Geog 050: Exam 4
Percentage of global carbon emissions that support consumption in countries other than where they were emitted
"32% of global carbon emissions support consumption in countries other than where they were emitted" (Bergmann 2013)
"Famine" according to Michael Watts
"Famines are social crises that represent the failures of particular economic and political systems." -critical food shortages cannot be reduced to weather and/or climate patterns, but instead are conditioned by systemic social, political, and economic failures
Percentage of global carbon emissions from fossil fuel combustion that contribute to capital accumulation in countries other than where the emissions occurred
"viewing emissions in terms of the economic investment they enable... 55% of global carbon emissions from fossil fuel combustion contribute to capital accumulation in countries other than where the emissions occurred" (Ibid.)
China's farm output ranking
#1 in farm output ($1 trillion) 2 primary agricultural regions: -north of yangtze river valley: wheat, millet, sorghum -south of yangtze river valley: rice dominated
Khmer Rouge
-"red cambodians" -Pol Pot (1963-1998) -a left-wing extremist government (1975-1979) -regarded as the deadliest regime of the 20th century -anti-imperialist, anti-capitalist -sought to safeguard cambodia from western influence -pro-agricultural ideology -sought to rebuild a society based upon an agricultural ideal -rural peasant as foundational figure for a cambodian communist utopia
Zero-Sum Game
-A. Hornborg -economic growth in the core corresponds to economic decline in the periphery -environmental improvements in the core correspond to environmental degradation in the periphery -in time, nobody wins, but some will lose faster than others
ASEAN
-Association of Southeast Asian Nations -geopolitical and economic organization comprised of 10 SEA countries (all but East Timor) -3 pillars: ---security ---social integration ---economic integration
Major bodies of water of Southeast Asia
-Bay of Bengal -Andaman Sea -Indian Ocean -South China Sea -Sulu Sea -Celebes Sea -Makasar Strait -Banda Sea -Arafura Sea -Molucca Sea -Philippine Sea -Pacific Ocean
Reasons for high RNI in the Philippines
-Catholicism and birth control
Rate of China's oil consumption/day
-China is 2nd in the world in terms of oil consumption -9.4 million bbl/day
China's economic trends for the last 30 years
-China was self-sufficient until late 1990s -inc economic growth -> inc consumption of meat -> larger amounts of feed grain ---middle class of 230 million -current economy is ranked 2nd largest (behind US) -fastest growing economy, with high growth rates over last 30 years -largest exporter of goods ---China: $1.9 trillion ---US: $1.5 trillion -2nd largest importer of goods ---US: $2.31 trillion ---China: $1.74 trillion -one of the most successful regional economies in the world -primary base for global productive capacity -quickly becoming equal with US and EU economies
Accumulation by Disposession
-David Harvey -a process wherein wealth and power are centralized in the hands of the few by dispossessing individuals of their wealth or land -applies to energy... -intensification of natural resource extraction -> local resource exhaustion and ecological degradation -> investments shifted elsewhere
Effects of the 2004 Sumatra Earthquake/Tsunami
-Dec. 24th 2004 ---subduction quake (India plate slid under Burma plate) ---9.1 to 9.3 Magnitude -----3rd largest earthquake ever reported. -created several tsunamis, some as high as 30m (98ft) -total death toll: 230,000 (est. )
ENSO
-El Niño Southern Oscillation -quasi-periodic climate pattern that occurs across the tropical Pacific Ocean about every 5 years -variations in the surface temperature of the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, and in the air pressure of the tropical western Pacific -causes extreme weather in many parts of the world ---wetter conditions in some areas (NW Mex, SW USA, E. Africa) ---drier in others (NW US, S. Asia, N. Australia) -usual patterns of air and water circulation in the Pacific are reversed: cooler ocean near SE Asia, so air doesn't rise -> results in severe drought
Major mountains of South Asia
-Himalayas -Karakoram (west) -Hindu Kush (west) -Ghat mountain ranges ---bound deccan plateau on E and W
Physiological Distribution in South Asia
-Indus and Ganges plains -deltas -coastal lowlands
Major rivers of South Asia
-Indus, flows SW to Arabian Sea -Ganga, flows SE to Bay of Bengal -Brahmaputra, flows E through Tibet then S into Bangladesh -all begin in the Himalayan highlands near Tibet, Nepal, India borders -largely fed by glacial meltwater -main river basins of the Indus and Ganga lie to the SW and S of Himalayas in Indo-Gangetic Plain
Major river deltas of Southeast Asia
-Irrawaddy -Chao Phraya -Mekong -intensively cultivated and settled
Palm Oil and Emissions
-Swidden practices used to clear land for palm oil development -Large deposits of peat ---Natural carbon sinks up to 65 feet deep ---Stores approximately 9 years of global fossil fuel usage ---Palm oil development releases stored CO2 into atmosphere -Indonesia 7th largest emitter of global warming pollution in 2009 ---Deforestation accounted for 30% of these emissions -1997: Fires burning peat and vegetation in Indonesia released as much CO2 into the atmosphere as the United States released that whole year.
International Poverty Line
-US $1.90/day -32.7% of Indian population lives below this (406 million) -causes: transition from closed to open market economies (since 1991), social stratification and the caste system, demands associated with high population
Major seas of East Asia
-Yellow Sea -East China Sea -South China Sea
Demilitarized zone
-a border area between rival states where military activities are prohibited -usually refers to the border between North and South Korea ---established near the 38th parallel, a de facto border between N and S Korea ---2.5 miles wide ---demilitarized bc it is a buffer zone not claimed by either side, although in the surrounding area, both sides are heavily armed
Caste system
-a complex, ancient Hindu system for dividing society into hereditary hierarchical classes -complex and evolving -one is born into a given subcaste, or community (a jati), that traditionally defines one's life experience
Great Leap Forward
-a failed economic reform program under Mao Zedong intended to quickly raise China's industrial level -initiated in the 1950s -30 million people died ---many from famine brought on by poorly planned development ---others bc persecuted for opposing the reforms -deforestation, soil degradation, agricultural mismanagement
Domino theory
-a foreign policy theory that used the idea of the domino effect to suggest that if one country "fell" to communism, others in the neighboring region were also likely to fall -major influence in the US's decision to step in when Ho Chi Minh defeated the French at Dien Bien Phu in N Vietnam in 1954, since both China and N Korea had recently become communist -US worried about spread of international communism should the anticolonial resisters (now supported by communists) succeed
Archipelago
-a group, often a chain, of islands -series of large and small islands fans out to the S and E of the mainland of SE Asia ---grouped into the countries of Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, Timor-Leste, and the Philippines ---Indonesia alone has some 17,000 islands and the Philippines has 7,000
Water scarcity
-a lack of sufficient water resources to meet water needs -S Asia suffers from extreme water scarcity ---has more than 20% of the world's population and only 4% of its freshwater ---high conflict over water since major rivers travel through multiple countries ---Chinese building dams in Tibet that could reduce flows to S Asia ---most water scarce: Afghan, Pakistan, NW India ---water treaties on 4 rivers from India to Pak ---54 rivers from India to Bangladesh, so E S Asia has more water resources
Carbaryl/Sevin
-a pesticide commonly used throughout Asia 1970: UCC builds a pesticides plant in Bhopal ---central, access to transport infrastructure ---attractive market: agricultural intensification leads to high demand, lax enviro and labor regulations and oversight -manufactured Carbaryl (Sevin) -Carbaryl production requires methyl isocyanate (MIC) as an intermediary ---highly toxic irritant, hazardous to human health ---toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and direct contact in quantities as low as 0.4 ppm
Cultural Revolution
-a political movement launched in 1966 to force the entire population of China to support the continuing revolution -partially in response to the failures of the Great Leap Forward -enforced support for Mao Zedong and punished dissenters -educated people were main target bc they were thought to instate critical evaluations of Mao/Communist Party ---sent out of cities to labor on farms, etc. -so disrupted Chinese society that by Mao's death in 1976, the Communist regime had been seriously discredited
Microcredit
-a program based on peer support that makes very small loans (under US $100) available to very low-income entrepreneurs -lifting people out of extreme poverty, hunger, malnutrition in S Asia -banks not interested in giving small loans to poor people, so have to rely on small scale moneylenders who charge high interest rates -1976, Muhammad Yunus started the Grameen Bank or "Village Bank" which gives small loans to ppl in rural villages who wish to start businesses -borrowers organized into small groups, collectively responsible for repaying loans, so if one member fails, then everyone is denied loans until it is repaid
El-Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
-a quasi-periodic climate pattern that occurs across the tropical Pacific Ocean about every 5 years -1876-79: ENSO famine killed 13 million in India, China, Brazil, N. Africa
Basic physical geographical and topographical features of Southeast Asia
-a region of peninsulas and islands -mainland, large Indochina peninsula ---rugged uplands ---broad lowlands, valleys ---river deltas -archipelago fanning to the south and east ---interior mountains ---broad, flat coastal plains ---heavy tectonic activity (volcanic eruptions, mudflows, landslides, earthquakes, tsunamis)
Jainism
-a religion of Asia that originated as a reformist movement within Hinduism more than 2000 years ago -Jains are found mainly in western India and large urban centers throughout the region -known for their educational achievements, promotion of nonviolence, and strict vegetarianism -about 6 million people, or 0.6% of the region's population
Crony capitalism
-a type of corruption in which politicians, bankers, and entrepreneurs, sometimes members of the same family, have close personal as well as business relationships -one of the forces that led bankers to make such bad decisions (such as risky loans to real estate developers) after SE Asian gov't relaxed controls on the financial sector as part of an effort to open up national economies to the free market in the late 1990s -banks were flooded with money from investors in rich countries who hoped to profit from region's growing economies -corruption expanded with new foreign investment money, much was diverted to bribery or unnecessary projects that brought prestige to political leaders
Traditional knowledge
-accumulated knowledge, passed down through successive generations -not individually owned, but collectively held traditional knowledge and agriculture -seed saving, germination, irrigation, planting, harvesting techniques -knowledge of plants, plant properties, usages (i.e. medicinal), etc.
Green Revolution
-agricultural techniques used in developing countries that involve new, genetically modified seeds with high yield outputs, combined with high inputs of fertilizers, irrigation techniques, and pesticides
2015 Southeast Asia Haze Crisis
-an air pollution crisis affecting several countries in SE Asia (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, the Philippines) -caused by forest fires resulting from illegal slash-and-burn practices, principally in Indonesia -more than 28 million people in Indonesia affected by the crisis, and more than 140,000 reported respiratory illness
Domino Theory
-an anti-communist foreign policy theory that used the idea of the domino effect to suggest that if one country "fell" to communism, others in the neighboring region would also fall
Conurbation
-an area formed when several cities expand so that their edges meet and coalesce -Tokyo, Japan is an example (world's largest urban area with 38 million inhabitants) -Kobe-Osaka-Kyoto area is also one, has 17 million people
Export-led growth
-an economic development strategy that relies heavily on the production of manufactured goods destined for sale abroad ---in this case primarily to N America and Europe ---limits imports for local consumers -in the cases of Japan, S Korea, and Taiwan, gov't intervention was designed to enable export-led growth
Regional self-sufficiency
-an economic policy in Communist China that encouraged each region to develop as an independent entity with both agricultural and industrial sectors that would create jobs and produce food and basic necessities ---in the hope of evening out the wide disparities in the national distribution of production and income (interior west much poorer in agricultural and herding economies while east benefited from trade and industry) -policy did little to lessen regional disparities and in fact constrained economic growth by inhibiting internal trade between regions
State-aided market economy
-an economic system based on market principles but with strong government guidance -in contrast to the limited government, free market economic system of the United States and, to a lesser degree, Europe -governments established in first Japan and then Taiwan and S Korea after WWII, with assistance and support of the US and Europe -market forces, such as supply and demand and competition for customers, determine economic decisions -but gov't intervenes strategically, especially in financial sector, to make sure certain economic sectors develop in a healthy fashion -investment in country by foreigners limited so gov't can maintain control over direction of economy and so economic development benefits domestic interests
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
-an organization of Southeast Asian governments that was established to further economic growth and political cooperation between member countries and with other areas of the world -late 1980s and 1990s, SE Asian countries traded more with China and the rich countries of the world than they did with each other -issue of insufficient trade between the SE Asian countries was the reason behind the creation of the ASEAN -started in 1967 as an anti-Communist, anti-China association, but now focuses on agreements that strengthen regional cooperation
The Case of Neem
-azadirachta indica ---source of neem oil -----anthelmintic, antifingal,antibacterial, antiviral, antidiabetic, contraceptive and sedative -1995: USDA and US pharmaceutical firm (WR Grace) receive patent on extraction technique of neem oil -Indians concerned it would be extended to the properties of the tree itself -Indian gov't submits a legal challence -WR Grace claims traditional Indian knowledge of neem properties had never been published in an academic journal, and thus did not amount to "prior art" -public outcry -> May 10, 2000, the patent is revoked ---appeal lost in 2005
Bioprospecting
-biodiversity prospecting -scientific research that looks for a useful application, process, or product in 'nature' -involves processes of discovery and commercialization of new products based in biological resources, typically in less-developed country -often draws on indigenous knowledge about uses and characteristics of plants and animals
Major climate zones of South Asia
-characterized by seasonal reversal of winds: monsoons -monsoons affected by ITCZ, which shifts N and S seasonally -shape climate zones -periodically interrupted, causes serious drought -high altitude cold -temperate -western arid/semiarid -tropical wet dry
Coral bleaching
-color loss that results when photosynthetic algae that live in the corals are expelled -can be expelled by a variety of human-instigated or naturally occurring changes -both rising water temp related to climate change and oceanic acidification from absorption of excess CO2 in the atmosphere can cause bleaching -ocean acidification has increased by 30% over the last 240 years, a rate that may exceed the ability of ocean creatures to adapt -also occurs in response to pollution from urban sources -fish depend on healthy coral reefs for reproduction and survival -severe/repeated bleaching can cause corals to die -communities that rely on fish for food are then threatened
Applications of palm oil
-commercial food industry ---cooking oil, fast foods, processed foods -personal care products ---soaps ---makeup -biofuels ---methyl ester and hydrodeoxygenated biodiesel ---waste matter used as pellets
Offshore outsourcing
-company contracts to have some of its business/production functions performed in a country other than the one where its products or services are actually developed, manufactured, sold ---country with lower labor/other costs -ex. companies in N America and Europe have been outsourcing jobs to cities like Bangalore, Mumbai, Ahmadabad to take advantage of India's large, college-educated, relatively low-cost workforce ---IT, data entry, web design, engineering, telephone support, pharm research, "back office" work -India's current manufacturing boom is benefiting from previous boom in oo that began in the 1990s -those who worked outsourced jobs not have gained experience for jobs now being created by S Asian firms in S Asia
Positives of the Green Revolution
-credited with saving over a billion people from starvation ---higher yields to match increasing populations -increasing food security on a global scale ---more ecologically resilient crops -assisted in the spread of agricultural technologies ---fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides ---irrigation practices ---machinery technologies/time-saving practices -marketization of agriculture ---global market dynamic (competition and innovation) ---generation of wealth for farmers, ag. regions, nations
Major climate zones of China
-dry interior west (1st 2 steps) ---midlatitude continental climate: very dry, very cold in winter, very hot in summer -wet monsoon east ---dry winter monsoon: long bitter winters in N/NE, less severe in S ---summer monsoon: seasonal rains, heavy in SE which has warm weather, central China has 5 months of summer monsoon, north gets even less - 3 months monsoon per year, little reaches dry interior
Reasons for high agricultural import activity in Japan, S. Korea, and Taiwan
-due to population/urban demands, Japan, S. Korea, and Taiwan are heavily dependent on food imports -Japan has a heavily urbanized society with little space which leads to a decrease in agricultural zones
Estimated number of deaths attributed to the 1876-78 famine in China
-estimated 10 million deaths -reports from interior China: ppl burning homes for warmth, eating roof thatching, 100s huddling in holes for warmth, mass burial sites, high suicide rates, emergence of "profane" markets - selling of family members into slavery, trading children for consumption
Special Economic Zones (SEZs)
-free trade zones within China, which are commonly called export processing zones (EPZs) elsewhere -China first selected 5 coastal cities as sites where foreign technology and management could be imported to China and free trade established ---to ease the transition of China's economy into international trade ---since then it has been expanded to a large number of cities, many in the interior of the country ---wide variety of zones and administered in different ways but all provide footholds for international investors and multinational companies eager to establish operations in the country
Major climate zones of East Asia
-highly variable landforms leads to highly variable climate -high altitude (Himalayas) -desert/steppe (dry interior) -cool humid -temperate (monsoon southeast)
Aspects of Khmer Rouge's social engineering policies
-implemented social engineering programs to rid cambodia of foreign influence -confiscated all private property -outlawed religion -closed schools, hospitals, factories (modern institutions) -abolished banking, finance, currency -relocation of urban dwellers to countryside ---attempt to establish a classless society through urban depopulation ---turning the cambodians into "old people" through agricultural labor -forced population transfers to agricultural collectives, where people worked 12 hour days ---led to famine since many people forced to farm had no agricultural knowledge ---modern medicines restricted -to establish ideal communist society, KR had to purge country of "corrupting influences" ---targeted execution of select groups who posed threat to the new state
Jati
-in Hindu India, the subcaste into which a person is born, which traditionally defined the individual's experience for a lifetime -four main divisions of jati, called varna, organized hierarchically
Primary cause of regional deforestation
-increased population ---space, fuel -greater agricultural activity -heavy commercial logging due to global market demand
Summer monsoons of South Asia
-intense rains caused by ITCZ being sucked onto land by vacuum from air masses over Eurasian continent heating up and rising -warm air rises and cools then drops a lot of precipitation -monsoons begin in early June in W Ghats, air cools over mountains and releases rains over tropical forests of W, E Ghats and central uplands -monsoon gathers more moisture and power in northward sweep up Bay of Bengal, sometimes becomes tropical cyclones -reach Bangladesh in late June, warm rising air causes thunderous clouds that drench -sweet E to W parallel to Himalayas -end in Afghanistan by July -rain most intense in E, N of Bay of Bengal
City of Guiyu
-largest electronic waste site on earth: ---china receives approx 1 million tons of e-waste per year, Guiyu receives the largest fraction ---100 truckloads per day dump waste into a 52 sq km area -health impacts (150k e-waste workers): ---88% suffer from neurological, respiratory, or digestive abnormalities or skin diseases ---above average miscarriage rates ---high percentages of lead in children -environmental impacts: ---bioaccumulation of heavy metals ---polluted water table ---river water is undrinkable ---agriculture impossible due to pollution
Criticisms of the Green Revolution
-marketization ---risks associated with market-enforced deregulations ---farmers more subject to market fluctuations -----crops more subject to global food price fluctuations -corporate Influence ---corporations have greater powers in determining the agricultural policies and practices of farms, regions, nations -secondary environmental costs ---pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers-> environmental risk ---inc agricultural activity -> inc water usage ---large scale agricultural practice -> decreases in regional biodiversity
Basic physical geographical and topographical features of South Asia
-mountainous North -lowlands -delta regions ---indus river ---ganges-brahmaputra delta -deccan plateau in India ---uplands, S of indo-gangetic plain -Plateau of Tibet behind Himalayas in China -lots of earthquakes and tsunamis
Major mountains of Southeast Asia
-mountainous folds of the Plateau of Tibet turn S into SE Asia, descend and fan out to become Indochina peninsula
Estimated death toll under Khmer Rouge
-number of deaths: est. between 1.4 and 2.2 million -1/2 from execution, 1/2 from starvation and disease -est. population of 7.1 million in the late 1970s, the KR is considered the most lethal regime in history
China's "One Child Policy"
-official restricted married, urban couples to having only one child -questions re: economic growth and available labor -phased out in 2015: families can now have two children
Aspects of Khmer Rouge's family policy
-parents (middle age demographic) were 'compromised by capitalism', so children were separated from parents -children brainwashed in reeducation camps -children considered the "dictatorial instruments of the party" -taught torture techniques through the use of animals -handed leadership positions in torture and execution of state enemies
Biodiversity Hotspots
-regional tropical rainforests as biodiversity hotspots -biogeographic region that is a significant reservoir of biodiversity and is threatened with destruction -monocultural practices lead to decreases in biodiversity
Deforestation
-replacement of natural forest by non-forestry related land uses -rising demand for palm oil and timber has lead to significant clearing of tropical forest land -indonesia: 6 mill hectares (32% of total dry land area) -malaysia: 4.7 mill hectares (72% of agricultural land, 14.8% of total land area)
Estimate of climate-change related island inundation by mid-2000s
-rising sea levels -> inundation (flooding) of islands -est. 2,100 islands by mid-2000s
Tuol Sleng Detention Centre (S-21)
-site of systematic torture -of the 17,000 passed through its gates between 1975 and 1979, only 12 survived
Environmental Justice
-social movements focusing on fair and equal distributions of environmental benefits and burdens -social scientific research that investigates social, economic, and politically marginalized populations suffer a disproportionate burden with exposure to environmental hazards
Regional specialization
-specialization (rather than self-sufficiency) that takes advantage of regional variations in climate, natural resources, and location -thereby encouraging national economic integration -coastal urban areas focus on export-oriented manufacturing and advanced service production, while resource-based industries and production for domestic consumption are fostered in the interior provinces -one of the 5 economic reforms enacted by China's leaders in the 1980s -5 part shift improved efficiency of food and goods production and distribution but regional disparities widened
Floating population
-the Chinese term for people who live and work in a place other than their household registration location -many are people who have left economically depressed rural areas for the cities -those who have no rights to subsidized housing, schools, or health care in the place to which they have migrated -more than 160 million people who have been ignoring the hukou system (practice that tied rural people to the place of their birth) for decades -these migrants generally work in menial, low wage jobs and make agonizing sacrifices to send money home to children and spouses living in rural areas -hukou system lifted now plus urban migrants dont have to give up right to farmland in village they left behind
Food security
-the ability of a society to consistently supply a sufficient amount of basic food to the entire population -when people consistently have access to sufficient amounts of food to maintain a healthy life -East Asia's food security is increasingly linked to the global economy -wealthiest countries can buy food on global market, but are less able to produce sufficient food domestically bc agricultural land lost to urban/industrial expansion, higher demand for meat -75% food in Japan, S Korea, Taiwan is imported -China: self-sufficiency in grain production - relies on grain and soybeans for animal feed and luxury food items
Religious nationalism
-the association of a particular religion with a particular territory or political unit to the exclusion of other religions ---a neighborhood, city, entire country -ultimate goal of such movements is often political control over a given territory -a reality in both India and Pakistan -shapes relations between people and gov'ts -India: Hindu (tho has 2nd largest Muslim pop in world) -Pak, Bangla: Islam -ppl in dominant religious group associate religion with nationality
Partition
-the breakup following Indian independence from Britain in 1947 that resulted in the establishment of Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan -suggested due to Muslim leaders being afraid of minority Muslin population in a united India with Hindu majority -controversial, but was part of independence agreement -most enduring and damaging outcome of colonial rule -Hindus migrated to India from W/E Pak and Muslims did opposite -civil society broke down, communities divided, looting and rape, violence, bloody civil war resulting in E/W Pakistan divided into Bangladesh and Pakistan -laid the groundwork for wars, tensions, arms races, water conflicts between India and Pakistan
Biopiracy
-the commercial development of naturally occurring biological materials, such as plant substances or genetic cell lines, by a technologically advanced country or organization without fair compensation to the peoples or nations in whose territory the materials were originally discovered -traditional knowledge used by others for profit
Cultural pluralism
-the cultural identity characteristic of a region where groups of people from many different backgrounds have lived together for a long time but have remained distinct -SE Asia is a place of this ---has migrants that have come over the past 40,000 years from India, the Tibetan Plateau, the Himalayas, China, SW Asia, Europe, Japan, Korea, and the Pacific ---many of these groups have remained distinct partly bc they live in isolated pockets separated by rugged topography or seas ---religious practices and traditions of many groups show diverse cultural influences
Indus Valley civilization
-the first substantial settled agricultural communities, which appeared about 4500 years ago along the Indus River in modern-day Pakistan and northwest India -architecture and urban design of this civilization were quite advanced for the time -homes had piped water and sewage disposal -towns were well planned, with tree lined boulevards in a grid -evidence of a trade network that extended to Mesopotamia and E Africa -infrastructure for storing monsoon rainfall to be used for irrigation in dry times still exists -cultural and linguistic remnants survive today with Dravidian peoples of S India
Varna
-the four hierarchically ordered divisions of society in Hindu India underlying the caste system: Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (warriors/kings), Vaishyas (merchants/landowners), and Sudras (laborers/artisans) -Dalits: untouchables, so lowly as to have no caste ---do most despicable and ritually polluting tasks, like killing animals, cleaning, disposing of refuse -occupations more symbolic, but groups do follow the same social and cultural customs, dress similarly, speak same dialect, live in same neighborhoods
Agroecology
-the revival and practice of traditional, nonchemical methods of crop fertilization and the use of natural predators to control pests ---fertilizing with animal manure ---intercropping (several species together) with legumes to add N and organic matter ---water conservation ---using natural predators for pest control -methods of agroecology are a potential remedy for some of the failings of green revolution agriculture -knowledge required is extensive -advantageous to poor farmers ---necessary resources readily available in most rural areas + knowledge passed down orally
Just-in-time system
-the system pioneered in Japanese manufacturing that clusters companies that are part of the same production system close together so that they can deliver parts to each other precisely when they are needed -one of the major innovations in manufacturing that has boosted productivity in Japan -ex. factories that make automobile parts are clustered around the final assembly plant, delivering parts literally minutes before they will be used ---saves money by making production more efficient and reducing the need for warehouses
Winter monsoons of South Asia
-underway by Nov of each year -cooling Eurasian landmass sends cooler, drier, heavier air over S Asia -cool air sinks and pushes warm, wet air back S to Indian Ocean -little rain fall -ITCZ retreats S across Bay of Bengal, picks up moisture, releases as early winter rains over SE India and Sri Lank
Major climate zones of Korea and Japan
-wet climates year-round, similar to those found along Atlantic Coast of the US -bc of proximity to the sea -hot summers and cold winters -exposure to continental effects of the huge Eurasian landmass -Japan and Taiwan receive monsoon rains in spring and in autumn -Japan's autumn precipitation falls as snow
Percentage of world emissions within the territory of China
-world leader in GHG emissions -23.53% of world emissions (approx. 7 billion tons per year) ---US is 18.27% -increase of 117% since 2000
Growth poles
-zones of development whose success draws more investment and migration to a region -first coastal SEZs were spectacularly successful -in 25 years, many coastal cities grew from medium-sized towns or even villages into some of the largest urban areas in the world -foreign direct investment remains concentrated on the eastern coast - 85% of China's exports -SEZs were very successful, and now SEZs and other zones are China's greatest growth poles
4 major environmental issues facing the region (China)
1. desertification --sand dunes pushing south from Gobi into agricultural zones 2. soil erosion (Loess plateau) --inc agricultural activity --high winds -> air pollution 3. deforestation --lack of conservation tradition --inc economic activity and inc population -> greater resource demand 4. riverine and coastal pollution --agriculture --inc economic activity
"The Great Famine"
1876-1878: strong ENSO event occurs, with major impact on South and East Asia -monsoon rains never arrived in areas that typically received them -India -famine covered 257,000 sq miles -estimated death toll: 8.2 million ---collapse of agricultural systems... ---malnutrition, starvation, disease
India's general economic structure from 1947-1991
1947: India achieves independence from the UK 1947-1991: India's economy adopts a command structure, inspired by Soviet model
UCC's settlement figure, average amount to families of dead
1986: UCC settlement of $470 million for victims -compensation awarded to 554,895 for injuries received, and to 15,310 familial survivors of those killed -average amount to families of the dead: $2,200 -had compensation in Bhopal be paid at same rate of comparable events in the US, liability would have exceeded $10 billion
Major rivers/river basins of East Asia
3 large lowland river basins: -Zhu Jiang (Pearl River) basin -Chang Jiang basin -Huang He basin on the North China Plain -each river has a large delta, subject to periodic flooding but historically used for agriculture -coastal cities now spread into deltas -> dense population and industrialization -basins separated by low mountains and hills
Major mountains of East Asia
4 "steps" 1.Himalayas -> Plateau of Tibet -> 2. basins, plateaus, low mountain ranges (highlands/basins/deserts of China and Mongolia: Taklimakan Desert, Sichuan Basin, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau) -> 3. coastal plains and deltas of China's great rivers, China's Far Northeast and the Korean Peninsula -> 4. continental shelf, covered by waters of Seas - Hong Kong, Hainan, Taiwan anchored on this shelf Japan: Volcanic Mount Fuji
Basic physical geographical and topographical features of East Asia
China: -southern: rugged mountains, hills, lowland basins -vast interior deserts -coastal lowlands, deltas, bays Korean Peninsula: -mountainous north, lowland south Japan: -tectonic activity ---intersection of Eurasian, Pacific, and Philippine plates ---vulnerable to disastrous volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis -mountainous interiors
Periphery
Energy extraction: many sources are from the periphery -receive disproportionately small share of global wealth -weak state institutions -often exploited by more powerful (i.e. developed) countries
Major rivers of Southeast Asia
Indochina peninsula: -Irrawaddy and Salween in Burma -Chao Phraya in Thailand -Mekong in Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam -Black and Red rivers of N Vietnam
Major climate zones of Southeast Asia
Island region: -primarily tropical -hot and humid -heavy rain ---monsoons ---ITCZ movement -all wet Peninsular mainland: -seasonally wet (summer monsoons May to Oct) and dry (winter, Nov to Apr) Far north mainland: -subtropical
Treaty of Tientsin
Qing were defeated in the Second Opium War (1856-1858) and were forced to sign this treaty, which opened up new ports of trade, allowed for foreigners to travel into the interior, and legalized the propagation of Christianity
Sources of palm oil (countries)
Southeast Asia: -thailand -malaysia* (20 million tons - 2014 - 35% of total global export) -indonesia* (33.5 million tons - 2014 - 50% of total global exports) -papua new guinea Central and West Africa: -cote d'ivoire -nigeria -cameroon Latin America: -guatemala -honduras -colombia -brazil
Major deserts of East Asia
Taklimakan Desert
What were 2 significant impacts of the global agriculture market in 19th century China ("Food Security")?
implementation of different production regime leads to systemic instability and vulnerability 1. tribute grains partially redirected to the global grain trade 2. cash crops begin to replace cereal grains ---farmers sell cash crops on global market, and use profits to purchase grains - millet, sorghum, buckwheat - for their own diet ---cotton: requires intensive irrigation, greater vulnerability to weather (drought, floods), subject to global market fluctuations