Genetics Chapter 15 - Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes I: Transcriptional and Translational R

transcription factor

A ___ ___ is a protein that influences the ability of RNA polymerase to transcribe a given gene.

motif

A domain that has a very similar structure in many different proteins is called a(n) ______.

activator

A protein that increases the rate of transcription but does not directly bind to the DNA is called a _____.

c (iron response element)

A sequence found in both ferritin and transferrin receptor mRNAs that is recognized by an RNA-binding protein is called the ______. a. iron regulatory element b. iron regulatory protein site c. iron response element

dependent chromatin

ATP- __________ _____________ remodeling uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to change the position or composition of nucleosomes.

d (coactivators)

Activator proteins often increase transcription though an interaction with ____. a. RNA b. repressors c. RNA polymerase d. coactivators

up regulation

An enhancer is a DNA element that can be bound to a regulatory transcription factor, which leads to ____.

transactivation

Coactivators usually contain a ____ domain that promotes the activation of RNA polymerase.

covalent

DNA methylation is the ___ attachment of methyl groups to DNA.

5, cytosine

DNA methyltransferase is an enzyme that attaches a methyl group to the ___ position of the ___ base.

control, regulatory

DNA sequences that are analogous to the operator site found near bacterial promoters are called ____ elements or ___ sequences

c (gene expression can be controlled so that genes can be expressed at high or low levels)

Gene regulation means that ____. a. gene expression is controlled so that all genes in a genome are expresses at the same level b. only certain genes are included in the genome of a species c. gene expression can be controlled so that genes can be expressed at high or low levels

closed

If a chromatin is in a ___ conformation, transcription may be difficult or impossible.

c (make it difficult for transcription factors to gain access to and bind their target sequences in the promoter DNA)

If chromatin is in a closed conformation, nucleosome position and histone composition ____. a. enhance the ability of transcription factors to gain access to and bind their target sequences in the promoter DNA b. make it easier for the DNA to become single stranded during transcription make it difficult for transcription factors to gain access to and bind their target sequences in the promoter DNA c. make it difficult for transcription factors to gain access to and bind their target sequences in the promoter DNA d. make it difficult for the DNA to become single stranded during transcription

methylated, non methylated

If fully methylated DNA is introduced into a plant or animal cell, in subsequent generations the DNA will be ____ . If the same sequence of non methylated DNA is introduced into a cell, it will be ____ in daughter cells.

unmethylated, methylated

In general, ___ CpG islands correlate with active genes, and ____ CpG islands correlate with suppressed genes

c, d and e

MC: DNA sequences in eukaryotes that can be bound by regulatory transcription factors, which then affect the ability of RNA polymerase to transcribe a particular gene are called _____ a. operator sequences b. core promoters c. regulatory sequences d. control elements e. regulatory elements

b and d

MC: Transcription factors that affect the ability of RNA polymerase to begin the transcription process may work by ______. a. regulating RNA processing b. regulating the binding of the transcriptional complex to the core promoter c. regulating the unwinding of the double-stranded DNA at the promoter sequence d. controlling the switch from the initiation to the elongation stage of transcription e. preventing DNA replication

variants

Most histone genes encode standard histone proteins, but some have accumulated mutations that change the amino acid sequence of the histone proteins. These proteins are called histone ____.

H2A.Z, H2A

Nucleosomes containing the histone variant ____ , which are usually found at the +1 nucleosome, are thought to be more easily removed from the DNA than those containing the standard histone ____.

lysines, acetyltransferase

Positively charged ___ within core histone proteins can be acetylated by histone ___.

steroid receptors

Regulatory transcription factors that respond to steroid hormones are called ____ ____.

b, c, d and e (all except H4)

Select the histones for which variants have been identified: a. H4 b. H3 c. H2A d. H1 e. H2B

b

Select the organism with the highest amount of DNA methylation a. yeast b. Vertebrates c. Drosophilia

a, b and e

Select ways that nucleosomes can change a. change in location b. covalent modifications to the amino-terminal tails of histones c. covalent modifications to the carboxyl-terminal tails of histones d. change from DNA to RNA within nucleosomes e. change in histone variants with specialized roles

True (Reason: each domain in a protein has a specific function, and a protein can have more than one different domain)

T or F: A transcription factor can have multiple domains

true

T or F: The function of regulatory transcription factors is modulated.

True (Reason: DNA methylation patters are retained following DNA replication and into future daughter cells)

T or F: The methylation state of DNA is inherited during cell division

TATA, promoter

TFIID binds to the ___ box and helps recruit RNA polymerase II to the core ___

cAMP

The CREB protein is a regulatory transcription factor that is activated following an increase in ____

functional elements in the human genome

The ENCODE Consortium is attempting to list all _____.

enhancer, up

The binding of a regulatory transcription factor to a(n) ___ can stimulate transcription 10- to 1000-fold, which is called ____ regulation

response, CREB

The cAMP ___ element-binding protein (____ protein) is a regulatory transcription factor that is activated in response to signaling molecules that increase cytoplasmic cAMP.

human genome

The central goal of the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) Consortium is to make a comprehensive list of functional elements in the ___ ____ , including those that control gene expression.

nucleosome, region

The core promoter of active genes is found in a(n) ____-free ____, which is a segment of DNA that is missing histones.

bind to the TATA box and recruit RNA polymerase II to the core promoter

The function of TFIID is to ____.

b, d and e

The function of regulatory transcription factors must be modulated to ensure that genes are turned on ______ a. all the time b. in the correct cell type c. in growing cells only d. at the proper time e. under the appropriate environmental conditions

regulation

The phenomenon where the level of gene expression is controlled so that genes can be expressed at high or low levels is called gene ____.

General trancription factors

The transactivation domain of coactivators promotes the activation of RNA polymerase, often interacting with _____.

domains

Transcription factor proteins contain regions called ____ that have specific functions

eliminates the positive charge on lysine (disrupting the electrostatic attraction between the histone and the negatively charged DNA backbone

What affect does acetylation have on lysines in core histone protein tails?

d (both activation and repression)

What effect can ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling have on transcription? a. neither activation nor repression b. repression only c. activation only d. both activation and repression

a (CpG islands)

What is the name for stretches of DNA of 1000-2000 bp in length containing a high number of CpG sites that are found near gene promoters? a. CpG islands b. start codons c. stop codons d. transcription factors

150 bp

What is the size of the nucleosome-free region found at the core promoter of active genes?

b (steroid receptor)

What type of regulatory transcription factor utilizes the strategy depicted in the picture? a. HSP90 b. steroid receptor c. CREB protein

b (DNA methyltransferase)

Which enzyme catalyzes the formation of 5-methylcytosine? a. cytosine methyltransferase b. DNA methyltransferase c. RNA methyltransferase

nucleosomes

___ can change in location along a DNA molecule, by replacement of a standard histone with a histone variant, and through covalent modifications on histone tails