GEO 102 FINAL part 1
50) Landslides occur whenA) a threshold is reached.B) the internal friction is overcome by the force of gravity.C) when driving forces exceed resisting forces.D) all of theseE) a threshold is reached and internal friction is overcome by gravity only.
d
49) If you have ever played on a beach and made a sand castle, you used wet sand rather than dry sand. You did this because the ________ of wet sand is greater than that of dry sand.A) angle of reposeB) cohesivenessC) gravityD) cohesiveness and gravityE) angle of repose and cohesiveness
e
51) In the Andes Mountains of South America, entire towns of thousands of people have been buried suddenly when snow fell from high on a mountain side, melted on impact, and then mixed with loose materials that traveled downhill as a viscous fluid. This type of catastrophic event is known as aA) lahar.B) slump.C) rock fall.D) slide.E) debris avalanche
e
53) Thoreau's Walden Pond is an example of which of the following?A) kameB) kettleC) eskerD) drumlinE) tarn
b
13) Movement at the geomorphic threshold signalsA) a conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy.B) a conversion of kinetic energy to chemical energy.C) frictional resistance overcoming the degree of cohesion.D) a lack of change.
a
14) Melting and refreezing of snow acts to ________ ice density and ________ the sphericity (roundness) of the original snowflakes.A) increase; increaseB) increase; decreaseC) decrease; increaseD) decrease; decrease
a
19) Chemical weathering is greatest under conditions ofA) higher mean annual rainfall and temperatures.B) lower mean annual rainfall and temperatures. C) temperatures below freezing.D) rainfall of less than 25 cm (10 in) per year.
a
20) A central peak, or a dome of a volcanic mountain, generally produces ________ drainage patterns.A) radialB) trellisC) parallelD) annular
a
21) The zone where positive gains end and losses begin in the glacial mass balance is calledA) an equilibrium line.B) medial moraine.C) firn line.D) the ice field line.
a
25) When rock is broken and disintegrated without dissolving, the process in operation isA) physical weathering.B) chemical weathering.C) hydrolysis.D) carbonation.
a
26) The degradation of a landscape by weathering, erosion, and transportation has an ultimate "goal" of reducing the landscape down toA) base level, namely sea level.B) continental shelf. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc C) the mountain tops.D) valley level.
a
33) The largest material that can be carried by a stream is carried asA) bed load.B) suspended load.C) dissolved load.D) truck load.
a
10) A continuous mass of ice covering a large landmass is known as aA) tidal glacier.B) mountain glacier.C) continental glacier.D) valley glacier.
c
16) The disintegration and dissolving of surface and subsurface rock is calledA) erosion.B) mass wasting.C) landmass denudation.D) weathering.
c
23) Other than the rock itself, the most important chemical substance needed for the majority of weathering processes isA) oxygen.B) nitrogen.C) water.D) carbon dioxide.
c
24) The ultimate base level isA) an interior basin.B) a dam.C) sea level.D) all of these
c
28) The dramatic domes and arch-‐‐shaped features found in granitic mountain masses result fromA) solution processes.B) frost-‐‐wedging.C) pressure-‐‐release jointing, exfoliation, and sheeting.D) spheroidal weathering.
c
31) Which of the following is a continental depositional feature?A) cirqueB) hornC) drumlinD) col
c
38) A pyramidal peak formed in glaciated mountains is Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc A) a col.B) an arete.C) a horn.D) a cirque.
c
39) Drowned glacial valleys are known asA) kettle holes.B) tarns.C) fjords.D) paternoster lakes.
c
4) Stream-‐‐related processes are termedA) hydrological.B) geomorphological.C) fluvial.D) erosion.
c
38) The total possible load a stream can transport is its ________, whereas a stream's ability to move particles of specific size is its ________.A) capacity; competenceB) competence; capacityC) discharge; competenceD) bed load; sediment load
a
39) Karst topography is formed primarily byA) carbonic acid solution.B) mass wasting processes.C) oxidation and hydrolysis.D) exfoliation and hydration.
a
51) A cutoff on a meandering stream results in the formation ofA) an oxbow lake. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc B) a levee.C) a point bar.D) a terrace.
a
51) Louis Agassiz called glacially deposited boulders that differ in composition and origin from the ground on which they restA) erratics.B) horns.C) tarns.D) nunataks.
a
57. Natural levees are created during A) floods.B) normal flow conditions.C) low flow conditions.D) None of the above—all levees are manmade.
a
6) The general term for clay, silt, and sand deposited by running water isA) alluvium.B) dirt.C) soil.D) mud
a
60) Which of the following is true regarding permafrost?A) It develops where soil or rock temperatures are below freezing for at least two years.B) It is an area that is covered by glaciers.C) The surface layer in a permafrost region never thaws—even during the warm season.D) It occurs at a lower elevation in the midlatitudes than in the high latitudes.
a
69) Which of the following is true regarding the flooding of New Orleans in 2005?A) The city is almost entirely below the level of the Mississippi, with parts actually below sea level.B) No one could have predicted that it would flood. C) Because the levees provide 100-‐‐year flood protection, it will not flood for another 100 years. D) The repairs included ending the subsidence of the city.
a
7) The dynamic equilibrium model refers toA) a balancing act between tectonic uplift and rates of reduction in a given landscape.B) a theory involving the cyclic or evolutionary development of a landscape.C) a sequential development of landforms.D) an important concept first stated by John Powell.
a
12) Which of the following landforms is incorrectly matched with a drainage pattern?A) volcano — radialB) folded mountain belt — trellisC) eroded dome — annularD) topographically disrupted areas — parallel
d
32) Stream transport involves all of the following exceptA) saltation.B) bed load.C) traction.D) sheet flow.
d
10) Uplift of the landscape creates ________ energy which is converted to ________ energy when materials begin to move downslope.A) kinetic; potentialB) potential; kineticC) potential; chemicalD) kinetic; chemical
b
11) After a threshold is crossed, the landscapeA) remains unstable thereafter.B) adjusts to a new equilibrium condition.C) looks identical to the landscape that existed prior to the crossing of the threshold.D) Any of these are equally likely to occur.
b
26) Which of the following is a type of chemical weathering process? A) exfoliationB) hydrolysisC) salt crystal growthD) frost wedging
b
34) The suspended load of a stream consists of particles that areA) rolled and bounced along the stream bed.B) held aloft in the stream flow.C) dragged along the stream bed.
b
34) Unlike a stream-‐‐cut valley that assumes a characteristic ________-‐‐shape, a glacially-‐‐ carved valley evidences a characteristic ________-‐‐shape.A) U; VB) V; UC) flat; roundedD) steep; shallow
b
40) As base level is approached by a stream, the ability of a stream to erode its bedA) increases.B) decreases.C) remains constant.
b
43) Which of the following stream channel forms is likely to develop when aggradation greatly exceeds erosion?A) V-‐‐shaped valleysB) braided channelsC) meandering channelsD) straight, steep-‐‐walled channels
b
47) The steepness of a slope of loose material at rest is theA) height of the slope.B) angle of repose.C) mass movement gradient.D) the speed of the particles.
b
53) A translational slide involvesA) rotational movement of surface material.B) movement of surface material along a planar surface.C) unconsolidated flow of material.D) mudflow.
b
55) A persistent mass movement of surface soil is called aA) debris avalanche.B) soil creep.C) soil slide.D) rockfall.
b
6) Which of the following is true of the snowline?A) It increases in elevation with increasing latitude.B) It decreases in elevation with increasing latitude.C) It occurs at approximately the same elevation at all latitudes because the environmental lapse rate is approximately the same at all latitudes
b
7) Watersheds are defined byA) continental divides.B) drainage divides.C) stream orders.D) fluvial units.
b
76) It is now virtually certain that the dominant cause of recent ice ages isA) the blocking of sunlight by volcanic eruptions.B) variations in Earth-‐‐Sun orbital relationships.C) changes in radiation output from the Sun.D) the blocking of sunlight by galactic dust.
b
A15) Why, specifically, is glacial ice analogous to a metamorphic rock?A) It has a definite chemical composition.B) It has a crystalline structure.C) It forms as a result of recrystallization caused by pressure.D) It is solid.
c
39) As a stream's carrying capacity decreases, which of the following sizes of sediments will be deposited last?A) gravelB) sandC) silt Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc D) clay
d
47) A winding hill of sorted sand and gravel deposits is known as a/an ________ and is deposited by a/an ________ glacier.A) drumlin; continentalB) drumlin; alpineC) esker; alpineD) esker; continentalE) medial moraine; alpine
d
1) The science that specifically studies the origin, evolution, form, and spatial distribution of landforms isA) geology.B) geography.C) geomorphology.D) environmental chemistry.
c
18) In the Northern hemisphere mid-‐‐latitudes, slopes that face ________ have more trees on them because ________.A) south; they receive more direct sunshine for photosynthesisB) south; they receive more rainfallC) north; they are more moistD) north; they receive more direct sunshine
c
20) In which of the following climates would the subsurface line of contact between weathered and unweathered materials be at the greatest depth?A) cold and wetB) cold and dryC) hot and wetD) hot and dry
c
20) The opposite of the accumulation zone in a glacier is the Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc A) abrasion zone.B) equilibrium line.C) ablation zone.D) snow and firn area.
c
22) Stream capture refers toA) the legal process by which a state secures rights to the waters of a river basin.B) the merging of two streams flowing in the same valley.C) the process by which one channel erodes through a drainage divide and captures the headwater regions of another stream.D) the illegal withdrawal of water from a river.
c
30) Exfoliation occurs becauseA) water combines with minerals and increases their size, thereby causing surrounding minerals to pop out of the rock matrix.B) water freezes in joints and expands.C) overlying rock is removed, thereby allowing the underlying rock mass to expand.D) All of these are possible causes of exfoliation.
c
34) Which of the following are the principal active agents involved in chemical weathering?A) oxygen, silicon, aluminumB) magnesium, water, limestoneC) water, oxygen, carbon dioxideD) nitrogen, oxygen, argon
c
36) Hydrolysis involvesA) no actual chemical change in minerals.B) water being added to a mineral leading to swelling and stress in rock.C) water chemically combining with minerals.D) hydraulic action of water between rocks.
c
37) A specific landform produced by the deposition of glacial till is known asA) glacial drift.B) outwash.C) a moraine.D) alluvium.
c
4) The bulk of ice on Earth is sitting inA) North America, specifically Alaska.B) European and Asian mountain ranges.C) Greenland and Antarctica.D) floating ice shelves and packs.
c
42) The construction of a dam across a river is likely to cause ________ upstream and ________ downstream.A) erosion; aggradationB) erosion; erosionC) aggradation; erosionD) aggradation; aggradation
c
42) The weathering of limestone can create circular depressions known asA) uvalas.B) stalactites.C) sinkholes.D) caverns
c
44) Which of the following countries is noted for its spectacular tower karst?A) RussiaB) the U.S.C) ChinaD) France
c
46) All unit movement of materials propelled and controlled by gravity are referred to asA) lahars.B) downslope flows.C) mass movements or mass wasting.D) slides.
c
48) One side of a sand dune is typically steeper than the other side. The slope of the steepest is controlled by the angle of repose for sand—which has a value that is typical for most materials. This angle is about ________.A) 5 degreesB) 15 degreesC) 34 degreesD) 78 degrees
c
48) The maximum velocity line in a stream isA) near the bottom.B) near the inside of a meander.C) at the center and near the surface, corresponding with the deepest parts of the stream channel.D) at the center and near the surface, corresponding with the shallowest parts of the stream channel.
c
5) A general term for a mass of perennial ice, resting on land or floating shelf-‐‐like in the sea adjacent to land isA) the snowline.B) an iceberg.C) a glacier.D) moraine.
c
53) Which of the following is true of the longitudinal profile of most rivers?A) It always changes at a constant rate from the headwater region to the sea.B) It is convex in shape.C) It is concave in shape.D) It is gentle upstream and steep downstream.
c
56) In 1973, part of the flat ground on which a subdivision was located became saturated and began to flow toward the Saint Lawrence River at speeds of up to 26 kmph (16 mph). The ground that flowed consisted of silts and clays—not large, rocky regolith. What type of mass wasting event was this?A) debris avalancheB) soil creepC) Earth flowD) lahar
c
59) Flowing soil in an area of frozen ground is known asA) patterned ground.B) permafrost.C) gelifluction, or the more general term solifluction.D) periglacial flow.
c
66) If you live in an area that was flooded by the 100-‐‐year flood last year, you can conclude thatA) the next 100-‐‐year flood will occur in exactly 100 years. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc B) the next 100-‐‐year flood will occur in exactly 99 years.C) you could be flooded by the 100-‐‐year flood again this year.D) you do not have to worry about another flood of that size during your lifetime.
c
68) Glaciation takes about ________ years to develop, whereas an deglaciation requires about ________ years.A) 1000; 100B) 100; 1000C) 90,000; 10,000D) 10,000; 90,000
c
8) A glacier that is confined in a bowl-‐‐shaped recess is called aA) piedmont glacier.B) mountain glacier. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc C) cirque glacier.D) valley glacier.
c
9) Rivers east of the continental divide in the Rockies drain into theA) Pacific drainage.B) Hudson Bay/Arctic drainage.C) Gulf/Atlantic drainage.D) interior West drainage.
c
11) Stream drainage patterns are determined by which of the following?A) slopeB) differing rock resistanceC) climatic and hydrologic variabilityD) all of these
d
12) The process of calving producesA) baby steers.B) nunataks.C) roche moutonné.D) icebergs.E) moraines.
d
14) Rectangular drainage patterns form as a result of ________.A) differential resistance to erosionB) domal upliftC) flow through anticlinal and synclinal topographyD) flow through a faulted landscape
d
16) Which drainage pattern is controlled by rock structures of variable resistance and folded strata?A) radialB) dendriticC) derangedD) trellis
d
21) The glaciated shield regions of Canada and northern Europe have disrupted surface drainage patterns that are called ________ patterns.A) trellisB) parallelC) annularD) deranged
d
21) The rate at which rocks weather depends uponA) the climate of an area.B) the type of rock.C) the amount of vegetation in an area.D) all of these E) the climate of an area and the type of rock only.
d
27) The fact that water expands as much as 9 percent of its volume as it freezes is the basis ofA) chemical weathering processes.B) pressure-‐‐release jointing.C) crystallization.D) frost wedging.
d
28) As the discharge of a stream increases, which of the following also happens?A) Stream channels narrow, become shallower, and lose velocity.B) The rate of flow decreases.C) Channel width increases but channel depth decreases.D) Width, depth, and velocity all increase.
d
3) Approximately what percentage of the world's freshwater is frozen?A) 10 percentB) 30 percentC) 50 percentD) 77 percent
d
30) Which of the following are erosional landforms created by alpine glaciation?A) drumlinsB) eskersC) till plainsD) cols and horns
d
32) Which type of weathering is limited to arid environments?A) exfoliationB) frost wedgingC) hydrolysisD) salt-‐‐crystal growthE) carbonic acid solution
d
47) Which of the following is likely to occur if the gradient of a stream increases? (Assume that the discharge and sediment load remain unchanged.)A) The stream will begin to deposit more of its load.B) The amount of aggradation in the channel will increase.C) The amount of bed load transport will decrease.D) The stream will begin to erode its channel and/or its banks.
d
5) Which of the following lists of processes are in the correct sequence as to their occurrence in nature?A) deposition, erosion, transport, weatheringB) weathering, erosion, deposition, transportC) weathering, deposition, erosion, transportD) weathering, erosion, transport, deposition
d
54) An interruption in a stream's graded profile of equilibrium is called aA) gradation.B) longitudinal interruption.C) base level.D) nickpoint.
d
56) Which of the following is false regarding floodplains?A) They are formed by recurrent flooding in the area adjacent to the stream.B) Natural levees on either side of a stream are formed during times when the stream is at flood stage and overflows the bank.C) They are generally low-‐‐lying areas.D) They are characterized by rapids and low waterfalls.
d
59) Which of the following can initiate hillslope failure?A) making a roadcut in the side of a hillB) increasing the slope angleC) excessively watering a slopeD) all of these
d
65) The effect of urbanization on a typical stream hydrograph is toA) create a base flow.B) increase lag time between storm peak and peak stream discharge.C) decrease runoff.D) decrease lag time between storm peak and peak stream discharge.
d
9) If material is to move downslope, it must overcome the force ofA) friction.B) the cohesion of particles to each other. C) inertial resistance of the material.D) all of these
d
D15) Which of the following stream channel types is likely to develop on gently sloping surfaces composed of rocks or sediments with approximately the same resistance to erosion? (Also assume that there are no structural controls on the pattern's development.)A) radialB) annularC) derangedD) dendritic
d
17) The transformation of snow into glacial ice in Antarctica takes ________ than in midlatitude alpine glaciers because ________.A) longer; less snow falls per year in polar regionsB) longer; less melting and refreezing occurs in AntarcticaC) less time; more snow falls each year in polar regionsD) less time; less melting and refreezing occurs in the midlatitudesE) both A and B
e
23) John Wesley Powell put forward the idea of base level, which refers toA) an imagined surface that extends inland from sea level, and is inclined gently upward.B) a level below which a stream cannot erode its valley.C) an evolutionary cycle of landscape development.D) flat plateaus.E) Both A and B are correct.
e
38) The yellow-‐‐red stains that occur on some rock surfaces are the result of ________, which is a form of ________ weathering.A) hydration; physicalB) hydration; chemicalC) solution; chemicalD) oxidation; physicalE) oxidation; chemical
e
58) Which of these statements is correct?A) Periglacial regions occupy about 20 percent of Earth's land area.B) Subarctic climate regions with seasonally snow-‐‐free ground are periglacial regions.C) Permanently frozen subsurface ground is called permafrost.D) Periglacial regions can sometimes feature polygonal rock formations.E) All of these are correct.
e
75) Viking colonies in Iceland apparently were deserted because of aA) rise in sea level brought about by a minor period of global warming in 14th century.B) drop in temperature that occurred during the "Little Ice Age."C) decline in food production.D) both A and CE) both B and C
e