Geog1400
What causes such rapid growth in certain countries?
Countries experience fast growth curves when life expectancies suddenly increase due to improvements in health services. It generally takes a generation to realize that large families are not as crucial for family well-being.
What aspects of the population pyramid hints at why the overall population is changing as the graph suggest?
Diminishing number of young adults.
Why is arithmetic population density misleading?
Gives the impression that the area is populated evenly. There are also natural obstacles for creating settlements i.e tundras, mountains, too hot, too cold, no water, too much water.
"An Essay on the Principle of Population."
Malthus states that future population growth would be determined by two facts and one opinion. The facts were that food is necessary for survival and that men and women would continue to produce offspring. His view is that if the population is not restrained by war, famine, and disease, population growth will occur exponentially. He also argues that agricultural production of food could only grow arithmetically.
What is the relationship between life expectancy and the Natural Increase Rate?
People in countries with higher life expectancies are having fewer children.
internal migration
Permanent movement within a particular country.
the base has a reasonably smaller but not dramatic base (population profile)
Populations that have stabilized have profiles where the bulge of past high birth rates migrates to older populations moderately and not quickly,
Total fertility rate
The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.
How do fast-growth country pyramids compare?
The base is much wider.
What aspects of the population pyramid hints at why the overall population is changing as the graph suggest?
The life expectancy in these faster growing countries are lower. Populations are much younger. Meanwhile in Russia there are far more reproductive age people who are choosing to have less children than previous generations, which are now fading away.
.demographic transition model
This creates an enormous strain on the social safety net programs of a country as is tries to support older citizens who are no longer working and contributing to the economy.
what happens when fewer children are born but the population is aging rapidly? (stage 4)
This creates an enormous strain on the social safety net programs of a country as is tries to support older citizens who are no longer working and contributing to the economy. This is the majority of Europe.
Refugees migrate primarily because of which type of push factor?
political
Geographers define overpopulation as ________.
too many people compared to environmental capacity.
The average number of births women bear in their lifetimes is ________.
total fertility rate
What three factors are used to predict and analyze population change?
total fertility rate, infant mortality, and life expectancy at birth
True or false: total fertility rate is higher in under developed countries than developing countries
true
Cultural push factors
usually involve slavery, political instability, ethnic cleansing, famine, and war. People who choose to flee or are forced to flee as a result of these problems are often refugees. Cultural pull factors could include people who want to live in democratic societies, gender equality, or educational or religious opportunities.
How many people does the largest symbol represent?
1,000,000,000
What is usually the best decimal for a for a stabilized growth rate, and why is it not an even number.
2.1. Any more than that and the population will grow, any less than a NIR of 2.1 causes population contraction. The reason why the NIR percent is 2.1 and not 2.0 for stability is because not every human will pair up and have a child because of genetics, choice, or death before childbearing years.
What is the global total fertility rate?
2.5
doubling time formula
70/growth rate
zero population growth
A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero. This occurs in many countries where girls do not live as long before they reach their childbearing years due to gender inequality.
population profile
A graphic that shows the number or percentage of men and women in a population per year group or range of years; sometimes called a population pyramid.
How do pyramid shapes relate to slow-but-steady-growth countries?
A slow steady growth country would have less drastic curvature.
What has helped expand food supplies
Better growing techniques, higher-yielding, and genetically modified seeds
Which country has the lowest NIR in 2016?
Bulgaria
Migration transition
Change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition.
Which two countries have the highest populations? (Select all that apply.)
China and India
How do pyramid shapes relate to diminishing-growth countries?
Diminishing-growth countries have top-heavy, V-shaped pyramids.
In which regions are populations decreasing? (Select all that apply.)
Eastern Europe, Western Europe and Japan
How do fast-growth country pyramids compare?
Fast-growth countries are quite wide at the base.
stage 2
High Growth: Rapidly declining death rates and very high birth rates produce very high natural increase (industrial/medical revolution)
What is the relationship between infant mortality and total fertility?
Higher infant mortality rates correspond to high total fertility rates.
a reduction in populations in their mid-20s and 30s, which would appear on the profile graph. (population profile)
If a country has experienced war, a catastrophic disaster, or a genocide that eliminates an entire generation, that generation will have a smaller number or percent than the generations before or after.
push factors
Incentives for potential migrants to leave a place, such as a harsh climate, economic recession, or political turmoil.
What does this pyramid shape imply about the size of the reproductive class of the population?
It is just about to take off and grow quickly.
How do pyramid shapes relate to diminishing-growth countries?
It shows how many people are in reproductive age compared to how many children they choose to have. It also shows what the average life expectancy of this country
How do low-growth-rate population graphs compare?
Low-growth-rate countries are straight.
Which two places have the highest densities?
Macao and Monaco
Which country has the highest NIR in 2016?
Niger
pull factors
Positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attract people to new locales from other areas
What is the product of a country's growth rate and doubling time?
Roughly 75
How do pyramid shapes relate to slow-but-steady-growth countries?
Slow-growth countries are more straight towers.
Which region has the highest NIR?
Sub-Saharan Africa
sex ratio
The number of males per 100 females in the population.
Physiological Density
The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.
dependency ratio
The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force
doubling time
The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.
Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
The percentage by which a population grows in a year
Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.
Infant mortality rate
The percentage of children who die before their first birthday within a particular area or country.
Agricultural Density
The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture
What does this pyramid shape imply about the size of the reproductive class of the population?
There is a larger reproductive class with a high fertility rate
What elements of study does human and physical geography have in common?
They are concerned with where things occur and why they occur where they do.
What factors account for the countries with low population densities? (Select all that apply.)
True
Which other three countries have populations over 200 million? (Select all that apply.)
US, India, Brazil
male side of the graph will be dramatically wider than the women's side of the graph. (population profile)
When a country has a large immigrant population, specifically "guest workers" that usually tend to be men
broader top and a narrower base. (population profile)
When a population boom begins to age
emerging nations
a nation in which the process of industrialization is not yet complete
Life expectancy at birth is
an average of how many years a newborn is expected to live, assuming that mortality rates stay consistent. In more developed countries, the average life expectancy is over 80 years old, and in less developed countries, it is only around 40 years
K =
carrying capacity
How have total fertility rates changed over time?
fertility rates have decreased
For optimal functionality when using ArcGIS Online in this course, which browser should you use? (Select all that apply.)
firefox, explorer, chrome
Neo-Malthusians
group who built on Malthus' theory and suggested that people wouldn't just starve for lack of food, but would have wars about food and other scarce resources
Mortality
he second significant variable that shapes population trends.
A bell-shaped graph (population profile)
indicates that a country has experienced high population growth in the past but is experiencing a slight decrease.
Infant mortality rate
is determined by calculating how many children die before the age of 1 per 1,000 live births annually. The highest IMRs are in less developed countries where rates can be as high as 80 or more. Conversely, in a place like Europe, it is as low as 5 percent.
What factors account for the countries with low population densities? (Select all that apply.)
large land area, extreme climates, mountainous regions, being land locked
How do low-growth-rate population graphs compare?
larger around the middle
What is typical of the shape of the population graph in high-growth-rate countries?
larger base, and narrow top (more youth than elderly)
stage 4
low growth rate: A nation enters Stage 4 of the demographic transition model when CBRs equal to or become less than CDRs. When CBRs are equal to CDRs, a nation will experience zero population growth (ZPG).
stage 1
low growth: very high birth and death rates produce virtually no long-term natural increase (agricultural revolution)
Immigration means ________.
migration into a country.
Counter-urbanization is ________.
migration to rural areas and small towns
stage 3
moderate growth rate: A nation moves from Stage 2 to Stage 3 when CBRs begin to drop while CDRs simultaneously remain low or even continue to fall.
environmentally displaced persons/ecological displaced
more and more people are becoming environmental refugees because of climate change, droughts, flooding from large storm systems, water shortages, and more. These people have less recognition than political refugees.
Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition is characterized by a high ________ rate.
natural increase
What does comparing CBR and CDR conclude?
natural increase rate
Physiological density is the number of ________.
people per area suitable for agriculture.
internal migration
permanent movement within the same country Most people that migrate travel only a short distance from their original destination and usually within their country, often due to economic factors.
The most common measure of density, the number of people per area of land, is known as ________ density.
population
another name for population profile is
population pyramid
Arranging a country's population along a bar graph representing ages and genders creates a population ________.
pyramid
r =
reproductive factor
How long would it take to double Nigeria's population?
roughly 18 years
Narrow triangles (population profile)
show countries with high population growth.
What factors account for the countries with high population densities? (Select all that apply.)
smaller land area, islands, low lands, favorable area, access to water
Total fertility rate (TFR)
the average number of children a woman would be expected to have during childbearing years (between 15-49 years old).
migration transition
the change in migration patterns within a society caused by industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition
One important feature of the world's population with the most significant future implications is that _________.
the most rapid growth is occurring in the less developed countries.
interregional migration
the permanent movement from one region of a country to another region
international migration
the permanent movement within a single region of a country
intraregional migration
the permanent movement within a single region of a country
Mortality
the second significant variable that shapes population trends. A population's age structure is an essential factor influencing its death rate.
Crude death rates
the total number of deaths per 1,000 people in a given year.
crude birth rate (CBR)
the total number of live births for every 1,000 people in a given year. So, a crude birth rate of 10 would mean ten babies are born every year for every 1,000 people in that region
The arithmetic density, also called population density, of a population is the...
the total number of people in proportion to the area of land.
A region's population will grow as long as...
their crude birth rates are higher than their crude death rates.
What is typical of the shape of the population graph in high-growth-rate countries?
they curve upward
