Genetics - McGraw questions- final

In gene cloning, cells are treated with agents to make them what? This also makes them a competent cell

Agents used to make them permeable to DNA

In Western blotting, what probe is used to detect the protein of interest?

An antibody - a primary antibody

In FISH the single-stranded DNA probe is synthesized with nucleotides tagged with the small molecule ________, and the fluorescent molecule is attached to the protein______.

Biotin, Avidin

Which component in the CRISPR-Cas9 system makes a double-strand break in DNA?

Cas9

Which of the following causes of genetic disorders can be detected with FISH analysis?

Deletions, translocations and duplications

Why would you use a poly-dT primer when making cDN

It would be complementary to the poly-A tail at the 3' end of the mRNA

A DNA sequencing method that can process thousands of sequence reads in parallel and can use uncloned DNA for sequencing is best described as ______ sequencing.

Next generation sequencing

Complimentary DNA is derived from mRNA molecules, what methods of sequencing uses these complimentary DNA and next gen sequencing methods - If you wished to compare the transcriptomes of healthy cells to diseased cells, which method would you choose?

RNA sequencing - sequences cDNA derived from RNA

A resistance gene that allows the host cell containing a vector to grow in a toxic substance is called?

Selectable marker

Following exposure to a plasmid containing the ampicillin resistance gene, a bacterial cell that was previously sensitive now grows in the presence of the antibiotic. What happened?

The bacterial cell was transformed with a plasmid carrying the ampicillin resistance gene

In PCR, each cycle uses the products of the previous cycle as templates. What do you call this? Multiple choice question.

a chain reaction

In CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis, which type of change is observed in the target gene when nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) repairs the double-strand break?

a small deletion causing a frameshift mutation

a cancer cell has _______

accumulated genetic changes that allow it to grow uncontrollably

What are two common ways of obtaining fetal material for the purpose of genetic testing? Multiple select question.

chorionic villus or amniocentesis

During FISH, how are fluorescent molecules localized to specific DNA sequences on chromosomes?

fluorescently labeled avidin binds to biotin that is attached to a single stranded DNA probe

Which process will result in a point mutation in the target gene when using the CRISPR-Cas technology for gene editing?

homologous recombination repair (HRR)

One of the goals of the Human Genome Project was to obtain a genetic linkage map of the human genome. This was accomplished by ______.

identifying millions of genetic markers and their locations on the chromosome

The (CA)n dinucleotide is an example of a _______, found in thousands of copies in the ______ genome?

microsatellite, human genome

A stem cell that can differentiate into almost every cell type in the body, but has lost the ability to produce an entire, intact individual is called ______?

pluripotent

Chromosomal abnormalities related to genetic diseases can be detected by ______.

producing a karyotype

Which of the following is an accurate description of shotgun sequencing? Multiple choice question. what is one of its advantages compared to other methods?

random DNA fragments are sequenced, an doverlapping parts of the sequence are identified does not require extensive mapping

shotgun sequencing

random DNA fragments are sequenced, and overlapping parts of the sequence are identified

What is the technique that allows one to determine the amount of template DNA present when the PCR cycles began?

real-time PCR

p53

tumor supressor gene - can detect DNA damage in a cell - regulate the rate of cell division and maintaining genomic integrity

Because of the experimental strategy used for shotgun sequencing, researchers using this strategy may ______.

waste time sequencing the same region of DNA many times

Which of the following statements about the inheritance of microsatellite markers are correct?

- microsatellite that are not linked will assort independently -microsatellite that are linked tend to be transmitted together to the same offspring.

Which statements describe the (CA)n sequence?

- n indicates the number of repeats - can have 5 to 50+ repeats - an example of microsatellite - thousands of copies in the genome - found in the human genome

Molecular makers: 1. RFLP 2. AFLP 3. microsatellite 4. SNP

1. A region that differs in size when cut with a restriction enzyme 2. a region that differs in size when amplified by PCR 3. a site with repeated short sequences 4. a site where on nucleotide is polymorphic - does not vary in size

-genetics use several types of strategies to identfy the locations of genes. the approcah that relies on DNA cloning techniques and allos computation of distance in bp is what (1)? -The technique that is based on recombination frequencies between gene is what? (2) -the technique that located genes relative to bands on chromosomes that are visible under the scope is what? (3)

1. physical mapping - cloning 2. linkage mapping 3. cytogenetic mapping

how does western blotting happen? what are the main steps

1. separate the protein using SDS-PAGE 2. blot the proteins on the nylon mem 3. incubate the nylon mem with the primary antibody 4. incubate the mem with the secondary antibody 5. treat the nylon mem with a reagent causing color changes

Why is cloning a cDNA molecule easier than cloning an entire eukaryotic gene?

A cDNA molecule does not have introns, which can be quite large, coding regions are also present

The use of dideoxyribonucleotides with different colored fluorescent dyes allows the detection of the ______? dideoxy method is the most common for this.

DNA sequence detection

A significant breakthrough in research in the use of stem cells for therapy was achieved in 1998 when two separate teams showed that ______.?

ES and Eg cells can be propagated in the lab

An oncogene is typically formed by a ______ mutation in a normal gene called a(n) ______.

Gain of function; proto-oncogene

metastasis

The ability of cancer cells to migrate to other parts of the body where they can cause secondary tumors

In the most common method of in situ hybridization, which method is used to detect the binding of DNA probes to specific regions of chromosomes?

fluorescence

An examination of genetic variants among many different individuals to determine if any variant is associated with a disease is called a_________ ______ association study?

genome-wide association study

Haplotype -An association between a disease-causing allele and nearby molecular markers can be established because ______.

haploid genotype showing linkage of alleles or molecular markers along a single chromosomes - haplotypes do not usually change from generation to generation

where are embryonic stem cells found?

in blastocyts

Bening tumor is______

localized growth with a precancerous genetic change

An oncogene is formed when a proto-oncogene gains a ______.

mutation that causes its expression to be abnormally active

A proto-oncogene is a ______ gene that ______.

nonmutated; has the potential to become an oncogene

When making cDNA a short strand of DNA might be used as the poly-dT primer. What is the short strand of DNA called

oligonucleotide

A microsatellite can be amplified by PCR using primers that are located ______.

on both sides of the microsatellite

what enzyme is used when PCR is employed to detect and quantify the amount of DNA of a specific RNA

reverse transcriptase

A growth factor is a ______.

signaling molecule that can stimulate cell throughout the organism body to divide

When the CRISPR-Cas system is used for gene mutagenesis, tracrRNA and crRNA are linked together in a molecule called what? (sgRNA)

single guide RNA (sgRNA)

DNA microarrays can be used to detect ______ that are associated with a disease condition.

single-gene mutation at the DNA level

The technique that allows a researcher to produce a mutation at a specific sequence is called?

site-directed. mutagenesis

When cloning a gene why must the chromosomal DNA and the plasmid DNA be cut with the same restriction enzyme?

the sticky ends of the plasmid DNA will be complementary to the sicky ends of the chromosomal DNA

To perform many cycles of PCR, you need a machine that can change temperatures at exact times. What do you call this machine?

thermocycler

In PCR, why do the primers bind to specific sites in the DNA on either side of the gene of interest?

they are complementary to the planking sequences

Why would one use a vector with a selectable marker

to identify cells containing the vector

The set of all RNA molecules that are transcribed in one cell or a population of cells is called the what?

transcriptome

You wish to determine if a protein is made at a particular stage of development. Which technique would you use?

western blotting