General Psychology Test 1

Seda looked at the results of her study and found that there was a high probability that a mindfulness meditation program would reduce stress. _____ helped Seda reach her conclusion. a. Empirical data b. Archival data c. Inferential statistics d. Descriptive statistics

c. Inferential statistics

Dr. Franklin is studying the association between the experience of discrimination and self-esteem among children and adolescents. Her research reflects the pioneering work of _____, one of psychology's "founding mothers." a. Margaret Whiton Calkins b. Elizabeth Loftus c. Mamie Phipps Clark d. Margaret Floy Washburn

c. Mamie Phipps Clark

A scatterplot of a perfect positive correlation would show: a. a horizontal line. b. a diagonal line from the top left to the bottom right. c. a diagonal line from the bottom left to the top right. d. plots that are all over the graph.

c. a diagonal line from the bottom left to the top right.

As people's education level increases, their income also increases. This is an example of: a. a correlation coefficient. b. a negative correlation. c. a positive correlation. d. no correlation.

c. a positive correlation.

Irving has noticed that the more alcohol people drink, the more aggressive they seem to become. Which research technique would be aimed at verifying the relationship between these two variables? a. naturalistic observation b. case study c. correlational method d. experiment

c. correlational method

The saying "mind over matter" reflects a philosophical view that the mind and body are separate. This view is called _____, which is associated with _____. a. dualism; Aristotle b. empiricism; Aristotle c. dualism; Descartes d. empiricism; Descartes

c. dualism; Descartes

The American Psychological Association (APA) has over _____ divisions representing various subdisciplines and areas of interest in psychology. a. 75 b. 25 c. 100 d. 50

d. 50

_____ was an early school of psychology that used introspection to determine the most basic elements of the mind. a. Functionalism b. Behaviorism c. Humanism d. Structuralism

d. Structuralism

An example of a pseudopsychology is: a. physiology. b. astrology. c. pharmacology. d. astronomy.

d. behavior and mental processes.

Psychology is the scientific study of: a. mental processes but not behavior. b. behavior but not mental processes. c. mental disorders and their treatments. d. behavior and mental processes.

d. behavior and mental processes.

Dr. Lee, a clinical psychologist, conducted a detailed examination of a patient with dissociative identity disorder. She gathered a lot of information about her patient from a variety of sources and immersed herself into the life of her patient. Dr. Lee conducted: a. a case study. b. a survey. c. an experiment. d. naturalistic observation.

a. a case study.

Margaret Floy Washburn had a huge influence on the field of psychology in the late 1890s in that she was the first woman to: a. be granted a PhD in psychology from an elite college. b. become president of the American Psychological Association. c. complete the requirements for a PhD at an all-male college. d. become a patient of Sigmund Freud.

a. be granted a PhD in psychology from an elite college.

Studies have shown that dealing with rude e-mails at work: a. can create stress at work and at home. b. typically doesn't bother individuals. c. can create stress only at home. d. can create stress only at work.

a. can create stress at work and at home.

In a small, preliminary study of sixth graders, Kang and colleagues (2018) found that mindful meditation in school resulted in greater improvements in emotional well-being. The results of this study illustrate which goal of psychology? a. change b. describe c. predict d. explain

a. change

Dr. Jensen is organizing and evaluating evidence concerning aggression in children. Dr. Jensen is engaging in _____ thinking. a. critical b. pseudopsychological c. empirical d. experimental

a. critical

In an experiment, the _____ variable is measured by the researcher. a. dependent b. third c. independent d. control

a. dependent

The _____ perspective would not be surprised at all about the positive outlook on life of identical twins Sam and Anaïs. Their natural inclination to grow in a positive way and see the good in life is consistent with this perspective. a. humanistic b. evolutionary c. psychoanalytic d. behavioral

a. humanistic

In a study of attraction, Xavier predicts that "Opposites will attract." Ling, however, predicts that "Birds of a feather will flock together." These predictions are competing: a. hypotheses. b. operational definitions. c. statistics. d. variables.

a. hypotheses.

A researcher gives the experimental group a nutritional supplement, and the control group is not given anything. In this example, what the groups are given is the _____ variable. a. independent b. sample c. third d. dependent

a. independent

Approximately 24% of psychologists work in: a. independent practice. b. business or government. c. hospitals. d. managed care.

a. independent practice.

It is important that during the _____ process that experts attempt to catch cases of fabricated data before it is published. a. peer-review b. statistical analysis c. hypothesis development d. replication

a. peer-review

Neuropsychologist Ling Chew gives half of the participants in her experiment a pill that contains a stimulant drug. She gives the other half of her participants an identical-looking pill that does not contain the drug. Dr. Chew is using a pill without the drug as a(n): a. placebo. b. extraneous variable. c. random variable. d. confound.

a. placebo.

The humanistic perspective represents a reaction to both the _____ and _____ perspectives. a. psychoanalytic; behavioral b. behavioral; cognitive c. psychoanalytic; cognitive d. behavioral; sociocultural

a. psychoanalytic; behavioral

_____ places importance on "the rules of logic and science" rather than popular beliefs. a. Surveying b. Critical thinking c. Experimentation d. Pseudopsychology

b. Critical thinking

Dr. Gayle studies behavior by considering people's brain chemistry, thoughts, feelings, and societal factors, and the ways in which these factors interact with each other. He takes the _____ perspective. a. humanistic b. biopsychosocial c. psychoanalytic d. biological

b. biopsychosocial

Ari weighs pieces of evidence about the connection between class attendance and academic performance, and he considers the source and quality of information before accepting it as valid. Ari is demonstrating: a. confirmation bias. b. critical thinking. c. hindsight bias. d. common sense.

b. critical thinking.

Dr. Ingram deliberately varied the sequence of items on a list and later measured participants' ability to recall the items. Dr. Ingram conducted a(n) _____ study. a. observational b. experimental c. naturalistic d. correlational

b. experimental

Taytiana is attempting to replicate a study by Kushlev and colleagues (2020) on how increases in happiness might affect health. The hypothesis of Kushlev's experiment is that participating in a program designed to increase happiness will: a. result in a decrease in body weight. b. lead to improvements in physical health. c. also lead to an increase in lung capacity. d. lead to improvements in mental health.

b. lead to improvements in physical health.

A variety of needs guided the survival of the members of the Wild Boars soccer team who were trapped in a cave. How these needs guided their survival is a topic discussed in: a. social psychology (Chapter 11). b. motivation (Chapter 9). c. stress and health (Chapter 12). d. personality (Chapter 10).

b. motivation (Chapter 9).

A study conducted by Berry and colleagues (2015) had researchers sitting quietly inside bathroom stalls on a university campus using stopwatches to measure how long people spent using the facilities and washing their hands. It was found that most men and women washed their hands after using the toilet, but only about half of the men washed their hands after using the urinal. This is an example of what kind of descriptive research technique? a. case study b. naturalistic observation c. experiment d. correlational method

b. naturalistic observation

Antwon is an industrial/organizational psychologist who advises a petroleum company on selecting offshore oil rig workers who will most likely comply with safety regulations. Antwon is pursuing psychology's goal of: a. explanation. b. prediction. c. change. d. description.

b. prediction.

The consistency or stability of a measure refers to: a. standardization. b. reliability. c. the third variable. d. validity.

b. reliability.

"Will I survive this ordeal?" "Are my parents coming to look for me?" are both examples of _____ that the members of the Wild Boars soccer team might have had as they remained trapped in the cave. a. stress reactions b. thoughts c. emotions d. behaviors

b. thoughts

"By conducting introspection experiments, his aim was to understand the most basic elements of the mind. He wanted to do for psychology what the periodic table of the elements did for chemistry," lectures Dr. Chekov. This would be part of an effective presentation about: a. Abraham Maslow. b. Sigmund Freud. c. Edward Titchener. d. William James.

c. Edward Titchener.

If Kayla were writing a research ethics paper on the topic of confidentiality, she should write that "It is important for researchers to: a. share the purpose of the study with participants after it has ended." b. reveal to participants any deception used in the study." c. protect research data from misuse as well as from theft." d. inform people what their participation in the study will entail."

c. protect research data from misuse as well as from theft."

Pedro flips a coin to determine which participants will be in the control group of his experiment and which will be in the experimental group. Pedro is using: a. random sampling. b. a third variable. c. random assignment. d. an extraneous variable

c. random assignment.

Dr. Pepper conducted an experiment to test the effects of a new stimulant drug on a group of participants. In the experiment, Dr. Pepper knew which participants were receiving the new drug and which were receiving an inert pill. However, the participants did not know which type of pill they were taking. Given this information, it can be inferred that Dr. Pepper conducted a _____ study. a. triple-blind b. placebo-blind c. single-blind d. double-blind

c. single-blind

Dr. Leleux believes that psychologists should attempt to identify the fundamental elements of mental experience. Dr. Leleux associates himself with the school of: a. functionalism. b. behaviorism. c. structuralism. d. humanism.

c. structuralism.

When people know they are being observed, their behavior changes. Researchers call this: a. the placebo effect. b. a confounding variable. c. the Hawthorne effect. d. experimenter bias.

c. the Hawthorne effect.

What is the purpose of the results section in a scientific article? a. to provide information that helps the reader search for similar articles b. to provide details about the participants, materials, and procedures c. to describe the data that was collected and the outcome of the study d. to interpret the results and determine support or lack of support for the hypothesis of the study

c. to describe the data that was collected and the outcome of the study

Functionalism was an early school of psychology that sought to: a. determine how mental experience is organized. b. identify what the mind contains. c. understand the purpose of the mind. d. understand the influence of the unconscious mind.

c. understand the purpose of the mind.

One difference between identical twins Sam and Anaïs was that Anaïs scored higher than Sam on _____ which is consistent with her interest in _____. a. visual-spatial skills; painting b. memory; math c. visual-spatial skills; fashion design d. memory; engineering

c. visual-spatial skills; fashion design

When Anaïs found out that she may have an identical twin she didn't know about, she wanted to find out where this other young woman was born and whether she was adopted as well. Anaïs was also feeling excited and nervous. These thoughts, feelings, and her search for answers are all examples of: a. mental processes but not behavior. b. behavior but not mental processes. c. mental disorders and their treatments. d. behavior and mental processes.

d. behavior and mental processes.

If identical twins Sam and Anaïs were examined by a psychologist using the _____ perspective, then the focus would be on directly observable characteristics, such as their laugh, their body language, and their mannerisms. a. psychoanalytic b. humanistic c. evolutionary d. behavioral

d. behavioral

For her undergraduate thesis, Sying decides to watch children interact with other children in a preschool setting. She explores and makes note of the behavior of these children. Sying is engaging in _____ research. a. longitudinal b. correlational c. experimental d. descriptive

d. descriptive

The in-depth investigation of Jim Springer and Jim Lewis, also known as the "Jim Twins," was fascinating because the twins: a. grew up together in early childhood but then were separated during adolescence. b. claimed to be able to communicate telepathically with one another. c. were identical but looked and acted nothing alike. d. had many similarities, including the names of their first and second wives, despite having grown up separately and not meeting again until adulthood.

d. had many similarities, including the names of their first and second wives, despite having grown up separately and not meeting again until adulthood.

Descriptive statistics: a. show how two or more variables are related. b. indicate the significance of the results. c. allow predictions beyond a data set. d. organize and present a set of data.

d. organize and present a set of data.

Dr. Schiavo is an expert on adolescence and is reading an article submitted for publication in the Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology . At the moment, she is examining the methods section for potential flaws in the design of the research. Dr. Schiavo is contributing to the process of _____ review. a. descriptive b. experimental c. scientific d. peer

d. peer

Kumiko decided to work with her faculty mentor to examine the issue of burnout among physicians for her senior project. She sent her survey out to 300 physicians in the local area, but she only received 52 of them back. This illustrates the general problem with getting a _____ sample when using the survey methodology. a. negatively correlated b. positively correlated c. naturalistic d. representative

d. representative

What is the purpose of the discussion section in a scientific article? a. to provide information that helps the reader search for similar articles b. to describe the data that were collected and the outcome of the study c. to provide details about the participants, materials, and procedures d. to interpret the results and determine support or lack of support for the hypothesis of the study

d. to interpret the results and determine support or lack of support for the hypothesis of the study