GEOG130 TEST 2

How many people live in Mexico City

30 million inhabitants and contains 1/5 of the country's population.

The border towns of Tijuana, Mexicali, Nogales, Ciudad Juarez, Nueva Laredo, and Matamoros had a population of _________ in 1990 and ___________ by 2000

30,000 ; 3 million

It is estimated that _____ million people around the world are infected with HIV/AIDS as of Dec. 2015

36.7

Proportion of youth population in developing cities v. developed cities

37% of inhabitants of the cities in developing world are under the age of 15. (versus 22% in the developed world)

Women in South Korea if they have a job, they make _____ percent less money than men, the largest gender gap in the _________ ___________

38; developed world

Africa's TFR remains at _____, while Sub-Saharan Africa still has a TFR of ______

5.1 ; 5.6

In Rwanda and Ethiopia, mosquito nets have helped reduce child malaria deaths by more tahn ______%

50

About ______ million people get malaria each year and about _______ million die

500 ; 1

_________ children died worldwide in 2005 from HIV/AIDS

570,000

Nearly __________ women die each year from causes related to pregnancy.

600,000

In Asia women face a 1 in _____ women in Asia risk chance of dying from pregnancy and childbirth.

65

Zambia has more than ___________ orphans as a direct result of HIV/AIDS

650,000

In Bangladesh, saw fertility rates drop from over _____ children per women in early 1970s to _____ in 2005. - Fertility rates have remained unchanged for most of the ______.

6; 3 ; 1990s

____% of women in Iran who are married now practice family planning which was introduced in _____

74; 1980

______ million people have become infected with HIV since the start of the epidemic.

78

____ government security forces and _____ armed groups used child soldiers.

8 ; 51

By the end of this decade it would take _________ orphanages, holding ______orphans each, just to house the children with AIDS in sub-Saharan alone

80,000 ; 500

____% of the HIV cases are found in the developing world with 2/3 in Sub-Saharan Africa!!!!!!!!!

95

____% of pregnancy-related death occur in less developed countrie

99

Chain migration:

A chain migration is a process common to many immigrant groups, whereby one family member brings over other family members, who in turn bring other relatives and friends and occasionally entire villages

Explain what a primate city is.

A city that is the most significant, largest, dominant, influential, important. Traditionally in a developing country. Everything wrapped into one: cultural, political, social, economic, administratively. It is king kong, no Godzilla.

Refugee

A refugee is someone who has been forced to flee his or her country because of persecution, war, or violence. A refugee has a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of: - race, - religion, - nationality, - sexuality - political opinion or - membership in a particular social group.

Where did HIV originate?

Africa (Went from Africa, to Haiti, to the US, to everywhere else)

What are the two areas in the world that are going to have rapid urbanization taking place

Africa and Asia

What part of the world is affected/will be experiencing hyper/higher urbanization growth rates?

Africa and Asia

The msot at risk community for malaria is....

African children y5 y/o or younger

Tribalism

An outdated term that was used by Westerners to refer to groups of indigenous peoples in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

What area of the world received the most amount of remittances?

Asia

What are the top 4 countries for violence against women (old stats)

Bangladesh, New Zealand, Barbados, Nicaragua

How can infant deaths be prevented?

Between 41-72 percent of the deaths could be avoided with simple measures such as - giving tetanus shots to mother (-7%), - cutting umbilical cords with sterile blades, - educating parents and health workers to recognize infections, - prescribing antibiotics for pneumonia and sepsis (bloodstream infections) [-26%], - keeping newborns warm, - training midwives and other health cares workers • In South Asia and Sahara Africa, only about 1/3 of women deliver with the aid of a "skilled birth attendant." - Changing cultural behavior.

What is the impact of migration on developing countries?

Brain Drain is the number one problem

What country in L.A. doesn't have a primate city?

Brazil does not have a primate city, generally speaking, this is the only country in Latin America without a primate city i. Sao Paulo is the engine, everyone wants to go to Rio, the capital is Brasilia.

What are the issues related to the definition of a "refugee"?

Individual countries have the right to recognize certain cross-border arrivals as refugees and not others. - During the Cold War, the U.S. recognized persons fleeing from countries in the communist grip as refugees - Cuba (Dry feet Policy)

What is identity?

Is whatever you want it to be. It is ever-evolving and ever-changing. a conception of the self, a selection of physical, psychological, emotional, or social/cultural attributes of particular individuals. The perception of what you think you are versus what other people think you are.

What are "women missing"?

It is estimated that some 100 million women are missing. In China, India, Pakistan, New Guinea, and other countries are killed by abortions or neglect.. India: In 2001, 93.2 females were born for every 100 males China: Nearly 10% of all girls of the 1990s birth cohort are "missing" -In 2000, there were 120 boys under age 5 for every 100 females -Guangdong & Hainan: Ratio was 130-140 males for every 100 females

Explain how migration is like a mathematical formula.

It's a product of push and pull factors

How is extreme poverty defined?

Making $1.25 or less a day.

How is poverty defined?

Making $2.00 or less a day

Provide two examples of ethnic conflict in developing countries currently?

Mexico and Chiapas Shiites v. Sunnis in Middle East (say Iraq)

Brain Drain concern has been focused on what parts of the world?

Most of the concern about the loss of expertise has been focused on Asia, Africa, and Latin America, after many countries gained their independence in the 1960s.

What is the normal ratio for men v. women around the world?

On average about 106 females are conceived for every 100 males

How is perception constructed

Our perception is shaped by values learned from people and things around us through a process called socialization: • Parents • Religious/ Governmental authorities • Teachers • Media • Friends

Population density of Mexico City

Population density is higher than Tokyo, and four times those of London.

Provide two examples of ethnic conflict in developed countries?

Russia vs. Chechnya's, Israel vs. Palestine,

What are the top 3/top 5 countries with AIDS?

South Africa, Nigeria, Uganda, India, Mozambique

• In Sub-Saharan Africa, only ________, _________, ___________, and ________ would appear to have entered a period of transition in fertility behavior which can be characterized by - high _____________ use, - longer life ______________, - and a __________fertility rate.

South Africa, Zimbabwe, Kenya, and Namibia -contraceptive -expectancy -declining

What parts of the developing world is already highly urbanized?

South/Southeast Asia

Most people with AIDS live in?

Sub-Saharan Africa

Poster Children for Maternal Deaths

Sudan, Afghanistan, Zambia, Sierra Leone

Growth poles:

economic activities that are deliberately organized around one of more high-growth industries in a particular location.

Hunger and malnutrition are generally regarded as even more obvious and important _________ _________ than low literacy rates

economic indicators

How much would it cost to cut infant mortality rates in half?

$4.1 billion dollars

Over half of the world's population survives on an annual per capita income of__________ or less!

$800

What creates food shortages/famine?

- Civil war- use food as a weapon - Natural disasters - Economic problems - Failure of agricultural programs - Economic sanctions (embargos) - Political mismanagement

What areas are women working in?

- Clothing - Textiles - Shoes - Electronics - Communication

What are the impacts of women working?

- Empowered women - Declines fertility - Challenges traditional values - Become self-sufficient

Nation

- Ex. Kurds are an ethnic group that has state aspirations. - Kurds live in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Syria, and parts of the Soviet Union. - Palestine is an ethnic group without a state

Women don't use contraceptives because....

- For fear of side affects; - Disapproval by husband or family; - Religious objections, - Access to contraceptives

What solutions can curtail gender inequalities?

- Governing laws such as property ownership and inheritance by women must be addressed. - Empower women. - Change cultural and sexual norms under which older men take advantage of teenage girls - Education - Women roles in society need to be altered

What is the health impact of malnutrition?

- Impaired vision, - Inability to concentrate and to learn, - Greater vulnerability to disease and poor health, - Shorter life expectancy. - Death

Why so many children die?

- Poverty - Lack of education - Structural disorganization - Errors by parents - Government passive behavior - Inattention by world health experts

How is status determined?

- Race - Ethnic affiliation - Traditions - Religion - Politics - Social beliefs - Economic

Why are women in such demand?

- Require a person that is willing to take orders - Manual dexterity - An ability to do monotonous tasks, - Willingness to work in harsh conditions - Long hours - Low pay

What shapes identity

- Social - Cultural - Economical - Religious - Political factors

What are the reasons behind genital mutilation?

- The main purpose of genital mutilation is to deprive women any sexual pleasure. - By doing so men are guaranteed women's virginity. - Women are severely injured and many bleed to death from the procedure. - Chronic urinary tract infections are common, and childbirth is dangerous and extremely painful.

What is women genital mutilation?

- There are very degrees of women genital mutilation. - It involves the removal of the clitoris in its less severe form. - In extreme cases, vaginas are stitched shut, with only a small opening left through which urine and menstrual fluid can pass.

Has malnutrition improved

- Yes, malnutrition has declined from the 1969-1971 period when almost a billion were undernourished. - Conditions have improved in China, Southeast Asia, Latin America, and Caribbean.

What are the issues that the border towns in Mexico are facing? (9)

- environmental degradation - inadequate infrastructure - housing crisis - overpopulation - migration to the U.S. - crime - drug activity - low paying jobs - taking advantage of women workers.

How does Brain Drain occur?

- political instability and economic problems: causes skilled individuals seek to migrate especially, doctors, lawyers, scientists, and engineers, - Many students from poor country (former colonies) who where educated in rich countries (colonial powers) never return. - Lack or unavailability of proper equipment, research facilities, and a supportive environment influenced many research and scientists to seek support elsewhere. - Better economic opportunities attract and maintain highly skilled immigrants. - Labor recruitment by developed countries.

Bracero program

-1942-1964 -a. In 1942, we are entering WWII, women stay home to help with the war effort, but they needed help, so we recruited Mexican migrant workers (seasonal) to help with the war. We are the reason they all came through. b. Ended in 1964/65, because after the war, all the people coming back from war popped out a bunch of kids and 20 years later (1965), they didn't need migrant help anymore

Poverty and sex trafficking/Guatemala

-33 girls a day become entrapped in sex trafficking rings -60 percent of the 50,000 victims in Guatemala are children -Sex Trafficking worth 1.6 billion a year -Girls as young as 12 work in brothels and are forced to have sex with up to 30 customers a day -Poverty is one of the biggest drivers of sex trafficking in the central American country where three in five people live on less than $3.10 a day, UNICEF said

What challenges do women face around the world (general knowledge)?

-Can't own property -Inheritance: only get half of what men get in some countries -Travel Restrictions -Rape -Virginity Test -Corrective Rape -"light beating" -abortion: women fetuses are sometimes aborted in China and India because of the lower status of women in those societies. -Polygamy for men, but not women -Dowries -Women genital mutilation -Sex Trafficking/Sale of Females -acid attacks -Honor killings

Child Soldiers + Girls

-Girls are also used as soldiers in many parts of the world. • In addition to combat duties, girls are subject to sexual abuse and may be taken as "wives" by rebel leaders in Angola, Sierra Leone and Uganda. • In Northern Uganda, Human Rights Watch interviewed girls who had been impregnated by rebel commanders, and then forced to strap their babies on their backs and take up arms against Ugandan security forces.

What are some characteristics of ethnic identity?

-Provides a framework so people can determine positions on various issues -Prejudice or Prejudgments are an important part of ethnic identity -A sense of belonging -Emerge from shared experiences -Used for political reasons -Often functions to draw harsh distinctions among groups to promote group unity -Promotes discrimination (us v. them) -Serves as a rallying point (to compete for economic resources, positions in govt/social and economic institutions, govt contracts and benefits, constitutional protections, social and religious status) -Membership -Strong sense of identity

Explain how to be healthy if you're not wealthy.

-Sri Lanka: - Making medical care free; - Training midwives so that today 97% of births are attended by a professional; - Building clinics in rural areas; - Setting up a system for sending difficult cases to city hospitals; - and improving transportation. Cuba: ii. Cuba has the best healthcare system in the world (not a lot of medicine tho!) iii. The fact they don't have all the medicine makes them more creative. iv. Education more available as well. This is why they have a year longer life expectancy than American males.

Characteristics of Cities in Developing World (6)

-Young Population -Lack of Economic Growth -High Unemployment -Lack of Education -Less Natural Resources -Low Taxation Base

Traffic Accidents on track to become __________-leading cause of death by 2030 High income countries have about _____% of registered cars but only _____% of traffic deaths Low-income countries including most of Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia have _____% of the world's cars and almost _____% of traffic deaths

-fifth -52 -8.5 -9 -42

Infant Mortality Deaths in industrialized countries account for ____% of the total

1

More than ____________ adults and children die every year from HIV/AIDS in Africa alone in Sub-Saharan Africa

1 million

Explain what E.J. Rabinstein's Migration Law is.

1) Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain in the same country. 2) Each migration current (pattern) produces a countercurrent of lesser strength. 3) Migrants going to a long distance usually go to a major city. 4) Females are more migratory than males over a short distance, but more men are involved in international migration. - However, since the 1990s Mexican women account for half the illegal migration to the United States. 5) Most migrants are adults. 6) Large towns grow more by migrants than by natural increase. 7) The major migration flows are from rural to urban areas (historically).

What is the impact of migration on developed countries?

1) Provides inexpensive labor that contribute to economic growth and prosperity in the rich country. 2) As the populations of developed countries grow older and decline, migrants help replace the workforce. 3) Migrants help keep inflation low by keeping wages from rising rapidly. 4) However, most country are concerned about the social, political, culture, and religious impact of immigration.

Zimbabwe has more than ___________ orphans as a direct result of HIV/AIDS.

1,000,000

What creates poverty? (8)

1. Colonization and its legacy 2. The structure of the World economy (import and export) 3. Increasing globalization of the economy 4. Overpopulation in the developing country 5. Ineffective and detrimental government policies or decisions. 6. Political and economic instability. 7. Natural disasters. 8. Lack of education

What are the leading causes of death for developing countries? (top 5)

1. Coronary Heart Disease 2. Lower Respiratory Infections 3. HIV/AIDS 4. Perinatal Conditions 5. Stroke and other cerebrovascular diseases

What impact has the increased urbanization created in developing countries? (11)

1. Creation of slums and squatter settlements. 2. Overcrowding: in slums and squatter settlement 3. Unemployment and underemployment. 4. Excessive metropolitan areas. 5. Poverty 6. Inadequate transportation system 7. Inadequate infrastructure - physical and social 8. Environmental Degradation 9. Migration 10. Westernization vs. Local Culture. 11. Crime

Why would/will ethnic conflict continue around the world?

1. Differences among groups will continue 2. World is becoming a smaller place with more people. - Greater interactions and greater friction 3. Globalization and Modernization are weakening the nation state as a source of Identity. 4. Consciousness effort to protect this eroding identity. 5. Cultural characteristics and differences are not as easily changeable. - In the case of Soviet Union you can go from been a communist to capitalists, from poor to rich; - But Russians cannot become Armenians, Georgians, etc 6. Economic regionalism is increasing (ie, trade agreements). 7. Poverty

What creates ethnic conflict?

1. Divisions based on skin color, religious affiliation, regional ties, socio-economic status 2. Geographical Proximity of Different Groups 3. Outside Interference targeting ethnic differences 4. Prejudice/Hatred 5. Leaders using ethnic conflict to promote their objectives 6. Competition for scarce economic resources 7. Modernization (certain groups acquire new values, access to modern ways of life, and thus have less tolerance for traditional cultures) 8. Weak political institutions 9. Transition to Democracy 10. Access to Weapons

What are the solutions to poverty? (7)

1. Education and Family Planning. 2. Change of Gov't that are more representative and just. 3. Sharing technology-crops, medicine, food, etc. 4. Formation of a trading block of developing countries 5. Debt reduction 6. Social and economic reforms by developing country gov't 7. Reward system of aid

Why is Nigeria a very good example of ethnic conflict?

1. Ethnic Complexity (more than 300 ethnic groups) 2. Geographical Separation of the four main ethnic groups (Hausa, Yoruba, Ibo, Fulani) (Hausa/Fulani in North, Yoruba: West, Ibo: East) 3. Population of 100 million 4. Language Difference of Each Ethnic Group 5. The Hausas have ruled the country for most of its history, leaving a political driving factor behind conflict 6. Natural Resources (petroleum located in the southeast--Ibo region) 7. Religion: North is Muslim, South/Southeast is Christian

How/why are the border towns in Mexico growing so fast?

1. Migration 2. Mexico U.S. Relations 3. Historical Origin of the Border Towns 4. Establishment of Maquiladora Zones

What is the cost of ethnic conflict?

1. Millions of Deaths 2. Land Mines 3. Economic Costs 4. Political Instability 5. Refugees 6. Neighboring Countries are Affected 7. New Countries 8. Countries Outside of the Conflict can be Affected 9. Famine 10. Environmental Destruction 11. Costly and must be Financed 12. Drug Problems 13. Child Soldiers

Few conflicts are solely about....

ethnicity

In India, despite half-century of promoting fertility programs, fertility rates are still ______. TFR = ______

high ; 3.0

Infant mortality rate (per 1000 live births) What is the Highest, lowest and US rate?

highest: Afghanistan (71.12) lowest: Norway (2.5) U.S.: 5.97

The A's of health.

i. Accessibility ii. Availability iii. Affordability iv. Awareness v. Acceptability

Cuba (Dry feet policy)

i. Before 1994, when Cubans were found in the water, because of the Cold War, we didn't deport them and we welcomed them to the U.S. ii. Prior to the dry feet policy in 1994 iii. After 1994, Clinton establishes this dry feet policy and says your feet gotta be dry to get to the US

What are the leading causes of death for children under the age of 1? (top 5)

i. Death in childbirth ii. Diarrhea iii. Pneumonia iv. Malaria v. Birth Defects

Guinea Bissau

i. Most of the population works abroad, poor economic situation, high inflation, political instability, high poverty, high fertility rate, low life expectancy...We can tell this from the fact that 48.7% of their GDP is from remittances, yet they only receive $148 million dollars annually

Which Laws of Migration are changing?

i. Number 4 is CHANGING. Not as applicable as it was. Number 7 is also changing. 1. Current migration pattern in the world is urban to urban

Push Factors--Migration (Define and list)

induce people to move out of their present location. - Human rights violations - Civil war - Economic crisis - Political instability

Pull Factors--Migration (Define and list)

induces people to move into a new location. - Employment opportunity - Higher wages - Reunite with family members - Educational opportunities

Oil and women's rights are __________ related

inversely

Ethnic group

is composed of large or small cultural group who share a sense of: - identity, - history, - language, - culture, - geographic location, - religious beliefs.

Socialization

is the process in which values and perceptions help to determine our roles in society. These values, beliefs, and perceptions tell us how to relate to others and how they should relate to us. • Many of these values and perceptions are reinforced by laws and policies made by governments and society.

Transmigration

is the process when immigrants travel between their host and home country by bringing goods, cultural traits, and ideas

Transnationalism:

is the theory that explains the process created by transmigration by which transmigrants participate directly or indirectly in circular migration. Thus establishing economic, political, social, or cultural networks between the host country and the home country. (Ex. Remittances

Aids-related illness remains the_________ cause of death in Sub-Sahara Afric

leading

State

legal concept describing a social group that occupies a defined territory and is organized under a common political institutions and an effective government. The state exercises sovereign authority within its boundaries and is recognized by other states

How has Mexico City become one of the largest cities in the world?

1. Population Increase (1930s) 2. Transportation Hub 3. Manufacturing center (40% of Mexico's services in 1960s) 4. Media Center (TV and radio concentrated in Mexico City like telenovelas influencing perceptions of city life) 5. Commercial Agriculture (shift from corn and beans for subsistence to strawberries and tomatoes for sales 6. Unemployment 7. Rural to urban migration 8. Government Services 9. Oil boom (1977 boom made thousands of migrants come in a day) 10. Governmental Policies (Abandoned any effort to regulate migration and environmental policies. Made it the most polluted city in the world... in 1992 had to close facatories and eliminate cars) 11. Economic Recession

What is the difference between a migrant and a displaced person?

1. Refugees move without any tangible property except that which they can carry or transport with them. 2. Most refugees make their first "step" on foot, by bicycle, wagon, or open boat. - In other words, the technological factor that facilitates modern migration is non-factor in this case. 3. Refugees move without the official documents that accompany channeled migration. - External refugees almost without exception migrate without authorization and often carry little or no identifying papers.

Top 5 Child Soldier Countries

1. Somalia 2. Syria 3. D.R. Congo 4. Sudan 5. Afghanistan

Why is it important for women to have access to financial assistance? (4)

1. Women are able to contribute more to the household. 2. More money equals greater consumption, which stimulates more economic growth. 3. Women who work outside the home are likely to have lower fertility, greater access to healthcare, better nutrition, and increased self-empowerment. 4. As the financial status improve other aspect in her life changes as well.

____ million people died from AIDS-related illness.

1.1

It is estimated that between ________ and __________ infants are infected with the AIDS virus through breast-feeding.

1.1 mil and 1.7 mil

Just in Africa alone is estimated that __________ children are currently fighting.

120,000

HIV/AIDS has left more than _________ orphans in sub-Saharan Africa alone.

13 million

Under current international law, children can be recruited and deployed to fight from the age of ______

15

Of the 2.1 million new infections _________ were children and most live in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2015.

150,000

Across sub-Saharan Africa, women face a 1 in _____ chance of dying from pregnancy and childbirth... beat out what?

16 (greater than AIDS related diseases leaving it the leading cause of death for women)

HIV diagnosis has fallen ____% from 2005-2014. Suggesting a true decline in new infections.

19

In the developed world, 1 in ______ die from pregnancy and childbirth.

2,800

____ million people became newly infected with HIV.

2.1

_____ million children have HIV. ____% of the children living with HIV are found in the African Continent

2.5; 90

____ situations of conflicts in ____ countries use child soldiers.

20 ; 14

_____ million people living with HIV in Sub-Sahara Africa .

24.7

In Egypt, birth rates has remained greater than ____since 1993.

3.0

It is estimated that $_____ to $______ dollars a year is spend to fight the spread of malaria

3.8 to 7 billion

For three years running, South Korea has had the world's ______________ _______________, according to the U.N. World Health Organization.

lowest birthrate

To lower stress as they climb corporate ladders, women in South Korea are postponing __________ and _____________ . The number of unmarried women in their 20s and 30s is surging.

marriage and motherhood

Brain drain:

migration of technically skilled and highly educated individuals from poorer states to wealthier ones.

What are remittances?

money that migrant workers send back to their families or countries.

In Latin America society generally view women as....

moral guardians of the family. Women tteach values and morality by example.

A single pill for a woman in labor, followed by a sip of syrup for her newborn baby, cuts HIV transmission rates by ___________, potentially saving the lives of millions of children"

more than half

Don't forget women's role in developing countries is shaped to a large extent by how they are ____________ __________ ________ ______________

perceived in their societies.

Status

refers to one's position in the social, economic, and political hierarchy.

Among the 10 countries or territories with the world's lowest fertility rates, _____ are in the Asia-Pacific region, according to a 2008 CIA ranking.

six

Displaced Person

someone who has been forced to leave their home but has not crossed an international border.

The problem is that only one in _____ infected African mothers has access to the drugs

ten

What is ethnicity?

the fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition

Seasonal migration

the movement of people from an area to another because of a seasonal demand for labor.

Rural-to-rural migration

the movement of people from one rural area to another.

Rural-to-urban migration

the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas.

Urban-to-rural migration

the movement of people from urban areas to rural areas.

Urban-to-urban migration:

the movement of people from urban areas to urban areas.

Trans-continental migration:

the movement of persons from one continent to another

Ethnic Pluralism

the presence of many different groups within a specific geographical boundary.

Ethnic Identity

the set of meanings that individuals impute to their membership in an ethnic community.

A recent study showed that even a modest expansion of contraceptive programs could prevent nearly ______ times the number of child AIDS deaths as antiretroviral programs for pregnant women.

three

In 2015 UN reported other ways that children are impacted:

• Attacks on schools, hospitals, and medical and educational personnel • Abduction of children by Boko Haram, LRA, ISIL, Al-Shabaab, Taliban and Sudan People's Liberation Army. • Millions of children, many of whom are unaccompanied or separated from their families during displacement.

Aftermath of Child Soldiers

• Because of their immaturity and lack of experience, child soldiers suffer higher casualties than their adult counterparts. • Even after the conflict is over, they may be left physically disabled or psychologically traumatized. • Frequently denied an education or the opportunity to learn civilian job skills, many find it difficult to re-join peaceful society. • Schooled only in war, former child soldier are often drawn into crime or become easy prey for future recruitment

Why do people migrate?

• Economic factors • Cultural factors • Political factors • Family factors • Environmental factors

What has been the most important factors in the rise of employment of women?

• Globalization, • Modernization, • Democratization, • Industrialization, • Erosion of traditional values that rigidly define women's roles.

Maquiladora Zones: When? Why? Where can they be located? What happened in 1972? What do most maquilas do?

• In 1965, duty free maquiladora zones were established to attract foreign industries to Mexico after the Bracero program ended. • Maquilas were only allowed to be established 20 km from the border. • But by 1972, they could be located anywhere in Mexico except in Mexico City. • Most maquilas are electronic firms, clothing manufacturers, and furniture making industries.

Marriage and AIDS Marriage is no.... Women in Kisumu, Kenya, and NDola, Zambia.... married teenage girls were.... In India, women account for _____ of new HIV cases. _____% of women in prenatal clinics say they are in long-term relationships

• Marriage is no protection against the epidemic—an in some places appears to increase the risk. • Women in Kisumu, Kenya, and Ndola, Zambia: married teenage girls were more likely to be infected than unmarried, sexually active ones. • In India, women account for ¼ of new HIV cases. - 90% of women surveyed in prenatal clinics say they are in long-term relationships.

How do you solve ethnic conflict?

• Political (Peace Treaties) - Guatemala (1998) • Elections - South Africa (1994) • Economic - Land reforms in Guatemala and Chiapas, Mexico • Geographical - Establish a new nation in the case of India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, former Yugoslavia - 2011 North and South Sudan • International Organizations - Church - United Nations can intervene military, politically and economically. - Red Cross, - Amnesty International, - and other human rights groups can bring attention to a problem, serve as mediators or neutral third party.

How are children recruited?

• They are either recruited (offered food or money) or kidnapped by government forces or oppositions forces. - They are given no more than 2 to 3 weeks of training prior to being posted for combat. • To prevent them from deserting, children are taken to their home villages and are force to kill one of their relatives. • Thereby, ostracizing the child permanently from its home and family. • Older soldiers use beatings, torture, drugs, and rape to control both boy and girl soldier

Historical origin of the border towns Ciudad Juarez= Matamoros= Nueva Laredo= Nogales= Mexicali= Tijuana=

Ciudad Juarez= as a mission. Matamoros= a mission that became a refugee for blacks escaping slavery. Nueva Laredo= was founded by Mexican Nationals that move south after the 1848 treaty. Nogales= evolved as a railroad and market town. Mexicali= founded by the U.S. interest as a consequence of an irrigation system. Tijuana= as a ranch settlement.

What part of the world is more susceptible/vulnerable to malaria?

Countries along the equator

Where is Malaria the most prevalent?

Countries along the equator

What is the Grameen Bank and the Sixteen Decisions (only the 4 on the slide)? How many women have participated? How does it work? When did it begin and how?

Dr. Muhammad Yunus created this informal micro-credit lending institution to target rural women and won a Nobel Peace Price in 2006. • The program began in 1974, when Yunus lent $27 to a group of poor villagers and realized that even small amounts could make transformative differences. How does it work? • The bank provides micro credit to self-selected small group of women who are not family. • The group members are responsible of each other • Their individual credit depends on the performance of the entire group. • Women have to memorize a social contract know as the Sixteen Decisions. - Commitment to educating their children (education) - A refusal to take or give a dowry (challenge society) - An emphasis on self-improvement and economic prosperity (economic) - A pledge to have small families (population) How many women have participated? • He set up the Grameen Bank, which has since disbursed about $6 billion in tiny loans to about 7.4 million Bangladeshi micro-entrepreneurs, mostly women in businesses such as street vending and farming. • More than 94% of the borrowers are women.

How many children die before their first month

Each year 4 million babies die worldwide in the first month of their life

Where is poverty concentrated? (highest number of people living in poverty v. highest percentage of people living in poverty)

Highest Number of People: Southeast Asia Highest Proportion: Africa

Where is the next HIV/AIDS hotspot?

India

What are the top 4 remittance receiving countries in the world?

India, China, Mexico (Three Traditional Ones) 1. Philippines is the new kid on the block, ranking at number 4

Migration

The movement from one place to another whether forced, internal, international, or voluntary.

Why is the AIDS epidemic growing among married women?

Women are not requiring their partners to use condoms; • Infidelity by husbands; • high-risk behavior by men; • Exploitation of young women by older men; - In South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbawe, women between 15-24 are three to six times as likely to become infected as young men. • Rape.

Emigration

a move from a particular location.

International Migration

a move from one country to another

Immigration

a move to another location

Internal Migration

a move within a particular country or region.

Emigrant

a person migrating away from a country or area (out-migrant).

Immigrant

a person migrating into a particular country or area (in-migrant).

Migrant

a person who moves from one country or area to another country or location.

Giving ______________ drugs to pregnant women has long been celebrated as one of the few successful tactics in the war against AIDS in Africa

antiretroviral

In Asia and the Middle East women are the ______________ of the local economy by performing activities such as:

backbone - Get water, - Gather fuel, - Raise animals, - Manage local markets, - and participate in the informal market.

_______ __________- is another cheaper, easier, and more effective alternative to prevent the spread of HIV

birth control

Roles

can be defined as expectations regarding the skills, rights and duties of individuals.

Who is affected by malnutrition? (mostly)

children under 5 y/o

Ethnic diversity often results from _____________ and ______________ (earlier civilizations)

conquest and annexation