GEOG 1112 TOPHAT Answers Chapters 1-7

Q6-4: Coriolis Force at the Equator Using the applet above: What is the magnitude of the horizontal Coriolis force at the Equator (omit units, just type the number)?

0.00

Q1-5: Trace Gas Concentrations

CFCs

Q7-7: Lapse Rates and Mountains What temperature lapse rate does air going down a mountain obey? Does the air warm or cool as it goes down a mountain?

DALR; warm

Q3-3: Annual temperature cycle and water How does a large body of water affect the annual temperature cycle of a nearby location?

cooler summers, warmer winters

Q2-1: Heat Heat is defined as

the total kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules composing a substance.

Q6-7: Fly Balls in New York How far in feet does a fly ball travel for a 45 degree angle of the bat and a 130 mph speed in New York?

399

Q7-9: Hadley Cell for a Fast-Rotating Planet What latitude (N or S, just type in the number) would the Hadley Cell extend to if Earth were rotating 5 times as fast as it does today, with a 40 degree Celsius equator-to-pole temperature gradient?

4

Q7-5: Rossby Waves What causes the large-scale Rossby waves? Check all that apply.

*The differential heating of land masses vs. oceans in the mid-latitudes *The large mountain ranges such as the Rockies in the mid-latitudes

Q3-7: Adiabatic lapse rate If a parcel of air has a temperature of 13 degrees C and it is lifted adiabatically 2 km, what will its new temperature be in degrees Celsius?

-7

Q4-2: Saturation Vapor Pressure Referring to Figure 4-3 above, approximately what is the saturation vapor pressure (in mb) at 8 degrees Celsius?

10

Q1-8: Pressure on Weather Maps You are looking at a weather map for a typical-weather day and see a station model with the number "007" at the 2 o'clock position (top right). What is the sea-level pressure at this station?

1000.7 mb

Q4-7: The SALR vs. the DALR What would the saturated adiabatic lapse rate be in a situation where all the water vapor was removed from the air and no other moisture was available to evaporate into the air?

10C/km, the same as the dry adiabatic lapse rate

Q4-4: Fog and Vapor Pressure You are in the middle of a fog bank. The temperature is 10 degrees Celsius, and the saturation vapor pressure for that temperature is 12 mb. What do you think the vapor pressure of the air around you is equal to, in millibars?

12

Q3-9: Heating Degree Days How many heating degree-days would there be for a day with a a maximum temperature of 30F and a minimum temperature of 20F? (Assume a base temperature of 65F)

40

Q6-8: Fly Balls in Denver How far in feet does a fly ball travel in Denver for a 45 degree angle and a 130 mph speed of the ball off the bat? (Enable sound for full effect.)

434

Q6-9: Fly Balls on Pike's Peak Pike's Peak is a 14,000-foot mountain in Colorado. There isn't a baseball stadium there, but what if there was? The air is much less dense at Pike's Peak, and thus the friction due to the air is much less. How far in feet would a baseball travel if hit on Pike's Peak at a 45-degree angle with a speed of 130 mph off the bat? (Enable sound for full effect.)

502

Q7-8: Hadley Cell for a Slow-Rotating Planet What latitude (N or S, just type in the number) would the Hadley Cell extend to if the Earth was rotating just 1/5 (0.2) times as fast as it current does, for a 40 degree Celsius equator-to-pole temperature gradient?

88

Q1-4: Atmospheric Gas Concentrations Which one of the following is NOT one of the top three gases in the atmosphere in terms of concentration?

Carbon Dioxide

Q4-8: Instability and Moisture Click on a region near the top of the figure in which air will accelerate upward ONLY if it achieves saturation.

Click on conditionally unstable area

Q6-15: Where Is the Good Weather? Click on a location where, by the discussion above involving Guldberg-Mohn balance and the properties of air and the Earth's surface, you would expect sunny, dry weather.

Click on the H on the region

Q2-10: Energy transfer 1 One special type of cloud is pyroculumus, where air heated by a fire rises and carries ash and soot to the upper levels of the troposphere, forcing clouds to form. What method of heat transfer is associated with the rising air?

Convection

Q4-9: Cloud Type You see a cloud in the sky that doesn't look exactly like any of the examples above. But you notice that it has a lumpy shape to it, and there is rain falling out of it. What kind of cloud is it?

Cumulonimbus

Q7-1: Clouds and Precipitation To which of the latitudes below would you go if you wanted to live in a cloudy, rainy climate most of the year?

Equator

Q1-3: CFCs and the Ozone Hole The ozone hole high above the ground cannot be caused by chlorofluorocarbons because CFCs are heavier than the rest of the atmosphere and thus are located only at the ground.

False

Q4-1: Carrying Capacity of Water Vapor in the Atmosphere True or False: warmer air can hold more water vapor than colder air because there is more space between the air molecules for water to fit into.

False

Q3-2: Agriculture In a hilly region, the best place to plant crops sensitive to low temperatures is

along the hillside on the south slope

Q5-2: Bending of Light Which path would a light ray follow when it travels from a less dense into a more dense substance?

bends toward the normal, into the denser substance

Q3-8: Cold temperatures One would expect the coldest temperature to be found next to the ground on a:

clear, dry, calm night

Q6-16: Sea Breeze Click on the location of a sea breeze front on this satellite image.

click on the left side of the land

Q4-5: Cloud Base Altitude What happens to the elevation of the cloud base, as the surface dew point is reduced in the applet below? Is the base of the cloud higher, or lower, when the dew point is reduced? Type ONE word, either Higher or Lower.

higher

Q2-12: Energy transfer 3 The phase change of water is what kind of heat transfer?

latent heating

Q2-11: Energy transfer 2 Which method of heat transfer does not require any molecules in order to transfer heat from one location to another?

radiation

Q3-5: Diurnal Temperature 1 Cloud cover tends to _ the difference between the daytime maximum temperature and the daytime minimum temperature.

reduce

Q5-14: Rainbows and optical processes Which of the following processes must occur in a raindrop to produce a rainbow?

refraction, reflection and dispersion of sunlight

Q3-6: Diurnal Temperature 2 An important reason for the large daily temperature range over deserts is:

there is little water vapor in the air to absorb and radiate longwave radiation

This is an infrared image (at 11 microns) taken on July 29, 2017 at 2245. Click on the thick convective clouds.

thicker area

Q5-11: Bending in a cloud droplet As a light ray enters a cloud droplet, the color that gets bent the most is:

violet

Q2-3: Conduction When two objects are in physical contact, heat is always conducted from the .......... object to the .......... object

warmer .... colder

Q2-4: Latent Heating Heat is released when

water freezes

Q4-6: Temperature vs. Dew Point Why doesn't the applet above let the dew point be higher than the temperature? (More than one answer may be correct.)

Outside of microscopic regions, the dew point cannot be higher than the temperature.

Q5-1: Weather Observation Matching Match the weather variable (left) with an instrument that is used to measure it (at right).

Pressure matches Barometer Temperature matches Thermometer Relative Humidity matches Hygrometer Wind matches Anemometer Precipitation matches Rain Gauge

Q5-13: When will you see rainbows and sundogs? Match the visual effect with the general type of cloud (or lack of clouds) most likely to cause it.

Rainbows matches Nimbus-type clouds Sundogs matches Cirrus-type clouds

Q5-3: Bending straw? As you sit at a table with a clear glass of water, you notice that a straight straw in the water appears to be bent as it goes from the air into the water. Why is this?

Refraction

Q5-9: Mirages Mirages result because of this process: ---------- of light.

Refraction

Q5-10: Halos Halos occur because of:

Refraction of light by ice crystals

Q5-4: Seeing in fog On a foggy night, it is often difficult to see the road when the high beam lights are on because of __ of light by the fog.

Scattering

Q5-5: Crepuscular rays The process that produces crepuscular rays is:

Scattering

Q5-6: Ceilometer A ceilometer works on what principle?

Scattering

Q7-2: Hadley Cell Matching Match the description on the left with the correct part of the Hadley Cell on the right.

Sinking motion and the trade winds at the surface matches Subtropical highs Rising motion and thunderstorms matches Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) Strong winds in the upper troposphere driven by angular momentum conservation matches Subtropical jet stream

Q4-13: Evaporation and RH When precipitation falls into dry (unsaturated) air, what happens to the difference between the air temperature and the dew-point temperature? PLAY WITH THE APPLET!

Smaller difference

Q6-10: Geostrophic Balance and Wind Using the applet above: As you increase the pressure gradient from 40 to 100, what happens to the speed and direction of the wind?

Speed increases; direction remains between the isoheights

Q2-8: Radiation Law 1 As you increase the temperature, the area under the curve changes; the area increases with an increase in temperature. The change in area with temperature is expressing which radiation law?

Stefan-Boltzmann Law

Q5-12: Ice crystal reflection Sunlight reflecting off ice crystals produces this visual effect:

Sun Pillars

Q1-6: Atmospheric Pressure Which of the following values is closest to average sea-level pressure?

1010 mb

Q2-6: Wavelength Wavelength is the distance between successive

Both of these are correct.

Q4-12: Evaporation and Temperature When precipitation falls into air that is unsaturated, what happens to the temperature of the air? PLAY WITH THE APPLET!

Goes down

Q7-3: Trade Winds, Hadley Cell, Force-Balances Putting together your knowledge from Chapters 6 and 7: Which force-balance best explains why winds from the subtropical highs diverge at the surface, cutting across the isobars toward lower pressure and causing the trade winds that then flow into the ITCZ?

Guldberg-Mohn balance

Q7-6: ITCZ and the Monsoon The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) bulges northward at certain longitudes in Northern Hemisphere summer. This happens in connection with what seasonal phenomenon in the same area?

Indian monsoon

Q5-7: Satellites and Cloud Detection How do satellites use infrared radiation to detect clouds?

Infrared radiation is a function of temperature, so cold clouds and warm earth emit different amounts of IR radiation.

Q6-11: Force-Balance Matching With Forces Match the force-balance at left with the forces responsible for it at right.

Hydrostatic: matches Gravitational and vertical PGF Geostrophic: matches Horizontal PGF and Coriolis Gradient: matches Horizonal PGF and Coriolis and centrifugal

Q4-14: Temperature in Saturation When precipitation falls into initially dry (i.e., unsaturated) air for many hours, the temperature eventually converges to this: (PLAY WITH THE APPLET!)

The dew-point temperature

Using the activity above, compute the incoming solar radiation for March 21 at the equator (0 latitude), the vernal equinox, and September 23 at the equator (0), the Autumnal equinox. Why is the distribution of solar energy different?

The distribution of solar energy is different because tilt of the earth, and is what causes seasons!

Q6-14: Jet Stream Wind Speeds and the Surface Temperature Gradient Using the applet above: If you increase the equator-to-pole temperature gradient, what happens to the speed of the wind at 10-15 km (in the upper troposphere) in the mid-latitudes?

The jet stream wind increases

Q2-2: Temperature What is the definition of temperature?

The measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules of a substance

Q3-1: Temperature What is the definition of temperature?

The measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules of a substance.

Q2-17: Reason for Season Why is summer hotter than winter in the northern hemisphere?

The northern hemisphere is tilted towards the sun, receiving more direct radiation.

Q7-4: Isoheights and Winds In the figure above, the isoheights at 500 mb in the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes are closer together in winter than in summer, because north-south temperature gradients are stronger in winter than in summer. By geostrophic balance, this means that:

The polar jet stream is stronger in winter than in summer.

Q3-4: Temperature annual cycle The following figure plots the annual temperature cycle of three cities. Which of these cities is likely to be located in a tropical climate close to a large body of water?

The solid line

Q7-10: Hadley Cell Dynamics and Other Planets Venus rotates much more slowly than Earth. Jupiter rotates much more quickly than Earth. In order, which of these planets would you expect to have an equator-to-pole Hadley Cell, and which of these planets would you expect to have a compressed Hadley Cell with lots of other cells and bands in the rest of the hemisphere?

Venus/Jupiter

Q2-7: Solar Wavelengths The temperature of the sun is approximately 5800K. The sun's peak emission is what portion of the electromagnetic spectrum?

Visible

Q6-5: Coriolis Force Direction Using the applet above: What is the direction of the Coriolis force for a westerly wind in the Northern Hemisphere?

Toward the south

Q1-7: Atmospheric Layer Matching Match the atmospheric layer on the left with the atmospheric property on the right

Troposphere matches Atmospheric pressure of 500 mb Stratosphere matches Presence of the ozone layer Mesosphere matches Atmospheric pressure of 0.1 mb Thermosphere matches Very high temperatures but wouldn't feel hot

Q2-9: Radiation Law 2 As you change the temperature, the peak in the emitted energy changes wavelength. This represents ___'s Law (don't type the apostrophe-s).

Wien's Law

Q6-13: Guldberg-Mohn Balance and Wind Go back up to the applet that we used for geostrophic balance. This time, keep the pressure gradient force constant at "40" but change the frictional force from 0 to 50. Describe what happens to the wind speed and direction.

Wind speed decreases; wind direction cuts across the isobars toward lower pressure

Q4-11: Precipitation Type Matching Match the precipitation type with the situation.

Above-freezing temperatures all the way to the ground. matches Rain An inversion with a shallow layer of below-freezing air at and just above the ground matches Freezing rain An inversion with a deeper layer of below-freezing air at and above the ground matches Sleet Below-freezing temperatures all the way to the ground matches Snow

Q5-8: Radar Matching Match the type of radar technique with its capability.

Doppler radar matches Speed and direction of precipitation particles in storms. Dual-polarization radar matches Identification of debris in tornadic thunderstorms. Phased-array radar matches Better observations and better warnings in the future.

Q4-10: Ice Crystal Shapes What shape of ice crystal do you get from the Growing the Snowflake applet if the precipitation particle forms at the top part of the cloud and stays there? (Just keep clicking.)

Tall columns

Q4-3: High Relative Humidity Situations Which of the situations below would be examples of high relative humidity (e.g., RH > 80% or so)? More than one answer may be correct.

Temperature = 10F, dew point = 10F

Q6-6: Coriolis Force Magnitude Using the applet above: Set the arrow at 20 m/s on the left-hand side of the image, and move it across all latitudes. Where is the horizonal Coriolis force at a maximum AND pushes to the LEFT of the wind?

The South Pole

Q2-13: Energy transfer 4 Which heat transfer mechanism (one word) involves the horizontal motion of air of a given temperature from one location to another?

advection