Geog 258 Final Exam Concepts

Impacts of Digiality 4 - New Ways of Understanding the World Week 5

Big Data Science: New computational and visualization methodologies that help us learn something about human geographies from the massive data created by our everyday digital practices Example: FloatingSheep.org; it maps and analyzes user generated, geocoded data in an aggregate from the internet. The results provide one glimpse of what internet users (in the aggregate) think about particular places. For example, mapping racist tweets, mapping christianity, mapping saturated areas of selfies in London, visualizing the abortion debate, etc

Code/Space Week 7

Code/Space are the spaces created when software and every day practices are mutually influencing one another. E.g., airports, supermarkets, etc.

Impacts of Digiality 3 - New Ways of Creating the World Week 5

Cultural Software - software that allowed users to create and modify content. E.g., word processing, image editing, information management, video, communications and more Social software is a special type - share digital content with others (e.g., email, social media, messaging apps, etc.)

Properties of Digital Objects (5) Week 5

Property I: Numerical Representation Property II: Modularity Property III: Automation Property IV: Variability Property V: Cultural Transcoding

Data (2) Week 6

Raw material produced when we abstract the world into categories, measures, etc. The subset of elements we systematically decide to record.

The Map Mash-Up Week 2

Republishing data onto an online map interface. E.g., 2005: Housing.com app by Craig Raidenbacher

Search Week 6

Search are processes of separating out relevant or desired information from a larger body of information.

Knowledge Politics Week 3

Social norms about what sorts of information are believable, reliable, influential, scientific and technological, are considered expertise and professional, "Seeing is Believing" is widely dependent on society's quotidienne standards, routines and ideals. For Example; Jane Addams through her experiences at Hull House had crafted several maps of cultural diversity in central Chicago; however, the male-dominated elite of urban geography at the Chicago School widely dismissed her accounts given that it was unbecoming of women to be scientific, technological, logical, etc.

Privacy Week 8

Societal norms about appropriate information access, disclosure, content, form and medium meant in a more wholesome sense than public versus private.

Locational Privacy Week 8

Specific information about us that carries geographical information. E.g., Home addresses leaked, geotags (rottenneighor) and place-identifying photographs. As well as place-identifying text.

Spatial Technologies Week 2

Technology that mediates users to the digital world; mobile apps, software, hardware, internet, data and its subsequent proliferation.

The Internet of Things Week 7

The Internet of Things is when wired devices send what they 'see', 'hear' or know to the internet and receive instructions from servers connected to the internet. Example; Apple Smartwatch, Protect Fire Alarm, modern automobiles. etc.

Social Practices Week 2

The actions and behaviors widely done in a society on an everyday basis AND the the latent, unseen rules, standards and ideals that guide them.

Variability (Def & Ex) Week 5

The digital object is not just one "thing" or form, but can exist in an infinite number of versions. Examples; updates, versions, personalization and customizability. Google translate, translation of a single phrase into numerous languages.

Data Revolution Week 6

The explosion in the quantity and range of digital data. In 2000, 33% of all data existed digitally. By 2007, that number climbed to 94%. In March 2015 2.5 quintillion bytes circulated the web daily. 90% of all data was created in the last 2 years.

Profits and Power Come From: (2) Week 9

The institutional and business practices for providing: 1. Infrastructure that underlies new spatial technologies 2. The apps themselves

Immersion vs. Embodiment Week 4

The map is mediating through immersion if it is simulating virtual space through a digital or spatial app. The map is embodied if you are experiencing material space but the digital/spatial app shapes our movements and or experiences

Cultural Transcoding (Def & Ex) Week 5

The nature and functions of digital objects is affected by the underlying practices and logics of digital representation and cultural logics of the designers. In other words, digiality is socio-technological. Examples; Your computer's GUI. "Desktop", "File", and "Folder" are analog objects from our daily life and social norms, the hierarchical structure is a technical influence.

Map Mediation Week 3

The the idea that maps contextualize and frame our perceptions of reality -- "seeing is believing"; such a concept reveals an inherent degree of subjectivity by the means of which the map content is represented and the biases of its creator.

Regional Practices Week 8

The way that government, businesses, etc. operate our relationships to them and relationships between different groups (gender, class, race, etc.) E.g., power and inequality are relationships among individuals and groups.

Citizen Science in Social Justice Week 4

Use spatial and other app data to collect and map data, often telling a hidden story. Balloon mapping to gather images for places that may not have it or do not trust images publicly given. E.g., Louisiana tracking oil spill to falsify BP statements.

Algorithmic Regulation Week 7

Using algorithms to regulate -- using software to monitor and control everyday life and activities. Examples: Just-In-Time scheduling systems; adjusts people's work shifts to meet demand on the fly. This creates issues for employees that are social and technical when managers exploit or take advantage of workers through discrimination Automated Policing; Veriplate application on in-car computing systems, plate capture cameras, ALPR processor that compares license plates to Hotlists, etc

Solutions for Easier Search (5) Week 6

We need to order, structure, filter, and rank retrieved content. This is achieved via: 1. Web crawlers (automated browsing) 2. Indexes (setting parameters to limit search) 3. Aggregators (services like Kayak.com, Expedia, Google Shopping, Stubhub, Ticketmaster, Chrome Extension for textbook prices, etc.) 4. Ranking Algorithms (what you see first in your search) 5. Personalization (cookies that know what you like)

Web 1.0 versus Web 2.0 (2) Week 5

Web 1.0 displayed static information, 1995-6 Web 2.0 is dynamic in that it can be interactive e.g., blogging videos, uploading content, social media, etc.

Performative Cartography Week 4

a cartography of multi-directionality and best conceptualized as the practice of a theoretical cartography in 4D, using the principles of tagging, plotting and stitching. Examples include Immersion and Embodiment

Changes related to GPS and Satellite Imagery Week 2

a. 1994 Executive Order allowing satellites to be used for commercial purposes, not just the State Dpt. b. 2000: End of "Selective Availability" of GPS data, increasing resolution accuracy for all, not just the military through the Cold War

Developments in Internet Provision and Regulation Week 2

a. 1996 Telecommunications Act Section 706; the Internet became a "common carrier", a designation that Government puts on services that ensures it as a public good thus assuring equality in its access. b. 2015 Federal Communications Commission re-affirms open internet rules (Net Neutrality). No blocking access, no paid prioritization and no throttling.

High resolution satellite imagery Week 3

images that are stitched together from multiple sources/times; many technical adjustments were made. Doesn't mediate map meaning per se, but rather, our sense of reliability, believability.

Geo-located images Week 3

photos that are 'mimetic' (imitate reality) Map elements can add contextual detail to photo Photo can deepen meanings developed through map

Interactive Affordances Week 3

the things the user can (and cannot do) as they interact with the map content. For instance: Make something visible/invisible; add or remove layers Change scale/resolution, background imagery View content in a particular order Change categories used to display the data The map maker tries to mediate the map user's interaction with the content through these affordances, or limitations.

Software Sorting Week 7

when the interaction of software and every day practices mean that code space is experienced differently by different people. E.g., EBT versus a normal debit card.

Three kinds of Geofencing (3) Week 7

1. Location-Based Advertising; When your device is near something, the app sends you an ad, coupon, reviews, customer service, etc. (Gamestop). 2. Location-Based Reminder Systems; When your device is near the location(s) where you need to do something, the app triggers a reminder. Example; IFTTT 3. Geosocial Apps; When your device is near the device of another person, this trigger to notify you; Examples; Scout, Tinder and Grindr dating applications, or Life 360 and Find My Friends familial and friendly applications

Challenges of IOT: (4) Week 7

1. Massive Growth: In 5 years, 50 billion objects will have been detected which is 7 times the amount of humans on the planet. 2. Bandwidth: For user traffic and pushing out software updates 3. Reliability: Increased risk and consequences of system failures, which become vastly more widespread and disruptive. 4. Privacy: Remember, code doesn't work by itself ... it needs data to function, that data is primarily human interaction!

What Properties of Digiality Make Possible (4) Week 5

1. Massive digitization 2. New ways of changing the world ('data justice') 3. New ways of creating the world ('cultural software') 4. New ways of understanding the world (big data science)

Individual Strategies to Privacy Loss (2) Week 8

1. Monitor/control your own profile (Myshadow.org) E.g., self-doxxing 2. Intentional Misinformation E.g., conspiracy theory that FBI already knows how to unlock Apple phones, but spreading misinformation to the media and American public that they do not have the knowledge of how to accomplish that.

New Maps (multimedia, mobile, online) can mediate through Week 3

1. Multimedia map objects 2. Interactivity 3. Immersion 4. Embodiment These expand but DO NOT replace conventional means of map mediation.

What Traces of our Identities are out in the World? (2) Week 8

1. Myshadow.org; our data shadows are HUGE! 2. Why? Complexity of network architectures and range of digital services as well as the scope of mediation.

Disrupting in Social Justice (2) Week 4

1. Nawaat.org, Tunisian bloggers; embed human rights abuses in Google Earth. 2. "Visualize Dissent" in Turkey

Data Representations (2) Week 6

1. Numbers (Quantitative); but there are different forms of quantitative measurement. E.g., ordinal ranks, integers, decimals, ranges, etc 2. Text (Qualitative); here, too exists different forms of qualitative measurement. E.g., nominal categories, narrative description.

Reflecting on Digital Spatial Initiatives like Smart Citizen, Hyderabad Urban Labs or Ushahidi: (3) Week 4

1. On the Balance of Power in Society; Power of volunteers/citizens that otherwise had no voice or representation changing who gets to make data without the "stamp" of government 2. Negative Changes? Government/Paramilitary groups to abuse data ~ ISIS. Those without access to cellphones are unanswered. Possibilities of Misinformation. Chances for human error and inaccuracies. Business exploits. Trusting non-experts with possibilities of technological error. 3. Effects of Place; Data more valuable to those more developed. Internet is English-centric, may not be functional or accessible in other languages. There are many different varieties of calamity: natural disasters, poverty, homelessness, etc.

New data challenges at the intersection of technology and society (3) Week 6

1. Online digital data newly "durable" It is thus difficult to change or escape the past. The present can harm us in the future (e.g., digital footprint) 2. Networked digital data are re-usable Third-party re-use for unknown purposes 3. Scope, scale, and granularity of Big Data Consequences of error are bigger and faster Now possible to assemble more immediate and detailed profiles of people.

Big Data enables new digital practices (2) Week 6

1. Powerful data mining, integration and analysis techniques 2. Potential applications sought in security, health, marketing, poverty reduction, science, etc

Search as Socio-Technological (5) Week 6

1. Search optimization; i. "black hat" and "white hat" methods of search; Crowdsourced data creates opening for black hat methods, given our societal and cultural biases. 2. Organic search vs. Paid search. Example; Google Adwords 3. Algorithms are proprietary; E.g., Google doesn't make public its exact coding software because of competition, etc 4. Strong "Vertical Integration" of biggest companies; Google sells apps, browsers, devices, websites, etc. 5. Search patterns reveal social patterns; E.g., Google finishing Google Poetics. (creates poems out of crowdsourced search queries) E.g., Google's auto finished search results.

Conventional Maps Mediate Via Week 3

1. Selection and Abstraction: (Not everything is represented) What they include/exclude, categorization. 2. Symbolization: Visual Variables (shape, size, color, pattern) 3. Text: Maps may mediate based on title or legend, indicating different "problems" or "solutions". 4. Knowledge Politics: Social norms about what sorts of information are believable, reliable, influential, scientific and technological

Making a Profit from Networked Digital Technologies (4) Week 9

1. Sell the app or service; E.g., ArcGIS Online 2. Fee for transaction between third parties; E.g., Lyft 3. Provide service for free but sell advertisements; E.g., Google, Facebook, etc 4. 'Freemium' models (entry level for free, more features for pay) E.g., CartoDB, Seattle In Progress

Search as Social Control (2) Week 6

1. Shapes how/whether people access information and resources. E.g., "Filter Bubble", it is difficult to get new information if you are only presented with information that you already searched before. 2. Powerful institutions can control how search works; i. Primary control: Private company's algorithm ii. Secondary control: Government regulation, firewalls, etc.

Variable Risks of Privacy Harm (2) Week 8

1. Social Variability; What is the social context of personal information disclosed? E.g., dating versus dining preferences? E.g., is personal info incriminating? is personal info disclosed socially stigmatized? etc 2. Geographic Variability; Legal landscape and consequences for real or perceived violations vary. Example; in some countries, having homosexual orientation is illegal, or stigmatized in society, thus that information being disclosed to the public violates privacy more than, say, dining preferences. Such information can be leaked from geosocial apps, or even in photos caught in Google Streetview. E.g., Police videos and abuse of power

Ways Data Are Generated (3) Week 6

1. Some data are captured; through direct encoding, measurement (cameras, gps, etc.) 2. Some data are derived; from processing other data (gini coefficient) 3. Some data are exhaust; byproduct of another process (credit scores) Subjective; MPG arguably fits all three.

Addressing Privacy Loss and Risk (3) Week 9

1. Technical Solutions E.g., Time-sensitive Data handling; "the right to be forgotten" E.g., Twitter erasing geotags from older posts, but third parties can still mine and accumulate a complete data profile over time. 2. Agent or User Solutions: Opt out: "Report a Problem" widget or Request Removal E.g., turn off location-based services, "report a problem" widget in Google Streetview, or barricade streets to stop the Google van from entering. Opt in: Via tech interface or through behavior. E.g., Twitter's geotagging service is provided through a checkbox in your settings. 3. Regulatory Solutions US Law; copyrights, protected categories, legal precedent of "reasonable expectation" of privacy; however, private privacy policy disclosures shatter this precedent.

Implications of Performative Cartography (4) Week 4

1. The Map is not a 'thing', but an event. 2. The Map snot something you hold, but something you do. 3. Blurs the distinction between what is public and private. 4. Blurs the distinction between what is "individual" and "collective"

Relationship Between AR and Inequality is Complicated (4) Week 7

1. The technologies themselves have some inherent biases (e.g., facial recognition more effective on males) 2. Some are over represented in data sets used; low income individuals, racial minorities, etc. 3. Social biases affect our evaluation of technology output; when can we suspect a "false positive"? 4. Systems intended to help via algorithmic regulation more likely to be available to the wealthy and powerful, or the people who need the help the least

Debating Algorithmic Regulation (2) Week 7

1. Tim O'Reily says; New possibilities for life -- safer, more orderly, fewer hazards, etc. It is the only way to manage the world! 2. Evgeny Morozov says; New forms of government and corporate control, consequences of error and very bad, and there will exist a loss of human agency and knowledge (government and code backdoors, like that with FBI and Apple)

Governance (2) Week 4

1. Using New Spatial Techs to Regulate and Manage Example; the "Smart Cities" movement. Digital Spatial Data Streams From Sensing Data Used To Regulate All Aspects of Life 2. Using Spatial Techs to Catalyze and Manage Crisis Response Example; Crisis Mapping

Documenting in Social Justice (2) Week 4

1. Video as Evidence [Witness.org] 2. High-Resolution Imagery as Evidence a. Genocide: GE In International Criminal Court, War Crimes b. Rendition/Torture Sites; Amnesty International

Knowledge Is Tightly Linked to Power (2) Week 8

1. Who knows what about who ... Has implications for power/control in relationships between individuals, social groups, citizens, and government, customers and companies. 2. So What? i. Information access, privacy, secrecy, disclosure, etc. ALL affect power relations ii. New spatial technology changes information access, privacy, etc.

Geofencing; When it Doesn't Work and Why (3) Week 7

1. Yik-Yak and hate speech 2. Facebook & Instagram, and underwear robbery 3. PhantomAlert and dodging speeding tickets

Two Forms of Search (2) Week 6

1.Direct or Unmediated Search; e.g., looking for keys, lunch, your mother, etc. 2. Mediated (via metadata) Search; i. Additional information attached to objects ii. Indexing / keyword systems iii. Direct path between searcher and object

Technological Infrastructure of Maps and Mapping Week 2

1.How is the image itself created? 2. How is the map reproduced and circulated? 3.How are the data collected, stored, shared, etc.?

The Socio-Technological Week 2

A converging influence between the technological and society, in that digital technology, new spatial apps, what form they make, how they work and don't work are always the result of social norms and society converging with technology

Geofencing Week 7

A digital boundary in an area. Movement prompts the software to trigger something, like a digital reminder, an automated text, etc. Locative Technology; RFID, GPS or a beacon Brokering Software; Receives location information and triggers other apps or digital objects

Interactivity Week 3

A means by which digital maps mediate where a virtual dialog is created between the user and the digital world, mediated through: 1. By enabling thick description A move away from traditional cartographic abstraction! 2. Through personalization and customization user can define their own path through the map and the experience of its content. User experience customized through interactive exploration using zoom widgets, layers, alternating legends, etc. 3. Also has "Interactive Affordances" the things the user can (and cannot do) as they interact with the map content. For instance: Make something visible/invisible; add or remove layers Change scale/resolution, background imagery View content in a particular order Change categories used to display the data The map maker tries to mediate the map user's interaction with the content through these affordances, or limitations.

Embodiment Week 4

A method of map mediation in which a spatial app shapes the the movement and experience through material space. Embodiment mediates through: 1. Mediates many compiled user experiences through crowdsourcing. 2. Guides movements to and through spaces. e.g., Quercia moving us through prompted paths 3. "Narrating" or "Framing" our experience of the space or journey e.g., rider spoke like a soundtrack to your experience 4. Prompting us to do certain things. e.g., read this sign, sing this song, do a dance, etc.

Immersion Week 4

A method of map mediation in which a spatial app simulates virtual space. Immersion mediates through: 3/5 senses triggered: seeing, hearing and virtual movement affect what we know and feel through our cognition and emotion. Examples include: 1. Nepal Quake App: 360 degree video reveals the devastation of the earthquake first hand, immersing the user via interactive virtual reality video made to support relief by raising awareness.

IOT Requires: (2) Week 7

1. Data gathering sensors and machine-to-machine communication, as well as: 2. Cloud-based Software this is what glues the whole thing together to make IOT.

Factors to the Data Revolution (4) Week 6

1. Digitization has lowered costs of data storage 2. New data creation, crowdsourcing 3. Proliferation of smart devices 4. Pervasive Media

Why Have We Become Digital? (2) Week 5

1. Digitization lowers costs; Through standardization, mass-production, automated handling. Modern media companies looking to save money. 2. Digitization underlines new forms of consumption that contemporary economies depend on. Mid-1900s US and EU focus on increase to access to consumption, planned obsolescence, regular software updates related.

Why is Surveillance a Concern? (2) Week 8

1. Direct harms: harassment, persecution, discrimination, etc. 2. Indirect harms: social control and self governance. E.g., bad neighbors publicly shamed on rottenneighbor.com

Social Justice and Change Movements (4) Week 4

1. Documenting: 2. Disrupting: 3. Mobilizing and Coordinating Protest: 4. Citizen Science:

Technical Challenges of Big Data (3) Week 6

1. Finding the needle in the haystack 2. Discerning patterns in massive volumes of unstructured data 3. Unprecedented processing and analysis loads

Mapping as Key Social Practices (2) Week 4

1. Governance; the control and management of people, places or individuals. 2. Social Justice and Change Movements; Citizen Journalism, Citizen Science, Political Art.

Mobilizing and Coordinating Protest in Social Justice (1) Week 4

1. Hong Kong Umbrella Movement, using Google Maps Mashup.

Social Infrastructure of Maps and Mapping Week 2

1. Individual and institutional roles, cartographic conventions 2. Politics and regulations (about use, access, re-use, representation and more) 3. Economic arrangements (who owns maps, who profits from them, and much more).

Collective Resistance to Privacy Loss; (2) Week 8

1. Inform the surveilled E,g,, Myshadow.org. 2. What the watchers; "The Deep Sweep", critical engineers. Otherwise known as "sousveillance"

Debates over Privacy and Surveillance ... Week 8

Are ultimately struggles over power. Confidentiality vs. freedom of information Security vs. Privacy Priorities of rights vs. interests Social control vs. resistance

Data Forms (4) Week 6

1. "Attribute Data"; capture some characteristics of a phenomenon 2. "Spatial Data"; identify its location (and geometry to object used to represent it) E.g., difference of two roads crossing as intersection or overpass, etc. 3. "Indexical Data"; used to identify, link, or order phenomena 4. "Metadata"; record details on data content, quality, category, source, and much more. E.g., file formats, dimensions, etc.

New Forms of Surveillance (2) Week 8

1. "Data Profiling"; not intrinsically bad, but applications of data profiling raise serious questions about "abnormal" profiles. Every person is different, so what is "normal"? 2. More watchers are watching! Google Streetview, cell phone companies, Apple vs. FBI

Multimedia map objects Week 3

1. 'Thick description'; displays not only the material in question, but the context as well, such that it is substantive to an outsider. It is what multimedia map objects allow you to do, a more detailed, richer account of human experience and knowledge. E.g., Google Earth's "Global Awareness" Layer of human rights, climate change, economic and environmental justice, genocide and much more. 2. Photovisual content; visual images that: ... are like photographs or include photographic elements but are not the same as a photograph! Such as: a. High resolution satellite imagery b. Geo-located Images c. Geo-located street level panoramas

Technological Change of Data Profiles (3) Week 8

1. 1980s-2000s; Our digital profiles were numerical, abstracted and disaggregated 2. 2010s-Present: Our digital profiles are more complete, immediate and visual as well as available 3. So what? Pleaserobme.com; now defunct, data miners found people's addresses and used geotags to stream when people weren't home and were thus prime for robbery. Rottenneighbor.com; now defunct, crowdsourced map on which you submitted the sins of your "rotten" neighbors. These above examples show how this digital frontier has no real social boundaries or established "rules"

How Search Technologies Are Changing (4) Week 6

1. 1990s: Words in documents, keyword tags. 2. 2000s: Web crawlers, indexes, search histories, aimed at narrowing content through context. 3. 2010s: Complex Integrated Search; 4. Next Horizon: Deep Linking (Search within and across mobile applications, Dougherty Reading).

Data Mediate Through (3) Week 6

1. Categories and classifications 2. What data schema prompt us to see, notice, overlook, include, exclude, etc. 3. What the data scheme cannot "see" is un-knowable, and that is un-actionable!

Key innovations that have made Mobile Multimedia Mapping possible Week 2

1. Changes related to GPS and Satellite Imagery 2. Developments in Internet Provision and Regulation 3. The Map Mash-Up

Code as a Digital Practice (2) Week 7

1. Code is a technological practice that shapes space E.g., Geofencing - a digital boundary in an area. Movement prompts the software to trigger something, like a digital reminder, an automated text, etc. 2. Code is a social practice that shapes space; E.g., Algorithmic Regulation, using software to monitor and control everyday practices automatically e.g., traffic sensors in school zones.

Basics of Code (3) Week 7

1. Code that directly affects and shapes experiences with physical spaces. Not Search. What is the difference? Search is mediating your experience in space, but with information not through physical spaces 2. Code doesn't make or affect space by itself. 3. Code requires content or input (data --- human interaction).

What is necessary for sustained profit in digital technologies? Week 9

All of these need us - the user - to stay engaged, to keep coming back!

Analog versus Digital objects (2) Week 5

Analog = Physical Object Digital = Virtual manifestation

"Data are always cooked" Week 6

Data can be subjective and follow an agenda

"Data are plural of 'anecdote'" Week 6

Data can represent aggregate patterns of behavior

Impacts of Digiality 2 - New Ways of Changing the World Week 5

Data justice movements: Activist efforts to create and use data in social justice efforts; Example: Witness.org's Camera V app, which embeds key metadata into the image's pixels so it doesn't get lost. This app really depends on all 5 properties of digiality to function.

"Data are a technology of vision" Week 6

Data shape understanding, the socio-technological.

Smart Cities Movement Week 4

Digital Spatial Data Streams From Sensing Data Used To Regulate All Aspects of Life Examples: "See, Click, Fix"; "One Bus Away"; Automated Streetlights Wireless Services, Orca Cards, Meteorology, Bike/Car Share, Seismic Sensors, Sound Detections (Construction, Gunshots, etc.) Smart Cities are Not Always Top-Down: E.g., Smart Citizen in Spain. E.g., Hyderabad Urban Labs, India.

Numerical Representation (Def & Ex) Week 5

Digital objects are represented by numbers; this means we can do computation. We can thus describe the digital object mathematically this means we can manipulate via algorithms Example: representations of digital images, where pixels represent color with assigned number codes.

Automation (Def & 3 Ex) Week 5

Digital objects can be automatically created, modified and accessed. Depends on the first two properties! Numerical representation and modularity make automation possible Example of Automated Creation: Geocoding rows of your spreadsheet in Project I, based on lat/long coordinates scanning documents Example of Automated Modification: Spatial offset of addresses, e.g., 911 calls. Automatically set an intersections instead of exact addresses because of housing values, etc. Example of Automated Access: Search engines and find functions like Google, Ask.com. Advanced search on Google

Impacts of Digiality 1 - Massive Digitization Week 5

Explosion of digital objects that exist and are stored Created need for new ways to classify and search for digital objects; for example: i. Indexing, software agents, image recognition ii. Rise of location as a new way to organize and retrieve iii. Personalization - search and find that stores info about users, not just objects. (e.g., Cookies)

Photovisual content Week 3

Photovisual content; visual images that: ... are like photographs or include photographic elements but are not the same as a photograph! a. High resolution satellite imagery b. Geo-located Images photos are 'mimetic' (imitate reality) c. Geo-located street level panoramas Seamless connection of images (seems more 'real') Panning through the panorama mimics how we move through real spaces → "hyper mimetic".

Challenges for Search (2) Week 6

In a Big Data world, we not only need to: 1. Find relevant information in masses of data, but also: 2. Help us deal with potentially overwhelming search results

Dominant Model of Provision is Private Sector Week 9

In a private sector model for providing connectivity, services, data, the economic priority is profit. What are the social priorities of a private sector model? Those who are in demand, want and pay for the service. Key point: Capitalism always produces 'uneven development' --inequalities between people and places. The Digital Divide is an example of this!

The Quantified Self-Movement: Week 4

Individuals governing themselves; e.g., Fitbit, Myfitnesspal. "The Data-Driven Life" Digital monitoring all aspects of life. Compile and analyze data to influence your behavior. Sharing data online (peer pressure? advice?)

Modularity (Def & Ex) Week 5

Many smaller parts make up the whole; However, parts can be separated from the whole and still work. Modular parts "retain their integrity" Example; Digital API, Google Maps API works the same on numerous web pages

Geo-located street level panoramas Week 3

Mediate in unique ways (compared to other kinds of geo-located imagery) Seamless connection of images (seems more 'real') Panning through the panorama mimics how we move through real spaces Not radically different than other geo-located photovisual elements, but just 'more' → "hyper mimetic".

Difference between Modularity and Variability Week 5

Modularity plugs pieces in and out, variability allows you to change, personalize, customize the parts. Example; filtered images, modularity is seen in the pixels and variability is seen in the different forms or versions of the filtered image.