General Psychology Final
The most common syndromes associated with intellectual disability are autism, Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). a. true b. false
A. true
Hans and Sybil Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: ________. a. extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability b. extroversion/stability; introversion/ neuroticism c. phlegmatic/choleric; sanguine/melancholic d. phlegmatic/melancholic; choleric/sanguine
a. extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability
How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory? a. Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness. b. Explicit memories are memories we have directly experienced, while implicit memories are memories that someone else directly experienced. c. Explicit memories are memories we unconsciously remember, while implicit memories are those that we consciously remember. d. implicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while explicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.
a. Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.
The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the _________. a. Five Factor Model b. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) c. TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test d. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
a. Five Factor Model
Which of the following statements about Howard Gardner is false? a. He believed discussing IQ as standard deviations from average was inaccurate. b. he developed a theory in which each person possesses at least eight intelligences c. He developed Multiple Intelligences Theory. d. He was a former student of Erik Erikson
a. He believed discussing IQ as standard deviations from average was inaccurate
Which of the following statements is true about obsessive-compulsive disorder? a. It involves intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviors b. it involves persistent, unfocused anxiety c. it is most often diagnosed during adolescence. d. men are more often diagnosed that women
a. It involves intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviors
Who identified psychological disorders as a harmful dysfunction? a. Jerome C. Wakefield b. John Waller c. Stanley Rachman d. Thomas Szasz
a. Jerome C. Wakefield
Max's behavior and self-presentation is relaxed and informal with his friends. When he goes on a job interview he projects professionalism and formality with his attire and language. What would Carl Jung suggest about Max? a. Max adopted a professional persona for his job interview b. Max has an Oedipus complex c. Max is an archetype d. Max is an introvert
a. Max adopted a professional persona for his job interview
What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial development, in which individuals contribute to society and focus on being a part of a family? a. generativity vs. stagnation b. initiative vs. guilt c. intimacy vs. isolation d. trust vs. mistrust
a. generativity vs. stagnation
Which of the following is an example of hopelessness theory? a. Rochelle has an expectation that terrible things will happen and there is nothing she can do about it - this leads her to become depressed b. Rochelle is depressed, so she thinks terrible things will happen c. Rochelle is in an earthquake and many of her friends die, so she becomes depressed d. Rochelle stops taking her medication because she does not think medication will help her depression
a. Rochelle has an expectation that terrible things will happen and there is nothing she can do about it - this leads her to become depressed
If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using? a. amygdala b. cerebellum c. hippocampus d. prefrontal cortex
a. amygdala
What was the main idea behind Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development? a. an individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan b. an individual's personality is determined in childhood c. individual's are either introverts or extroverts d. the electra complex caused women to be neurotic
a. an individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan
The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to _____. a. analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast b. produce new products or ideas and invent novel solutions to a problem. c. provide correct or established answers to a problem d. think outside the box to arrive at novel solutions to a problem
a. analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast
The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to _____. a. analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast b. produce new products or ideas and invent novel solutions to a problem c. provide correct or established answers to a problem d. think outside the box to arrive at novel solutions to a problem
a. analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast
A panic disorder is a type of ________ disorder characterized by panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-defeating behavior related to the attacks. a. anxiety b. generalized c. safety d. social
a. anxiety
________ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and apprehension and by related disturbances in behavior. a. anxiety b. body dysmorphic c. obsessive-compulsive d. personality
a. anxiety
Encoding information occurs through ________. a. automatic processing and effortful processing b. automatic storing and effortful retrieving c. processing and storing d. storing and retrieving
a. automatic processing and effortful processing
Which of the following is a major risk factor for developing a social anxiety disorder? a. behavioral inhibition b. biological predisposition c. displaying a specific phobia d. exhibiting stress
a. behavioral inhibition
Piper is diagnosed with agoraphobia because she experiences intense fear and anxiety of ________. a. being outside the home alone b. blood c. enclosed spaces d. dogs
a. being outside the home alone
Lauren is gifted in the area of body movement. Her ability to balance and coordinate her body's movement enables her to do well in basketball, baseball, and field hockey. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify? a. bodily kinesthetic b. intrapersonal c. logical-mathematical d. spatial
a. bodily kinesthetic
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The psychological perspective views disorders as linked to biological phenomena, such as genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities." a. change the word "psychological" to the word "biological" b. change the word "abnormalities" to the word "anomalies" c. change the word "disorders" to the word "pathologies" d. change the word "perspective" to the word "theory"
a. change the word "psychological" to the word "biological"
Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________. a. chunking b. elaborative rehearsal c. mnemonic device d. persistence
a. chunking
What is comorbidity? a. co-occurrence of two disorders b. having two causes for a single disorder c. having two causes of death d. mental disorder leading to death
a. co-occurrence of two disorders
The ______ refers to the common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next. a. collective unconscious b. gestalt c. id d. ideal self
a. collective unconscious
A psychological disorder is a _________. a. condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. b. condition characterized by normal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors c. manifestation of a psychopathology d. situational, idiosyncratic, or unconventional inner feelings
a. condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Which of these is an element of the formal definition of intellectual disability? a. difficulty adapting to everyday life b. evidence of brain damage c. slower than normal reflexes d. onset of deficits prior to age 6
a. difficulty adapting to everyday life
_____ and _____ are powerful influences on both our thoughts and behaviors. a. emotion; memory b. feeling; remembering c. recall; retention d. recollection; sentiment
a. emotion; memory
Which of the following factors does not strongly predict the development of posttraumatic stress disorder? a. experiencing trauma in isolation b. greater trauma severity c. lack of immediate social support d. trauma experience
a. experiencing trauma in isolation
I am trying to learn the names of all states. While I am actively remembering and recalling this information, it is considered______. a. explicit memory b. implicit memory c. procedural memory d. sensory memory
a. explicit memory
What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall? a. explicit memory b. implicit memory c. sensory memories d. short-term memories
a. explicit memory
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? " The stress model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with stress." a. insert the word "diathesis-" before the first appearance of the word "stress" b. change the first appearance of the word "stress" with the word "trauma" c. change the second appearance of the word "disorder" with the word "diathesis" d. change the word "predispositions to the word "susceptibility"
a. insert the word "diathesis-" before the first appearance of the word "stress"
In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences. Theory, __________ intelligence and ___________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence. a. interpersonal; intrapersonal b. intrapersonal; naturalist c. logical-mathematical; interpersonal d. musical; linguistic
a. interpersonal; intrapersonal
People may not intend to distort facts, but ________. a. it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories. b. other people will influence bystanders to change details in their short term memory c. people are unreliable and don't pay attention, so they make things up d. research proves it always happens when the event is unimportant
a. it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories.
The average score on a IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as _____. a. one standard deviation above the mean. b. one standard deviation below the mean. c. two standard deviation above the mean. d. 15 points above the average
a. one standard deviation above the mean.
Sternberg has found that ___ intelligence is a good predictor of success in life but has a low relationship to ___ intelligence. a. practical; analytical b. practical; analytical c. analytical; practical d. academic; practical
a. practical; analytical
A mental deficit in which no evidence or organic brain damage can be found; individuals' IQ range from 50 to 70 is know as Cultural- familial retardation. a. true b. false
a. true
Intellectual Disability was referred to as mental retardation (MR) prior to the DSM-5. Intellectual disability is a condition with an onset in the developmental period of life and includes below-average general intellectual function and a lack of the skills necessary for independent daily living. a. true b. false
a. true
The diagnosis of mental retardation (intellectual disability) must occur before the age of 18. a. true b. false
a. true
A(an) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts. a. idea b. paradigm c. prototype d. schema
d. schema
IQ (intelligence quotient) is measured by an IQ test. The average IQ is ______. a. 98 b. 100 c. 104 d. 95
b. 100
Who developed social-cognitive theory? a. Abraham Maslow b. Albert Bandura c. Carl Rogers d. Eirk Erikson
b. Albert Bandura
The _______ is composed of a series of true and false questions in order to establish and individual's clinical profile. a. Contemporized-Themes Concerning Blacks Test (C-TCB) b. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) c. Rorschach Inkblot Test d. TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test
b. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Carl Jung's view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the ________. a. collective unconscious b. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator c. Rorschach Inkblot Test d. Tell-me-a-story thematic Apperception Test (TEMAS)
b. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. a. academic b. analytical c. creative d. practical
b. analytical
In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to _____. a. actions that are not internally motivated b. anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded c. reactions that are externally motivated d. specific actions that result in reactions
b. anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded
Cognitive processes refer to all characteristics previously learned; _________. a. archetypes and personas b. beliefs and expectations c. defense mechanisms and coping strategies d. myths, legends, and stories
b. beliefs and expectations
Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories? a. amygdala b. cerebellum c. hippocampus d. primary cortex
b. cerebellum
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "For centuries, psychological disorders were viewed from a natural perspective: attributed to a force beyond scientific understanding." a. change the word "beyond to the word "within" b. change the word "natural" to the word "supernatural c. change the word "psychological" to the word "psychopathological" d. change the word "scientific" to the word "spiritual"
b. change the word "natural" to the word "supernatural
The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ______, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ______. a. coding; recoding b. construction; reconstruction c. equipotentiality; amnesia d. information; misinformation
b. construction; reconstruction
Which of the following is a common characteristic of all anxiety disorders? a. above average number of phobias b. excessive, persistent fear and anxiety c. inability to control the body's reaction to fear d. sporadic, intense panic attacks
b. excessive, persistent fear and anxiety
A(an) ________ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an ________ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes. a. congruent; incongruent b. external; internal c. internal; external d. real; ideal
b. external; internal
Eli seeks attention, acts first while thinking later, and prefers verbal communication. Carl Jung would describe him as a(an) ________. a. archetype b. extrovert c. introvert d. neurotic
b. extrovert
Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified by the following? Amantha left her phone somewhere, but she can't remember where. a. distortion b. forgetting c. imposition d. intrusion
b. forgetting
Remembering _______ is a good example of procedural memory. a. how a cookie tastes even though you have never tasted it yourself b. how to use a phone c. what the word inconceivable means d. your least favorite vacation trip
b. how to use a phone
When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory. a. explicit b. implicit c. semantic d. sensory
b. implicit
The ______ perspective suggests that psychological disorders result largely from faulty physical processes, and the ________ perspective emphasizes the importance of factors such as stress and thoughts as well as environmental factors in the development of psychological disorders. a. diathesis; supernatural b. medical; stress c. biological; psychological d. psychological; biological
c. biological; psychological
Which of the following is an example of retrograde amnesia? a. Jane doe can provide a second- by-second account of what she ate for dinner. b. jane doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her. c. jane doe is in a boating accident. Every day she wakes up with no memory of what she did the day before. d. jane doe remembers her first day of school more clearly than any other day because her best friend was not there
b. jane doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her.
A system for combining symbols so that an infinite number of meaningful statements can be made is called ________. a. pragmatics b. language c. semantics d. grammer
b. language
In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory. a. encoded b. long-term c. sensory d. visual
b. long-term
When Imogene feels anxiety, she clings to her mother and father for affection and reassurance. What coping strategy is Imogene using? a. moving against people b. moving toward people c. reaction formation d. repression
b. moving toward people
People with ______ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts. a. anxiety b. obsessive-compulsive c. personality d. phobia
b. obsessive-compulsive
When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer. a. encoding b. recognition c. storage d. the Stroop effect
b. recognition
After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify? a. reaction formation b. regression c. repression d. sublimation
b. regression
Which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories? a. anterograde amnesia b. suggestibility c. misinformation effect paradigm d. reconstruction
b. suggestibility
Three criteria must be met for a diagnosis of intellectual disability: significant limitation in general mental abilities (intellectual functioning), significant limitations in one or more areas of adaptive behavior across multiple environments ( as measured by an adaptive behavior rating scale, I.E communication, self help skills, interpersonal skills, and more.), and evidence that the limitations became apparent in childhood or adolescence. In general (before the age of 18), people with intellectual disability have an IQ below ______. a. 60 b. 95 c. 70 d. 80
c. 70
What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart? a. Fraternal twins have very similar personalities whether raised together or apart b. Identical twins have very similar personality when raised together, but not when raised apart c. Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities d. Twins of any kind have very similar personalities, regardless of where they are raised.
c. Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities
What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality? a. Personality is formed solely in childhood b. Personality is significantly shaped by the biology of the organism c. Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism d. Personality theory should be based on social health
c. Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism
Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality? a. Hippocrates b. Immanuel Kent c. Sigmund Freud d. Wilhelm Wundt
c. Sigmund Freud
Which of the following statements about gifted people is true? a. They are more likely to suffer from mental illnesses b. They are physically weaker than non-gifted persons. c. They are defined as having a high IQ and/or exceptional ability in an area. d. They are socially unskilled
c. They are defined as having a high IQ and/or exceptional ability in an area.
Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia. a. flashbulb b. graduated c. anterograde d. retrograde
c. anterograde
According to Carl Jung, which of the following best served the goal of self-realization? a. ability of the extrovert to become an introvert in the second half of life b. ability of introvert to become an extrovert in the second half of life c. balance between extroversion and introversion d. moving past the archetypes of the collective unconscious
c. balance between extroversion and introversion
Scientists who study cognition are searching for ways to understand how we _______, organize, and utilize our conscious cognitive experiences without being aware of all of the unconscious work that our brains are doing. a. infiltrate b. innovate c. integrate d. intensify
c. integrate
Which of the following is a good example of anterograde amnesia? a. John doe can provide detailed autobiographical information for every day of his life over the past 30 years, including what he wrote and ate every day. b. John doe emerges from a collapsed building with no idea who he is. c. john doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories. d. John doe remembers his third birthday more clearly than any other birthday because his dog died the day of his birthday party
c. john doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories.
Janice is in the middle of a distinct period of an abnormally and persistently elevated mood. In the last week she has cleaned her house from top to bottom (breaking windows and dishes in the process), bought a new car that she can't afford, and dug up most of her yard in case she might want a garden next year. Janice is experiencing ________. a. body dysmorphia b. flight of ideas c. mania d. rapid cycling
c. mania
What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time? a. automatic processing b. effortful processing c. memory d. sensory encoding
c. memory
Miguel worries excessively about things beyond his control, and his worries often interfere with his life. He avoids driving because he worries about car accidents. He calls his parents twice a day because he worries they are dead. He checks his credit card statement three times a day because he worries about identity theft. Miguel probably suffers from ________. a. free-floating anxiety disorder b. generalized anxiety disorder c. obsessive-compulsive disorder d. persistent depressive disorder
c. obsessive-compulsive disorder
According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites nails is fixated in the _________ stage of her psychosexual development. a. anal b. genital c. oral d. phallic
c. oral
Carl Jung referred to the ________ as the mask we adopt. a. id b. ideal self c. persona d. superego
c. persona
Yuri experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about heights. Yuri suffers from a(n) ________. a. mood disorder b., obsessive- compulsive disorder c. phobia d. psychosis
c. phobia
Cordelia, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friend, an IED went off, killing her friend and injuring her. In the two months since her friend died, Cordelia has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. Cordelia is experiencing a ________ disorder. a. antisocial personality b. mood c. posttraumatic stress d. schizotypal personality
c. posttraumatic stress
According to Robert Sternberg, _______ is best described as "street smarts," or the ability to use information to get along in life. People who have it know how to be tactful, how to manipulate situations to their advantage, and how to use inside information to increase their odds of success. a. analytical b. creative c. practical d. naturalistic
c. practical
In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called _________. a. declarative memory b. hyperthymesia c. rehearsal d. relearning
c. rehearsal
According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is _________? a. good parenting b. love c. self-actualization d. self-efficacy
c. self-actualization
From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________. a. determining b. processing c. thinking d. understanding
c. thinking
Due to Dominique' s obsessive-compulsive disorder, she may ________. a. exhibit an extreme fear of water b. insist that she hears voices c. wash her hands every 10 minutes throughout the day
c. wash her hands every 10 minutes throughout the day
Etiology is another word for ________. a. causes b. conditions c. forms d. psychopathology
causes
When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information. a. antero-retro; flashbulb b. anterograde; retrograde c. flashbulb; retro-antero d. retrograde; anterograde
d. retrograde; anterograde
Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America? a. Desperate Social and Mental Disorders b. Determinants of Social Mental Disorders c. Determining Statistical Manifestation of Disorders d. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
d. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Which of the following is a good example of a flashback? a. Eugene was bitten by a snake. Now when he sees a snake, he is careful to move away slowly and silently. b. Eugene was in a boating accident. Now he experiences intense fear of large bodies of water and avoids boats. c. Eugene was in a car accident. He is convinced that if he starts, stops, and restarts the engine five times in a row he will avoid having a car accident. d. Eugene was in a motorcycle accident. When he hears a sudden loud noise he relives the accident and feels as if it is happening all over again.
d. Eugene was in a motorcycle accident. When he hears a sudden loud noise he relives the accident and feels as if it is happening all over again.
Who believed that our personality traits are influenced by our genetic inheritance? a. Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud b. Carl Rogers and Karen Horney c. Erik Erikson and Abraham Maslow d. Hans and Sybil Eysenck
d. Hans and Sybil Eysenck
Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence? a. Charles Spearman b. Howard Gardner c. Raymond Cattell d. Robert Sternburg
d. Robert Sternberg
Who argued that the notion of mental illness was invented by society (and the mental health establishment) to stigmatize and subjugate people whose behavior violates accepted social and legal norms? a. Isla Fischer b. John Waller c. Marcia Cross d. Thomas Szasz
d. Thomas Szasz
Poor nutrition and medical care, poor living conditions, and a lack of intellectual support, are thought to lead to ______. a. fragile X syndrome b. Down syndrome c. fetal alcohol syndrome d. familial retardation
d. familial retardation
When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________. a. Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm b. equipotentiality hypothesis c. levels of processing theory d. misinformation effect paradigm
d. misinformation effect paradigm
What do obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and hoarding disorder have in common? a. conviction that the patient herself is the cause of many people's troubles b. generalized anxiety and specific phobias c. obsession with the suffering of others d. repetitive thoughts and urges, as well as an uncontrollable need to engage in repetitive behavior and mental acts
d. repetitive thoughts and urges, as well as an uncontrollable need to engage in repetitive behavior and mental acts
The concept of ________ suggest that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs. a. discrimination emigration b. elective immigration c. personality location d. selective migration
d. selective migration
which of the following statements about the amygdala is correct? a. Communication among neurons via the amygdala is critical for developing new memories. b. the amygdala is a processing area for explicit memories c. the amygdala is involved in normal recognition memory as well as spatial memory d. the amygdala is involved in the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory
d. the amygdala is involved in the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory
Elaborative rehearsal involves ________. a. immediately applying new information to a practical problem b. organizing information into manageable bits or chunks c. sleeping immediately after learning new information to allow your mind to process it d. thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
d. thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
_________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving. a. character b. Jungian c. Rorschach d. trait
d. trait
What is procedural memory? a. information about events we have personally experienced b. knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts. c. storage of facts and events we personally experienced d. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things
d. type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things
