general psych exam 3 - retrieval practice questions

1. Best friends Kate and Diana are at the park, watching their children play together. Kate reminds Diana about the time that they had a big fight on the same playground as children and didn't talk to each other for almost a week. In the context of long-term memory, Kate's recollection of this event best exemplifies the use of her _____ memory. a. episodic b. implicit c. semantic d. procedural

A

1. Jane loves to read. However, she remembers books only if she can draw comparisons from the stories to her own experiences. If she cannot associate a story with her own life, she is unable to recall it at a later stage. In this scenario, Jane is primarily relying on the process of _____ to encode her memories. a. Deep processing using self-reference b. shallow processing c. Deep processing using serial positioning d. divided attention

A

1. Jeremiah, an eight-year-old boy, did not learn to tie his shoelaces until he was six years old. Now, he ties them expertly while talking to others and without looking at his feet. Such skills are associated with _____ memory. a. procedural b. episodic c. flashbulb d. semantic

A

1. Kate is on the phone talking to her friend Paul, who is referring her for a job interview. Paul gives Kate a phone number, but before Kate can write it down, the call is disconnected. Kate can only recall the last three digits of the number that Paul gave her. This scenario best illustrates the _____ effect. a. recency b. primacy c. echo d. placebo

A

1. Which of the following is true of implicit memory? a. Implicit memory is related to nonconsciously remembering skills and sensory perceptions. b. Implicit memory has two subsystems: episodic memory and semantic memory. c. Implicit memory does not influence an individual's behavior. d. Implicit memory is also known as declarative memory.

A

Boris uses classical conditioning to teach his goldfish to swim to the surface of its tank to eat whenever Boris turns on the aquarium light. He drops food into the tank and then turns on the light. After several such trials, the fish shows no more inclination to swim to the surface when the light is turned on than it did on the first trial. In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following should Boris do to improve his training technique? a. He should turn on the light before he drops the food into the tank. b. He should drop something other than food into the tank to alert the fish. c. He should intermittently turn the light on and off during feeding time. d. He should provide more food than usual during the trials.

A

Derek is suffering from anterograde amnesia. Which of the following is most likely to be true of Derek in this case? a. He can recall his past memories, but he cannot process new memories. b. He cannot recall his past memories, but he can create new memories. c. He can neither recall his past memories nor create new memories. d. He can recall his past memories and can process new memories.

A

Rodney suffers severe food poisoning after eating lunch at his school cafeteria. As a result of the experience, every time Rodney walks past the cafeteria and smells the food, he feels nauseated. In the context of classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is the _____. a. bad food b. nausea c. cafeteria d. smell

A

1. Chunking is the process of _____. a. repeating the information over and over again in one's head in order to keep it in memory b. packing information that exceeds the 7 + 2 memory span into higher order units c. drawing mental links between aspects of one's own life and new information d. activating information that an individual already has in storage to help him remember new information faster

B

1. Ryan, a high-school football player, received a head injury during a game. Following recovery, Ryan was unable to remember anything that happened before the injury. However, he was able to form new relationships and new memories. In the context of forgetting, Ryan's condition best exemplifies _____. a. the recency effect b. retrograde amnesia c. anterograde amnesia d. the primacy effect

B

John, a six-year-old boy, loves dogs. However, after being bitten by one, he starts to fear dogs. Which of the following is true in the context of classical conditioning? a. The pain that John experiences after being bitten is a neutral stimulus. b. The dog becomes a conditioned stimulus after it bites John. c. The pain that John experiences after being bitten is a conditioned response d. The dog is an innately meaningful stimulus before it bites John.

B

Millie feels sick every time she travels by air. She associates flying with physical illness and, as a result, hates air travel. She also finds it difficult to watch movies with airplanes or read books about airplanes because they make her feel unwell. In this scenario, Millie is demonstrating learning through: a. observational learning. b. classical conditioning. c. positive reinforcement. d. explicit learning.

B

Ryan, a five-year-old boy, receives a pat on the back every time he says "please" or "thank you." This encourages Ryan to use good manners as often as possible. In this scenario, Ryan demonstrates learning through: a. observational learning. b. operant conditioning. c. Implicit learning. d. classical conditioning.

B

The first step in memory is _____. a. priming b. encoding c. storage d. retrieval

B

Yolanda dislikes going to the doctor for her illness because every time she does, she is prescribed medicines, which ruin her appetite and make her feel nauseated. She associates doctors with feelings of nausea. However, she is not afraid of visiting dentists. In this scenario, Yolanda's behavior best exemplifies _____ in classical conditioning. a. spontaneous recovery b. discrimination c. extinction d. generalization

B

_____ is the conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts or events and, at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated. a. Implicit memory b. Declarative memory c. Nondeclarative memory d. Procedural memory

B

_____ refers to a person's knowledge about the world, his or her areas of expertise, general knowledge, and everyday knowledge. a. Procedural memory b. Semantic memory c. Episodic memory d. Implicit memory

B

An unconditioned response is a(n): a. modeled behavior. b. planned reaction. c. unlearned reaction. d. punishment received for a behavior.

C

At the top level, long-term memory is divided into the substructures of _____. a. phonological loop and central executive b. episodic memory and semantic memory c. explicit memory and implicit memory d. sensory memory and short-term memory

C

Jennifer was stung by a bee several days ago and was in pain for many days. As a result of the painful experience, she cries out whenever a flying insect gets too close to her. Jennifer's reaction to flying insects best illustrates the concept of _____ in classical conditioning. a. renewal b. preparedness c. generalization d. discrimination

C

Jill decides to study harder in class after seeing her teacher praise her classmate, Ricky, for doing well on a test. In the context of observational learning, this scenario best exemplifies learning through _____. a. vicarious punishment b. negative reinforcement c. vicarious reinforcement d. positive reinforcement

C

Which of the following is true of learning through operant conditioning? a. In operant conditioning, organisms learn behaviors implicitly, without being reinforced. b. In operating conditioning, organisms learn to act by imitating others. c. In operant conditioning, organisms learn the association between behaviors and their consequences. d. In operant conditioning, organisms learn the association between two stimuli.

C

1. Short-term memory can store information for a longer period of time than _____ memory. a. long-term b. implicit c. explicit d. sensory

D

1. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of the deepest level of processing in memory? a. It involves analyzing physical and perceptual features. b. It involves mainly using the amygdala of the human brain. c. It involves recognizing and labeling a stimulus. d. It involves thinking about the meaning of a stimulus.

D

Liam is studying in his room for an exam but is disturbed by the loud music from his neighbor's house. He closes the window so that he can no longer hear the loud music. In the future he closes the window more often. In this scenario, Liam's behavior demonstrates _____ in operant conditioning. a. positive punishment b. negative punishment c. positive reinforcement d. negative reinforcement

D

Melvin is an elementary-school teacher who rewards his students with extra playing time whenever they do well on a class assignment. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is Melvin using to motivate his students to work harder? a. Insight learning b. Counterconditioning c. Observational learning d. Positive reinforcement

D

We defined learning as as: a. an individual's awareness of his or her own thoughts. b. the growth of humans through the lifespan, from conception to death. c. the organization and understanding of sensory information. d. a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

D

Which of the following is true of acquisition in classical conditioning? a. During acquisition, the conditioned stimulus loses its significance once the association between the two stimuli has been formed. b. During acquisition, the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are presented very far apart in time. c. During acquisition, the unconditional stimulus loses the ability to elicit any kind of response from the subject. d. During acquisition, the neutral stimulus is repeatedly presented followed by the unconditioned stimulus.

D

Which of the following is true of behaviorism as a theory of learning? a. Behaviorism focuses solely on unobservable behaviors. b. Behaviorism maintains that learning occurs through the observation and imitation of behavior. c. Behaviorism places primary importance on mental activities such as thinking, wishing, and hoping. d. Behaviorism focuses solely on observable behaviors.

D

Which of the following is true of brain structures and memory functions in long-term memory? a. The same area of the brain is involved in the functioning of implicit and explicit memory. b. The parietal lobes of the brain are involved in both retrospective memory and prospective memory. c. The hippocampus and the temporal lobes in the cerebral cortex play a role in implicit memory, not in explicit memory d. The amygdala, a part of the limbic system, is involved in emotional memories.

D