Geo 128 (EXAM 1 // chp.2)

Which of the following best describes green economies compared to brown economies?

Green economies will embrace technologies that reduce pollutants and increase efficiency.

Which of the following represents a market approach to environmental policy?

Using a cap-and-trade system to control the levels of carbon dioxide released into the air

The elimination of leaded gasoline resulted in

a benefit-to-cost ratio of at least 10 to 1.

In general, problems caused by economic activities are

addressed by laws and public policies

In the years 2004-2010, the benefit to cost ratio

always had more benefits than costs.

In general, careful and detailed economic studies indicate that environmental protection helps the environment

and does not hurt the economy or cost a net loss of jobs.

The ecological economic paradigm places the greatest emphasis on the

essential functions of the natural environment.

The concept of sustainability requires that

economic growth does not exceed the renewal of natural capital.

A nation with a low GNP might actually be wealthier than it appears because GNP does not take into account

ecosystem services and goods created by families.

The World Bank measures of GDP did not initially include the economic value of

ecosystem services such as the breakdown of wastes, climate regulation, and oxygen production.

Environmental public policy

transfers wealth from polluters to pollution controllers and to less polluting companies.

Given the eventual response to ban DDT, the late 1960s most likely represented which stage of the policy life cycle?

Formulation

Unlike high-income countries, low-income countries rely most on their

natural capital.

Natural capital includes ecosystem capital plus

nonrenewable resources such as fossil fuels.

Sustainable development and the protection of public health require

public policies that protect the environment.

In the classical view of economic activity, if the number of households in a region increases,

the demands for labor will increase.

From an ecological economist's perspective, without sustainability, as economies grow,

the natural world is depleted.

In a free-market society,

the needs of the poor are often not met by business interests but instead by government programs.

If you examine the trends in the GDP, the GPI/ISEW have remained fairly level because of

the rising environmental and social costs of economic activity.

Which is an example of produced capital?

Airports and highways

Which one of the following reduces net GDP?

Degradation of farm equipment

Which part of the government is responsible for passing public-policy laws?

Legislative branch

One way to participate in the development of environmental policies is to become a member of an NGO. What is an NGO?

NGO means nongovernmental organization

What do the GDP and the World Bank both fail to include in their measures of wealth?

Natural services provided by ecosystems

Which of the following best illustrates an intergenerational consideration?

Reducing the harvest of blue fin tuna to sustainable levels

How does the EPA affect environmental policy?

The EPA develops rules and regulations based on laws passed by Congress.

Which of the following about U.S. pollution levels is true?

The average levels of lead in the blood of children have declined by 90%.

Which of the following is not included in the calculation of the GNP of a coal mine?

The depletion of coal from the mine

Which of the following best describes what would happen in a community with increasing air and water pollution problems?

The economy of the region would decline.

Which of the following represents intangible capital?

The library of the Smithsonian Institution

Which of the following represents a potentially sustainable process?

The recycling of materials generated by human consumption

The modern U.S. environmental movement began as a

broad bipartisan effort but has fractured into a contentious partisan debate with intense lobbying.

Rising per capita income is associated with

cleaner air and safer water.

In the classical view of economic systems, households

consume goods and services.

today, DDT is no longer used in the United States because it is illegal. At this point, the issue has reached the

control stage because of a command and control strategy.

Costs of pollution control tend to

decrease over time because of initial investments in reductions and new technologies.

Because of rising environmental and social costs of economic activity, the

gap between the GDP and GPI/ISEW has increased.

If current energy consumption trends continue and the per capita income of the world increased dramatically, we would expect that

global climate change will be a greater problem.

Sustainable economic and environmental policies will shift the focus from

growth to the well-being of humans.

Citizen science and citizen involvement in policy formulation

have generally hampered local policies to fix environmental problems.

Teaching people to use forests in a sustainable way to produce lawn furniture represents

human capital affecting renewable resources, generating produced capital.

Environmental public policy is intended to

improve human welfare and protect the natural world.

Economic growth in China has led to extensive air and water pollution because of

inadequately enforced environmental protection policies.

The GDP and GPI/ISEW include calculations of the

income from the sale of natural products.

Command and control approaches to environmental public policy

increase the likelihood of continued low levels of pollution, not the elimination of pollution.

In response to environmental problems, the Chinese government has

increasingly relied upon local, non-governmental groups to monitor and respond.

In general, centrally planned economies are run to promote the

interests of society, while free-market economies depend on the self-interests of individuals.

The most difficult arena in which to attempt to gain consensus on environmental policy is

international.

People who are well aware of the damaging effects of mercury might insist that all fish that they eat be free from mercury. They may be alarmed even if mercury levels remain at very low levels, far below that is known to cause harm. Insisting that mercury be completely eliminated from fish

is not cost effective for the health benefits of complete elimination.

From a global sustainability perspective, economic production

is the process of converting the natural world to the manufactured world.

Environmental government policies and regulations are applied at the

local, state, and federal levels.

Environmental policies

may be cost-neutral or may come at a monetary cost, depending on the time frame for their evaluation.

The preparation and publication of the book Silent Spring represented which stage of the policy life cycle?

recognition

Large stocks of fish in the Great Lakes represent

renewable natural capital.

Today, environmental regulations in the United States

require substantial scientific support and strong political efforts.

A nation such as France which has a rich and ancient cultural heritage, a strong and sophisticated democracy and legal system and well established programs of education and creative arts would have

strengths in all aspects of intangible capital.

The best hope for the future global economy and environmental policy depends upon

sustainability.

Considering the availability of ecosystem goods and services,

the amount of ecosystem goods and services has declined between 1969 and the present.

The ecological economic paradigm argues that the environment encompasses the economy because the environment is essential to provide

vital raw materials and ecosystem services and absorb wastes.

A large step toward the elimination of poverty and the reduction of resource consumption could be made possible if there were cooperation among wealthier nations to reduce the amount of

wasted food and water.