lawns near the lake

A) Dumping piles of leaves near a lake C) Washing clothes with soap in the lake D) Feeding the ducks in the lake F) Fertilizing lawns near the lake

You are standing on top of a mountain in Colorado in front of a cannon. You want to fire a cannonball and hit a flag pole that's on the top of another mountain, many miles away but directly North of you. Which direction should you point the cannon before firing? A) Northwest B) North C) Northeast D) South E) Southeast F) Southwest

A) Northwest

Which one of the following marine ecosystems would be expected to have the lowest species diversity and primary production per unit area? A) Oligotrophic oceans B) Upwelling regions of ocean C) Coral reefs D) Estuaries E) Intertidal zone

A) Oligotrophic oceans

A mountain range along the coast of a continent is located perpendicular to the prevailing sea breeze. Which one of the following describes an area where the rain shadow is located? A) On the leeward side of the mountain where cool, dry air is descending B) On the leeward side of the mountain where warm, moist air is descending C) On the windward side of the mountain where warm, moist air is rising D) On the windward side of the mountain where cool, dry air is rising E) On the leeward side, far inland from the mountain

A) On the leeward side of the mountain where cool, dry air is descending

Which group of organisms is responsible for primary production in a freshwater lake? A) Phytoplankton B) Aquatic grasses C) Submerged plants D) Photosynthetic bacteria E) Moss

A) Phytoplankton

What is the primary source of energy for organisms that live in the deep sea? A) Sunlight B) Chemical energy C) Cellular respiration D) Inorganic metabolism

A) Sunlight

Which of the following statements about the consequences of global warming are true? (Check all that apply.) A) The rate of global warming may be too great for populations to be able to adapt through natural selection B) Rising sea levels will be a consequence of global warming C) Global warming will cause a decrease in the incidence of diseases caused by mosquitoes D) The frequency of El Niño events may increase as a consequence of global warming E) Agricultural production will increase

A) The rate of global warming may be too great for populations to be able to adapt through natural selection B) Rising sea levels will be a consequence of global warming D) The frequency of El Niño events may increase as a consequence of global warming

Your biology professor takes the class on a field trip to a local lake. You spend an hour studying the lake and writing down all observations. You hypothesize that the lake is oligotrophic. Which observations would support this hypothesis? (Check all that apply.) A) The shoreline is mostly rock and sand with very little veetative matter B) The lake has extensive aquatic plant beds C) The lake has little planktonic growth D) The bottom of the lake is easily visible E) An oxygen probe reveals low oxygen content in the water

A) The shoreline is mostly rock and sand with very little veetative matter C) The lake has little planktonic growth D) The bottom of the lake is easily visible

Which two countries are both likely to have prevailing winds blowing from west to east? A) United States and Argentina B) United States and Panama C) Canada and Brazil D) Panama and Brazil

A) United States and Argentina

As the global concentration of carbon dioxide increases, there is great potential for direct impact on the world's A) climate B) biodiversity C) biogeochemistry D) ozone layer

A) climate

If a 2200 kg whale were to die, how much of it would be consumed before it reaches the organisms that live at the deep sea bottom? A) 1200 kg B) 2178 kg C) 420 kg D) 220 kg E) 22 kg

B) 2178 kg

If the tilt of Earth's axis relative to its plane of orbit was increased to 30 degrees, the seasons in Boston would become less distinct

FALSE

Which of the following statements about ozone depletion are true? (Check all that apply.) A) Concentrations of ozone-depleting chemicals continue to rise in the atmosphere B) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are the major cause of ozone depletion C) Free chlorine in the upper atmosphere catalyzes the conversion of O3 into O2 D) Weather conditions also influence the size of the ozone hole in the stratosphere E) CFCs are acted on by conditions in the stratosphere to form diatomic chlorine (Cl2)

B) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are the major cause of ozone depletion C) Free chlorine in the upper atmosphere catalyzes the conversion of O3 into O2 D) Weather conditions also influence the size of the ozone hole in the stratosphere E) CFCs are acted on by conditions in the stratosphere to form diatomic chlorine (Cl2)

Which of following statements about the causes and effects of global warming are accurate? (Check all that apply.) A) The affects of global warming will be uniform throughout the world B) In addition to carbon dioxide, other greenhouse gases include methane and nitrous oxide C) Melting of the Arctic permafrost will slow the process of global warming because of new plant growth in those areas D) The effects of global warming can be measured today E) Carbon dioxide absorbs short wavelength radiant energy better than long wavelength radiant energy

B) In addition to carbon dioxide, other greenhouse gases include methane and nitrous oxide D) The effects of global warming can be measured today

Temperate grasslands and temperate deciduous forests are two different biomes that are located in the same latitudes. Which one of the following abiotic conditions is most likely to account for the differences in their community composition? A) Temperature B) Precipitation C) Sunlight D) Soil nutrients E) A rain shadow

B) Precipitation

Which of the following statements best explains why the waters over continental shelves have more nutrients than the open ocean? A) The waters over continental shelves have more aquatic plants that provide nutrients B) The water over the continental shelves are shallower so the nutrients remain in place C) The open ocean has a greater concentration of consumers that deplete the water of nutrients D) About 99% of seafood harvested by humans comes from the open ocean, thus depleting it of its nutrients E) Sunlight penetration is greater over continental shelves, making it more nutrient rich

B) The water over the continental shelves are shallower so the nutrients remain in place

Which of the following statements about the effects of deforestation on terrestrial ecosystems are true? (Check all that apply.) A) At present rates of deforestation, it is predicted that all of the world's tropical rain forests will be degraded or gone within 10 years B) Today, deforestation is one of the greatest problems facing terrestrial ecosystems C) Deforestation usually leads to the overaccumulation of nutrients such as nitrates/nitrites in the soil D) Deforestation can lead to loss of topsoil E) Deforestation can lead to eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems

B) Today, deforestation is one of the greatest problems facing terrestrial ecosystems D) Deforestation can lead to loss of topsoil E) Deforestation can lead to eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems

Which of the following are examples of diffuse pollution? (Check all that apply.) A) Chemicals released from a factory waste pipe B) Wind-borne debris blowing out to sea C) Pet waste D) Oil leaking from a cargo ship E) Oil that washes off of roads

B) Wind-borne debris blowing out to sea C) Pet waste E) Oil that washes off of roads

CO2 and other gases, which absorb the longer wavelengths of infrared light and radiated heat from Earth, are responsible for causing the A) ozone layer depletion B) greenhouse effect C) decreased biodiversity D) acid rain

B) greenhouse effect

Most of the ultraviolet radiation reaching the upper atmosphere is absorbed by A) CFCs B) ozone C) nitrogen D) carbon dioxide E) water vapor

B) ozone

A decrease in the concentration of which of the following components would have the greatest impact upon a freshwater community? A) Nitrogen B) Calcium C) Oxygen D) Carbon E) Sodium

C) Oxygen

Which of the following choices best describes the relationship that exists between moisture and air temperature? A) The moisture-holding capacity of air decreases when it is warm and increases when it is cool B) The moisture-holding capacity of air remains the same (warm or cool) and is not related to its temperature C) The moisture-holding capacity of air increases when it is warm and decreases when it is cool D) The moisture-holding capacity of air decreases as the higher altitude winds of the polar regions descend onto the continents

C) The moisture-holding capacity of air increases when it is warm and decreases when it is cool

The changes in the average temperature of the Earth's surface is known as A) climate change B) greenhouse gases C) global warming D) ozone depletion

C) global warming

The relatively shallow part of the ocean extending from the low tide mark to the edge of the continental shelf is called the A) surface zone B) abyssal zone C) neritic zone D) littoral zone E) limnetic zone

C) neritic zone

Biological magnification of persistent toxins would be greatest in a A) deer B) fox C) polar bear D) mushroom E) oak tree

C) polar bear

Photosynthetic organisms of the open oceans are confined to the upper A) two hundred millimeters B) two hundred centimeters C) two hundred meters D) two hundred kilometers E) two thousand kilometers

C) two hundred meters

Which statement best describes the relationship between elevation and latitude? A) Elevation and latitude are related because they are both measurements of distance B) Elevation and latitude are related because as one increases the other increases C) Elevation and latitude are related because they have similar effects on temperature. As the elevation increases, the temperature of the air increases, which is likewise with latitude D) Elevation and latitude are related because they have similar effects on temperature. As the elevation increases, the temperature of the air decreases, which is likewise with latitude

D) Elevation and latitude are related because they have similar effects on temperature. As the elevation increases, the temperature of the air decreases, which is likewise with latitude

Rhizosphaera needle cast is a fungal disease that affects spruce trees. Which of the following biomes would be most severely affected by an outbreak of this disease? A) Tundra B) Temperate deciduous forest C) Prairie D) Taiga E) Tropical rain forest

D) Taiga

If you plot mean annual precipitation against mean annual temperature and look at the distribution of major biomes relative to these two variables, which biome would be in the central region of the graph? A) Savanna B) Hot desert C) Tropical rain forest D) Temperate deciduous forest E) Taiga

D) Temperate deciduous forest

While visiting the South Island of New Zealand, you notice that conditions vary sharply across the island. The West Coast is very wet and receives between 600 and 1600 mm of rainfall per year, while the East Coast only receives about 640 mm of rain per year and is very dry. What best explains this regional difference in precipitation? A) Proximity to Antarctica B) The absence of inland lakes C) The presence of a large river along the West Coast D) The presence of mountains along the West Coast E) Latitudinal differences between the east and west coasts

D) The presence of mountains along the West Coast

Researchers in Alaska were interested in increasing the sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) population in three coastal lakes. To accomplish this, the ponds were treated with fertilizers. As a result, zooplankton biomass increased between 40% and 700% in the three lakes. The substantial growth in zooplankton would suggest that prior to these experiments, these lakes were ________. A) eutrophic B) stratified C) subject to low light levels D) oligotrophic

D) oligotrophic

14) Tropical climates are warmer than temperate climates because A) temperate climates have more mountains and thus more snow causing the landmasses to warm slower B) tropical climates have more vegetation and thus can absorb more heat C) temperate climates are closer to the poles and the polar surfaces cause a reduction in heat gain D) tropical climates receive the sun's rays at an almost perpendicular angle; since Earth is a sphere, the temperate climates receive the sun's rays at a much steeper incidence thus spreading the radiation over a broader area E) tropical climates receive the sun's rays at a much steeper incidence thus spreading the radiation over a broader area and causing the tropics to be warmer while the temperate climates receive the sun's rays at an almost perpendicular angle, which causes some areas to be warm and other areas to be cold

D) tropical climates receive the sun's rays at an almost perpendicular angle; since Earth is a sphere, the temperate climates receive the sun's rays at a much steeper incidence thus spreading the radiation over a broader area

Oxygen levels in the photic zone fluctuate over the course of a 24-hour period. If you were measuring dissolved oxygen over the course of the day, when would you expect to see the lowest levels of oxygen and why? A) Mid-morning because fish are most active and their respiration rates are highest B) Early afternoon when the surface water warms up and sinks to the bottom C) Mid-afternoon because the activity of the Calvin cycle (the dark reactions) of photosynthesis are at their peak D) Early evening when animals come to feed and disturb the surface waters E) During the night because the light reactions of photosynthesis are inactive

E) During the night because the light reactions of photosynthesis are inactive

Destruction of which biome would result in the greatest loss of biodiversity? A) Desert B) Grassland C) Savanna D) Taiga forest E) Tropical rain forest

E) Tropical rain forest

Biomagnification is a significant problem in aquatic communities. Levels of chemicals magnify (increase or accumulate) at each new link in a food chain. Use the following information to estimate the level of chemical X in a large-mouth bass. One alga can accumulate 1 unit of chemical X. Each copepod eats 15 algae. A minnow consumes 10 copepods, each large-mouth bass consumes 20 minnows. A) 15 units B) 20 units C) 30 units D) 150 units E) 300 units F) 3,000 units G) 20,000 units

F) 3,000 units