GEOG 1111 EXAM 3

Maximum velocity in a stream is found

At the center and near the surface, corresponding with the deepest parts of the stream channel

A common crescent-shaped dune with horns pointed downwind is called a

Barchan dune

Sand that extends from a coast into open water is called

Barrier Spit

Particles of sand, gravels, and shells that move along the shore form the

Beach drift

Largest particles in rivers are carried by the

Bedload

Given present global warming trends and predicted climate change for the next century, sea level is estimated

Between 0.18-0.59 m

The total possible load a stream can transport is its _____, whereas a stream's ability to move particles of specific size is its ______.

Capacity, competence

The belief that disasters have produced most of the major features of Earth is called

Catastrophism

After water itself, what are the primary elements which occur in sea water

Chlorine and sodium

The removal and lifting of individual loose particles by the wind is termed

Deflation

Which of the following grain sizes is most readily moved by the wind

Intermediate

Which of the following is correct of a floodplain

It is generally filled with layers of alluvium

Which side of the dune typically has a slope angle equal to that of the angle of repose for sand

Leeward

A general term for the coastal environment is

Littoral zone

When people go swimming along a coast, they often find themselves, after a while, down the coast from where they first entered the water. They moved down shore because of

Longshore currents

A rock transformed from any other rock through extreme heat or pressure is referred to as

Metamorphic

An interruption in a stream's graded profile of equilibrium is called a

Nickpoint

At which of the following locations is new ocean crust being formed

Ocean rift zones

On the desert floor, at locally low elevations, an intermittently wet and dry flat area in a region closed drainage is called

Playa

A desert is an area in which

Potential evotranspiration rates exceed actual evatranspiration rates

During the past ice age, landmasses were generally

Pressed down into the asthenosphere by the load of ice

A desert pavement surface is associated with which of the following types of deserts

Reg

Vertical elevation differences in a local landscape are referred to as

Relief

In which region of the US are eolian processes most effective

SW

Limestone is a type of ______ rock that forms when _______

Sedimentary; Calcium carbonate precipitates or organic material containing calcium carbonate accumulates in a water environment

An instrument used to record vibrations in the crust is the

Seismograph

Which of the following is incorrectly matched

Shearing - Stretching or faulting

Stream transport involves all of the following except

Sheet flow

The state of Georgia is principally within which major drainage basin

South-Atlantic Gulf

When geologists or archaeologists dig downward into a unit of rock or sediment, they are digging "back in time". This fact is based on the principle of

Superposition

Desert pavement refers to

Surfaces of concentrated pebbles and gravels

Regular patterns of smooth, rounded waves are called

Swells

(T/F) A single groin can produce both sand erosion and deposition

TRUE

(T/F) Continental shields, or cratons, are generally of low elevation and old in age

TRUE

(T/F) Erosion of the walls of a channel normally occurs on the outside curve of a meander

TRUE

(T/F) The Appalachians are older than the Rockies

TRUE

(T/F) The Basin and Range Province of the interior western US is a type of horst-and-graben topography

TRUE

(T/F) The Colorado River system is experiencing drought that is more severe than any in the historic record

TRUE

(T/F) The principle of isostasy refers to the vertical movement of Earth's crust in response to loading and unloading of weight, such as ice or sediment

TRUE

(T/F) Water is a more effective agent of erosion in deserts than wind

TRUE

(T\F) Water can be considered a universal solvent

TRUE

Erosion of the walls of a channel normally occurs on the outside curve of a meander

TRUE

Pulverized rock and clastic materials ejected violently during an eruption are called

Tephra, or pyroclastics

Which of the following is correct

The age of the sea floor increases with increasing distance from a mid-ocean ridge

Coral bleaching refers to

The loss of algae from the coral

Uniformitarianism assumes that

The same physical processes we see today are a key to understanding the processes that have been operating throughout geologic time

Which of the following is correct regarding continental drift?

The term continental drift is now called plate tectonics

Which of the following is correct regarding loess deposits?

They are formed of fine-grained clays and silts

The undulating form that gives Earth's surface its character and general configuration is called

Topography

An earthquake, a submarine landslide, or an eruption of an undersea volcano is capable of producing a

Tsunami

Rocks that appear pitted and grooved, and sometimes polished smooth by eolian processes are termed

Ventifacts

Composite cones have steep slopes and experience _____ eruptions because they are composed of _____ magma

Violent; Felsic

Which of the following is an endogenic process

Volcanism

Wave action works to straighten a coast as wave energy focuses around headlands and tends to disperse energy in coves and bays in a process called

Wave refraction

Which of the following is an exogenic process

Weathering

Elongated streamlined ridges aligned parallel to the most effective wind direction are called

Yardangs

Sea level rise expected by 2100 AD at least

1 meter

Orogenesis refers to

A general term for a mountain-building episode that thickens the continental crust

A hypsographic curve is

A generalized curve showing Earth's surface by area and elevation in relation to sea level

Drainage density refers to

A measure determined by dividing the length of all the channels by the area of its drainage basin

The sandblasting action of wind-blown particles is called

Abrasion

Which of the following supports the continental drift concept

All of the above support the theory

A characteristic cone-shaped depositional feature in the desert that usually forms at the mouth of a canyon is known as an

Alluvial fan

The general term for clay, silt, and sand deposited by running water is

Alluvium

Which of the following is an example of a first order of relief

An ocean basin

A cutoff on a meandering stream results in the formation of

An oxbow lake

An exotic stream is

Any river that arises in a humid region and then passes through to an arid region

Coral formations

Are made of animals living symbiotically with simple algae

Which gives the correct layers of Earth

Inner core, outter core, mantle, asthenosphere, lithosphere, crust

Terranes refer to

Displaced and migrating pieces of Earth's crust

Near the shore, waves of transition begin to 'feel bottom' and as a result the orbits of the water molecules in the wave become more ______. This process eventually causes ______ to form

Elliptical; breakers

The area at the surface directly above the subsurface location where seismic waves are initiated is termed the

Epicenter

An extensive area of sand and sand dunes is known as an

Erg desert or sand sea

The term eolian refers to

Erosion, transportation, and deposition

(T/F) A major drainage basin consists of a single watershed

FALSE

(T/F) As the potential evapotranspiration increases, salinity decreases

FALSE

(T/F) Earthquake and volcanic occurrences do not correlate well with crustal plate boundaries

FALSE

(T/F) Limestone is lithifield metamorphic rock, high in magnesium, whereas marble is a sedimentary form

FALSE

(T/F) Rivers have played a relatively minor role in the geography of human history

FALSE

(T/F) The Alps and alpine complex in Europe are an example of a third order of relief

FALSE

(T/F) The Atacama Desert is one of the world's driest regions and is located on SW coast of Africa

FALSE

Barrier islands are stable islands suitable for development

FALSE

Natural levees are created during

Floods

Stream-related processes are termed

Fluvial

Continental crust is basically ______, whereas oceanic crust is basically ______

Granite; Basalt

The greatest flow from rivers east of the continental divide in the Rockies is into the

Gulf/Atlantic drainage

A drainage basin with a very high drainage density would be considered to be

Highly dissected

What type of rock forms from the solidification of molten material

Igneous

Consider the equation Q = wdv. According to the equation if Q (discharge) remains constant, but w and d decrease (as when a channel becomes more narrow and shallow), the velocity will

Increase