genetics exam 4
Calculate the standard deviation of the following values: 8, 12, 8 and 4. A. 14.27 B. 10.66 C. 5.82 D. 3.26
D. 3.26
How many gametes are involved in the formation of dizygotic twins? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
D. 4
What is an open reading frame (ORF)? A. A nucleotide sequence that is translated into a protein B. A nucleotide sequence of a gene including introns and gene regulatory regions C. An mRNA that codes for a protein D. Any gene sequence that is transcribed into an RNA
A. A nucleotide sequence that is translated into a protein
With regard to the critical checkpoints used to regulate the progression of the cell cycle, which of the following events occurs first? A. Cyclins bind to and activate kinase enzymes. B. Phosphorylated target proteins are used to help the cell enter the next stage of the cell cycle. C. Activated kinases phosphorylate target proteins
A. Cyclins bind to and activate kinase enzymes.
All of the following are checkpoints in the cell cycle EXCEPT ________. A. M/G1 B. G1/S C. G2/M D. M
A. M/G1
Which technique would be used to sequence the amino acids in a protein? A. Mass spectrometry B. Shotgun Sequencing C. X-ray Crystallography D. Microarra
A. Mass spectrometry
How are restriction sites typically added to the ends of a gene? A. PCR with primers containing restriction sites B. Ligation of restriction site DNA to the ends of the gene fragment C. Making the gene with artificial chemical synthesis D. Site directed mutatgenesis
A. PCR with primers containing restriction sites
Which of the following is NOT a major point of the multiple-gene hypothesis? A. Phenotypic traits show discontinuous variation and can be cannot be quantified, only qualified B. Additive alleles contribute to a single quantitative trait to produce substantial phenotypic variation. C. Each gene loci is occupied by either additive or nonadditive allele. D. Two or more loci show an additive effect on the expression of phenotype (polygenic inheritance).
A. Phenotypic traits show discontinuous variation and can be cannot be quantified, only qualified
Which technique can make cDNA from RNA? A. Reverse Transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) B. Standard PCR C. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) D. zetaPCR
A. Reverse Transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR)
In which of the following biochemical reactions is it common to use ddNTPs (dideoxyribonucleoside triphosphates)? A. Sanger sequencing B. immunoprecipitation C. transfection D. restriction digestion
A. Sanger sequencing
What is the difference between standard deviation and standard error? A. Standard error takes sample size into account B. Standard deviation uses the mean, standard error uses the median C. Standard error leaves out outliers D. Standard error is only used for genetic data, other fields use standard deviation
A. Standard error takes sample size into account
Why isn't DNA polymerase I not needed for PCR? A. The primers are made of DNA B. There isn't a lagging strand C. Heat separates the DNA strands D. The primers are premade
A. The primers are made of DNA
Match the type of "Omics" research with the correct description: Epigenomics A. The study of the entire set of epigenetic marks in a given type of cell under certain environmental conditions B. comparing genomic data to drug response data. Can be used to customize dosages and treatment plans C. The study of the entire set of RNAs expressed by a given type of cell under certain environmental conditions D. The study of the entire set of carbohydrates in a given type of cell under certain environmental conditions
A. The study of the entire set of epigenetic marks in a given type of cell under certain environmental conditions
Match the type of "Omics" research with the correct description. Proteomics: A. The study of the entire set of proteins expressed by a given type of cell under certain environmental conditions B. sequencing all the genomes present in a mixed sample to identify all of the organisms in an environment C. The study of all the small molecule metabolites found in a cell or an organism D. The study of the entire set of lipids in a given type of cell under certain environmental conditions.
A. The study of the entire set of proteins expressed by a given type of cell under certain environmental conditions
What is a cDNA molecule? A. a DNA copy of an RNA molecule produced by reverse transcription B. DNA sequences that are highly conserved among all organisms C. copies of introns with exons excluded D. a molecule rich in restriction cut sites
A. a DNA copy of an RNA molecule produced by reverse transcription
How does one target specific DNA sequences of the template to be amplified by polymerase chain reaction? A. by designing primers complementary to regions on both sides of the specific target B. including ddNTPs in the PCR reaction C. by designing probes complementary to regions on both sides of the specific target D. cutting areas on both sides of the target sequence with the same restriction enzyme
A. by designing primers complementary to regions on both sides of the specific target
Match the checkpoints with the correct description. G1/S: A. checkpoint monitors cell size and determines whether DNA has been damaged B. physiological conditions are checked prior to mitosis C. formation of spindle fibers system and attachment of spindle fibers to kinetochores associated with centromeres are monitored
A. checkpoint monitors cell size and determines whether DNA has been damaged
Aligning genome sequences from different organisms to study gene and genome evolution is referred to as ________. A. comparative genomics B. stone-age genomics C. evogenomics D. metagenomics
A. comparative genomics
A genetic bottleneck 12,000 years ago led to ______ in cheetahs, causing deleterious recessive alleles to become much more common. A. inbreeding B. artificial selection C. sexual dimorphism D. disruptive selection
A. inbreeding
One major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes is that eukaryotic genes can contain internal sequences, called ________, which get removed in the mature message. A. introns B. promoters C. exons D. enhancer
A. introns
White clover plants produce hydrogen cyanide gas in response to herbivore insects feeding on them, deterring or even killing them. Recently white clover in urban areas was found to lack this mechanism. Its thought that since there are less herbivore insects in urban areas, the plant can save energy and resources by not producing hydrogen cyanide. This would be considered an instance of ______. A. microevolution B. stabilizing selection C. macroevolution D. sexual dimorphism
A. microevolution
What is the name of the protein that appears to regulate the entry of cells into an S phase (along with other functions)? This protein is also known as the "guardian of the genome" and is mutated in ~50% of cancers. A. p53 B. GCN5b C. Tumor Necrosis Factor D. hexokinase
A. p53
What type of gene encodes products that normally promote appropriate cell growth and division? A. proto-oncogene B. tumor suppressor gene C. transgene D. pseudogen
A. proto-oncogene
You are studying corn and find that higher stalk height is correlated with larger cob size. Which of the following r values would be expected for this relationship? A. r = +0.78 B. r = +0.31 C. r = -0.78 D. r = -0.31
A. r = +0.78
SS individuals have normal hemoglobin and are susceptible to malaria. Ss individuals have mostly normal hemoglobin and are resist to malaria. ss individuals have sickle cell anemia. This is an example of _______. A. stabilizing selection B. Disruptive selection C. sexual selection D. directional selection
A. stabilizing selection
Bioinformatics includes all of the following except _______. A. using enzymes to combine DNA from two different sources in a test tube. B. using mathematical tools to make sense of biological systems. C. using computer programs to align DNA sequences. D. developing computer-based tools for genome analysis.
A. using enzymes to combine DNA from two different sources in a test tube.
Multiple Cloning Site A. where the gene of interest is inserted B. sequences that allow copies of the plasmids to be made. C. Genes that allow the identification of bacteria that have successfully been transformed and taken up the plasmid, often an
A. where the gene of interest is inserted
The frequency of a genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele is 0.01 in a population. What is the frequency of carriers are in the population? A. 0.02 B. 0.18 C. 0.09 D. 0.25
B. 0.18
In snapdragons, the red and white flower alleles exhibit incomplete dominance. If the frequency of the red alleles is 0.3, what frequency of pink flowers do you expect in the population? A. 0.21 B. 0.42 C. 0.5 D. 0.7
B. 0.42
_______ tumors grow uncontrollably but do not metastasize.. A. Malignant B. Benign C. Fibrotic D. Necrotic
B. Benign
The PCR (polymerase chain reaction) protocol that is currently used in laboratories was facilitated by the discovery of a bacterium called Thermus aquaticus in a hot spring inside Yellowstone National Park, in Wyoming. This organism contains a heat-stable form of DNA polymerase known as Taq polymerase, which continues to function even after it has been heated to extremely high temperatures. Why would such a heat-stable polymerase be beneficial in PCR? A. Each cycle includes a "hot" denaturation phase (95°C), which serves to sterilize the culture. B. Each cycle includes a "hot" denaturation phase (95°C), which separates the hydrogen bonds that hold the strands of the template DNA together. C. Each cycle includes a "hot" saturation phase (95°C), which allows the primers to anneal to the target DNA. D. Each cycle includes a "hot" denaturation phase (95°C), which activates the Taq polymerase.
B. Each cycle includes a "hot" denaturation phase (95°C), which separates the hydrogen bonds that hold the strands of the template DNA together.
The Philadelphia chromosome is a translocation between chromosomes 22 and 9 that leads to translation of a BCR-ABL fusion protein. The normal ABL gene is a proto-oncogene that codes for a kinase involved in a cell signaling pathway. How does this chromosome abnormality lead to cancer? A. The fusion protein causes mutations that lead to cancer. B. In the fusion protein, the ABL protein is always active. C. In the fusion protein, the ABL protein is non-functional. D. The abnormal chromosomes cannot line up in mitosis and cells cannot undergo normal cell division.
B. In the fusion protein, the ABL protein is always active.
Which of the following is an example of G x E interaction? A. Over 10,000 alleles influence height in humans B. Lobsters with allele A grow larger than lobsters with allele a in cold water environments. In warm tropical waters lobsters with allele a grow larger. C. Variety 1 of a crop always has a greater yield than variety 2 D. The pink color of flamingos is totally dependent on their diet
B. Lobsters with allele A grow larger than lobsters with allele a in cold water environments. In warm tropical waters lobsters with allele a grow larger.
The why is heritability of having two eyes very low? A. Epistasis between eye development genes B. Most of the variation in eye number is due to accidents and injuries C. Eye development alleles are copy number variants not sequence mutations D. No crossing over takes place in the parts of the genome that contain eye development genes
B. Most of the variation in eye number is due to accidents and injuries
A species of beetles have different horn shapes. A group of two-pronged horn beetles are in log that floats to a remote island. A population of beetles form on the island and they all have two-pronged horns. What is this an example of? A. stablizing selection B. The founder effect C. A genetic bottleneck D. anagenesis
B. The founder effect
How do heat shock and electroporation allow for transformation of bacteria? A. These techniques induce gene expression changes in the bacteria, making it more receptive to foreign DNA B. These techniques destabilize the bacterial membrane, causing pores to open that foreign DNA can pass through. C. These techniques deplete the bacteria's genome, forcing it to take up foreign DNA D. These techniques cause the bacteria to form sex pili that take up foreign DNA
B. These techniques destabilize the bacterial membrane, causing pores to open that foreign DNA can pass through.
Which of the following is an example of behavioral isolation? A. Two groups of birds don't mate because of differing plumage colors B. Two groups of jumping spider don't mate because of differences in their courtship dances C. Two groups of beetles have incompatible sex organs D. Two groups of frogs don't mate because one lives in ponds and other lives in streams
B. Two groups of jumping spider don't mate because of differences in their courtship dances
The data below is from a twin study. Which of these traits are monozygotic twins most likely to be discordant for? A. Type 1 diabetes B. Uterine cancer C. Autism D. Breast cancer
B. Uterine cancer
Which statement best describes an example of a cancer causing mutation in a tumor-suppressor gene? A. a mutation that places a receptor tyrosine kinase in a continuous "on" state B. a mutation that makes a cell unable to undergo programmed cell death C. a mutation that causes cyclins to be expressed at all times D. overexpression of a signal transduction molecule that promotes cell growth
B. a mutation that makes a cell unable to undergo programmed cell death
Which of the following factors is typically monitored during the M checkpoint? A. cell size B. attachment of spindle fibers to kinetochores C. the presence of DNA damage D. the completion of DNA replication
B. attachment of spindle fibers to kinetochores
Match the type of "Omics" research with the correct description: pharmacogenomics: A. The study of the entire set of epigenetic marks in a given type of cell under certain environmental conditions B. comparing genomic data to drug response data. Can be used to customize dosages and treatment plans C. The study of the entire set of RNAs expressed by a given type of cell under certain environmental conditions D. The study of the entire set of carbohydrates in a given type of cell under certain environmental conditions
B. comparing genomic data to drug response data. Can be used to customize dosages and treatment plans
Match the checkpoints with the correct description. G2/M: A. checkpoint monitors cell size and determines whether DNA has been damaged B. physiological conditions are checked prior to mitosis C. formation of spindle fibers system and attachment of spindle fibers to kinetochores associated with centromeres are monitored
B. physiological conditions are checked prior to mitosis
origin of replication A. where the gene of interest is inserted B. sequences that allow copies of the plasmids to be made. C. Genes that allow the identification of bacteria that have successfully been transformed and taken up the plasmid, often an
B. sequences that allow copies of the plasmids to be made.
Match the type of "Omics" research with the correct description. Metagenomics: A. The study of the entire set of proteins expressed by a given type of cell under certain environmental conditions B. sequencing all the genomes present in a mixed sample to identify all of the organisms in an environment C. The study of all the small molecule metabolites found in a cell or an organism D. The study of the entire set of lipids in a given type of cell under certain environmental conditions.
B. sequencing all the genomes present in a mixed sample to identify all of the organisms in an environment
Restriction endonucleases are especially useful if they generate "sticky" ends. What makes an end sticky? A. 5' cap B. single-stranded complementary tails C. blunt ends D. poly-A sequences
B. single-stranded complementary tails
Nutrigenomics is the study of ________. A. the effect of nutrition on genome sequences B. the relationship between diet and the genome C. the vitamins and minerals in the genome D. the effect of genomics on dietary desires
B. the relationship between diet and the genome
Opossums can be grey or white, with the grey allele being dominate. If the frequency of the grey allele is 0.6, what frequency do you expect for white opossums? A. 0.48 B. 0.24 C. 0.16 D. 0.4
C. 0.16
Eye color in humans is a polygenic trait influenced by 16 genes. How many phenotypic classes of eye color would you expect? A. 8 B. 64 C. 33 D. 16
C. 33
A population of fish has and variety of body colors and patterns. After an oil spill, only white fish with red stripes remain. What is this an example of? A. Artificial selection B. Cladogenesis C. A genetic bottleneck D. The founder effect
C. A genetic bottleneck
Which of the following is used to calculate Narrow-sense heritability? A. Interactive variance B. Dominance variance C. Additive variance D. Environmental variance
C. Additive variance
Programmed cell death or self destruction is called what? A. Neogenesis B. Metastasis C. Apoptosis D. Necrosis
C. Apoptosis
The image below shows wild and domesticated peaches. What is this an example of? A. Stabilizing selection B. Natural selection C. Artificial selection D. Disruptive selection
C. Artificial selection
How are restriction fragments put together? A. Methylating the ends so they stick together B. Chemical Catalysts C. DNA Ligase D. DNA Polymerase
C. DNA Ligase
All of these are known to cause cancer EXCEPT ________. A. Some Viruses B. Radiation C. DNA Repair D. Chronic Infections
C. DNA Repair
In a species of Galapagos finch, thick beaked individuals excel at cracking nuts, while thin beaked individuals excel at picking out grubs from trees. Individuals with intermediate beaks aren't good at either task. This is an example of what? A. Sexual selection B. Stabilizing selection C. Disruptive selection D. Directional selection
C. Disruptive selection
Eukaryotic genes often contain introns, which are not present in prokaryotes, presenting an obstacle in expressing eukaryotic genes in bacteria. How is this issue dealt with? A. Inserting the genes for the spliceosome into bacteria B. Cutting out the introns with restriction enzymes C. Generating cDNA from a mature mRNA D. Methylating the intron sequences
C. Generating cDNA from a mature mRNA
The sequencing of the human genome led to the realization that chromosome 19 contains many genes while chromosomes 13 and Y contain relatively few. What does this finding imply about the density of genes in a genome? A. Genes have no organization and randomly appear throughout the genome and chromosomes. B. Genes are uniformly distributed on chromosomes but not through the entire genome. C. Genes are not uniformly distributed and appear in clusters separated by gene deserts. D. Genes are uniformly distributed throughout the genome.
C. Genes are not uniformly distributed and appear in clusters separated by gene deserts.
Selectable marker A. where the gene of interest is inserted B. sequences that allow copies of the plasmids to be made. C. Genes that allow the identification of bacteria that have successfully been transformed and taken up the plasmid, often an
C. Genes that allow the identification of bacteria that have successfully been transformed and taken up the plasmid, often an
Which is the correct order of experiments for creating recombinant bacteria? I. Use PCR to amplify a gene of interest. II. Transform bacteria with the plasmid III. Perform a ligation reaction with the gene of interest and the plasmid. IV. Digest the gene of interest and a plasmid with restriction enzymes. A. I -> III -> II -> IV B. I -> II -> III -> IV C. I -> IV -> III - > II D. IV -> III -> I -> II
C. I -> IV -> III - > II
A new gene is discovered during the sequencing of a bacterial genome. After a BLAST analysis, the new gene aligns with a known sequence from the same bacterium. The sequence identity is 95%. Which of the following statements best describes the relationship of the newly discovered gene and the known gene? A. It is an ortholog to the known gene and is a result of a recent gene duplication. B. It is a paralog to the known gene and is a result of an older gene duplication. C. It is a paralog to the known gene and is a result of a recent gene duplication. D. It is an ortholog to the known gene and is a result of an older gene duplication.
C. It is a paralog to the known gene and is a result of a recent gene duplication.
You find the heritability of height of in a population water oak trees in upstate South Carolina to be 0.67. Your colleague finds the heritability of height of in a population water oak trees in south Alabama to be 0.44. How is this possible? A. The two populations must be different subspecies of water oak B. One population must have been exposed to mutagens C. Measured heritability depends on environmental variation present in population being studied D. There must be an error - heritability is the same fixed value for all members of species
C. Measured heritability depends on environmental variation present in population being studied
You are studying the Virginia opossum, Didelphis virginiana. You find 11 genes that influence the weight of newborn joeys, and that the mother's diet also influences birth weight. What term best describes this trait? A. Monogenic B. Qualitative C. Multifactorial D. Polygenic
C. Multifactorial
Which of the following is an example of sexual selection? A. Foxes mate for life B. In a cold environment, rabbits with a Himalayan coat pattern can stay warm and are camouflaged against predation by owls. These rabbits survive longer, so they get to mate more. C. Peahens prefer peacocks with large and colorful tails, so those peacocks get to mate more frequently. D. Waved Albatrosses have a mating season in the Galapagos islands from December to April
C. Peahens prefer peacocks with large and colorful tails, so those peacocks get to mate more frequently.
The human genome is predicted to have approximately 20,000 genes while the human proteome is predicted to have approximately 290,000 proteins. Which of the following is not an explanation for why the human proteome is so much larger than the human genome? A. Some proteins are cleaved by a protease as a method of posttranslational modification. B. Some genes are alternatively spliced, resulting in multiple splice variants. C. Some genes are duplicated in the genome. D. Some mRNAs are edited, resulting in different proteins encoded by the same mRNA.
C. Some genes are duplicated in the genome.
Match the type of "Omics" research with the correct description. Metabolomics: A. The study of the entire set of proteins expressed by a given type of cell under certain environmental conditions B. sequencing all the genomes present in a mixed sample to identify all of the organisms in an environment C. The study of all the small molecule metabolites found in a cell or an organism D. The study of the entire set of lipids in a given type of cell under certain environmental conditions.
C. The study of all the small molecule metabolites found in a cell or an organism
Match the type of "Omics" research with the correct description: transcriptomics: A. The study of the entire set of epigenetic marks in a given type of cell under certain environmental conditions B. comparing genomic data to drug response data. Can be used to customize dosages and treatment plans C. The study of the entire set of RNAs expressed by a given type of cell under certain environmental conditions D. The study of the entire set of carbohydrates in a given type of cell under certain environmental conditions
C. The study of the entire set of RNAs expressed by a given type of cell under certain environmental conditions
You attempt to insert a gene into a plasmid and transform bacteria with the result using blue-white screening. All of the resulting colonies are blue. What happened? A. Both the gene insertion and transformation worked B. The gene insertion worked but not the transformation C. The transformation worked, but the gene insertion didn't D. Neither the gene insertion nor the transformation worked
C. The transformation worked, but the gene insertion didn't
Cancer is: A. an inherited disease caused by a single mutation in an oncogene. B. a genetic disease caused by a single mutation in p53 tumor suppressor. C. a genetic disease caused by an accumulation of mutations in somatic cells. D. a genetic disease in which the same core genes are mutated in all cancers.
C. a genetic disease caused by an accumulation of mutations in somatic cells.
Height in a species of plant is controlled by 4 genes with additive alleles. Which of the following is a genotype you would expect for a plant of average height? A. aabbccdd B. aabbCcDc C. aaBBCcDd D. AABbCCDD
C. aaBBCcDd
Any agent that causes damage to DNA is a potential ________. A. pollutant B. oncogene C. carcinogen D. proto-oncogene
C. carcinogen
Using modern techniques of sequencing by synthesis and the shotgun approach, sequences are assembled into contigs by ________. A. treatment with DNA ligase B. placing them on previously generated genetic maps C. computer analysis looking for sequence overlaps D. cloning them into plasmid vectors
C. computer analysis looking for sequence overlaps
Which of the following correctly lists the processes in order for one cycle of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)? A. anneal primers; denature DNA; extend primers B. extend primers; anneal primers; denature DNA C. denature DNA; anneal primers; extend primers D. denature DNA; add fresh enzyme; anneal primers; add dNTPs; extend primers
C. denature DNA; anneal primers; extend primers
Match the checkpoints with the correct description. M: A. checkpoint monitors cell size and determines whether DNA has been damaged B. physiological conditions are checked prior to mitosis C. formation of spindle fibers system and attachment of spindle fibers to kinetochores associated with centromeres are monitored
C. formation of spindle fibers system and attachment of spindle fibers to kinetochores associated with centromeres are monitored
When some varieties of rice are crossed, the hybrids are viable, but subsequent generations are smaller and have less fitness. This is an example of what? A. hybrid sterility B. hybrid unviability C. hybrid breakdown D. hybrid vigor
C. hybrid breakdown
Which type of mutation is known to accumulate in cancer cells but has no direct contribution to the cancer phenotype? A. carrier mutations B. indirect mutations C. passenger mutations D. alteration mutations
C. passenger mutations
Which of the following describes an expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL)? A. Different hexokinase alleles have point mutations in exon 3 that influences the activity levels of the enzyme B. A recessive allele for an amino acid transporter has a premature stop codon that reduces the size of the protein product C. A dominant allele for a protein fiber has an insertion in exon 5 that causes abnormal fiber formation D. Lactose tolerance level is determined by lactase enzyme alleles with different mutations in the promoter that influence the gene's mRNA levels
D. Lactose tolerance level is determined by lactase enzyme alleles with different mutations in the promoter that influence the gene's mRNA levels
In general, mutations in genes that code for cell-adhesion molecules, cytoskeleton regulators, and proteolytic enzymes lead to which feature of malignant cancer cells? A. Uncontrolled cell division B. Inhibition of DNA repair C. Inhibition of apoptosis D. Metastasis
D. Metastasis
Which of the following is not true about bisulfite sequencing? A. Methylated cytosine bases are protected from conversion to uracil B. Non-methylated cytosines appear as thymines in the sequencing data C. It cannot detect histone methylation D. Methylated cytosines are removed an replaced with artificial bases
D. Methylated cytosines are removed an replaced with artificial bases
Female spiders are usually significantly larger than male spiders. This phenomena is called _________. A. Genetic drift B. Sexual selection C. Disruptive selection D. Sexual dimorphism
D. Sexual dimorphism
Match the type of "Omics" research with the correct description: glycomics: A. The study of the entire set of epigenetic marks in a given type of cell under certain environmental conditions B. comparing genomic data to drug response data. Can be used to customize dosages and treatment plans C. The study of the entire set of RNAs expressed by a given type of cell under certain environmental conditions D. The study of the entire set of carbohydrates in a given type of cell under certain environmental conditions
D. The study of the entire set of carbohydrates in a given type of cell under certain environmental conditions
Match the type of "Omics" research with the correct description. lipidomics: A. The study of the entire set of proteins expressed by a given type of cell under certain environmental conditions B. sequencing all the genomes present in a mixed sample to identify all of the organisms in an environment C. The study of all the small molecule metabolites found in a cell or an organism D. The study of the entire set of lipids in a given type of cell under certain environmental conditions.
D. The study of the entire set of lipids in a given type of cell under certain environmental conditions.
When sequencing a genome, coverage is the: A. percent of variation that is thought to be covered by sequencing data for a species. B. percent of the genome that is sequenced at least one time. C. number of reference sequences available for a species. D. number of times a particular base is found in the same location in multiple reads of a sequence.
D. number of times a particular base is found in the same location in multiple reads of a sequence.
Expression vectors differ from cloning vectors by ________. A. the presence of a selectable marker gene B. a reduced number of cloning sites C. the ability to be introduced into host cells D. the presence of necessary sequences to initiate transcription and translation (promoter, terminator, etc.)
D. the presence of necessary sequences to initiate transcription and translation (promoter, terminator, etc.)
