Geography 101 Exam 3

North Africa and North of the African Transition Zone is a Muslim-dominated realm with _______ as its primary language

Arabic -The three main areas of interest are the Maghreb of the northwest; the Nile River valley in the east; and the African Transition Zone, where the Sahara Desert transitions into the tropical type A climates of Central Africa's equatorial region

The building if the _____ _____ ____ in the 1970s helped control the flooding of the Nile Valley

Aswan High Dam (in Turkey) -largest Dam on the Euphrates, and it has a reservoir behind the dam that is large enough to hold the total annual discharge of the river -Over time, the constant extensive use of this type of irrigation causes small quantities of salt in the water to build up in the soil to serious levels, thereby reducing the land's productivity -Salinization

The _____ is the longest river in Southwest Asia

Euphrates

In Israel, _____ is used extensively in the area. Drip irrigation mixed with fertilizers

Fertigation -groves are covered with a natural material that allows sunlight to penetrate but reduces the amount of transpiration, which conserves water -gray water is extracted from sewage that has been treated to be used in agriculture

______ controlled and colonized the region of the Barbary Coast along North Africa's western waterfront, including Algeria, Tunisia, and parts of Morocco

France -The historical geography of North Africa is not complete without an understanding of the European influences that have dominated or controlled this region for centuries

The human activity in this area extended around the region all the way to the Mediterranean Sea, which is where the tern _____ _____ comes from

Furtile Crescent

The second trait is ________; most people in the realm are Muslims

Islam

_____ diffused through North Africa to the Berber people of the Maghreb and entered Europe across the Strait of Gibraltar to the Iberian Peninsula

Islam

According to ______ tradition, the patriarch Abraham came to Mecca with his Egyptian wife Hagar and their son Ishmael more than 2,000 years before the birth of the prophet Muhammad (born 571 CE)

Islamic

Muhammad was illiterate; his supporters wrote down his words compiled them into the _______, the holiest book of Islam. Muhammad was the founder of the new religion, which he called Islam (meaning "submission to Allah"). The term Muslim (meaning "one who submits") refers to a follower of Islam.

Koran (Qur'an)

The ______ is a region of the extending from Morocco to Libya that is distinguished by the main ranges of the Atlas mountains, which reach elevations of near 13,000 ft

Maghreb -Aided by a moderate type C climate, the northern coastal region of the Maghreb and the mountain valleys are a center for agricultural production, including grapes, dates, oranges, olives, and other food products

The city of ______ began as an early trade center for the region and a hub for camel caravans trading throughout Southwest Asia and North Africa

Mecca

Two cultural hearths provide significant historical value to the concept of development : ________ and the _________ in Egypt

Mesopotamia and the Nile Valley in Egypt -the climate, soils, and availability of fresh water provided the ingredients for the growth of a human civilization that is held in high esteem because of its significant contributions to our human history

Some of the earliest cities in the world- Jericho, for example, were first inhabited around 10,000BCE in the ______ _____

Middle East

______, born in Mecca 571 years after the birth of Christ and about 100 years after the fall of the Roman Empire

Muhammad

Egypt draws water from the _____ to irrigate fields for extensive food production

Nile

Human civilization also emerged along the _____ ____ valley of what is now Egypt

Nile River -this land could produce excess food, which subsequently led to the ability to support a structured, urbanized civilization -The Egyptian civilization flourished for thousands of years and spawned a legacy that influenced their neighbors in the region, who benefited from their anvancements

The physical area of this realm can be divided into three regions: _______, ______, and _________

North Africa, Southwest Asia, and the countries of Turkestan -North Africa region includes: the countries bordering the Mediterranea Sea and the Red Sea from Morocco to Sudan -Southwest Asia includes: Turkey, Iran, the Middle East, and the Arabian Peninsula

_________, the _________, and the _____ ____experienced the highest levels of protests in insurgency

North Africa, the Middle East, and the Arabian Peninsula -Democratic reforms were requested or demanded by citizens seeking more individual freedom and greater access to political power

The Tigris and Euphrates both have origins in Turkey and converge at the Shatt al-Arab waterway that flows into the ______ _______

Persian Gulf -Turkey, Iraq, and Syria rely heavily on the river

Many ruins of extensive aqueducts from _____ times and earlier remain throughout the realm

Roman

Islam has a code of law called the ______ criminal code, which is similar to the Old Testament Law. The _____ dictates capital punishment for certain crimes

Sharia

______ Muslims look to their imams for the official source of direction

Shia

Which division of Islam thought that Muhammad's successor should be a blood relative?

Shia Islam -No provision was made to continue Muhammad's work after he died.

_____ Muslims look to the family and community for direction

Sunni

Others felt that the successor should be a worthy follower and did not need to be a blood relative

Sunni Islam

The _____ government has cracked down on the revolution with hard-line measures aimed at subduing the protests and demonstrations. By September 2011, more than 2,000 protesters had been killed in _____, and many more were detained or tortured

Syrian

Fresh water is in short supply in many of the desert regions of _________ in Central Asia

Turkestan

The ripple effect that the Tunisian revolution had on North Africa was felt on the Arabian Peninsula in places such as_____ and _____

Yemen and Bahrain

Many people from North Africa speak the languages of their former _____ ______

colonial masters -Western culture continues to compete with fundamental Islamic tendencies in the region, especially in urban centers -Migration from the shores of North Africa to Europe is not difficult; the strait of Gibraltar is only 9 miles across from Morocco to Spain

Vast fields of cash crops such as ______ were developed during the Soviet era for economic reasons- the result had devestating consequences for the Aral Sea, which depended on the water from these rivers for its survival

cotton -More than half of the population of Central Asia depends on agriculture for their livelihood ___

It is the ____ type ___ climate that dominates and covers most of the physical area

dry or arid type B

Mesopotamia meaning "_____ ______ _____, " is located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

land between rivers

The third factor is that all three regions of the realm share is the avalibility of significant _______ _______

natural resources

Countries are called ______ states (Islamic states in this case) when religious codes take precedence over civil law

religious Ex: Iran

States in which people democratically vote on civil law based on common agreement are called _______ states

secular Ex: Turkey

Mesopotamia gave rise to a historical cradle of civilization that included the _______, _____, _______, and _______ Empires , all established during the Bronze Age (about 3,000 BCE or later)

the Assyrian, Babylonian, Sumerian, and Akkadian Empires

The spread of Islam was accomplished through _____ and ______

trade and conquest -Islam diffused through Mecca and spread throughout the Middle East and into Central Asia and North Africa

Type ___ climate along the coastal Mediterranean area attracts human development and is home to many large port cities

type C -vast areas of each region are uninhabited desert -

In North Africa and Southwest Asia, the availability of ___ has had an even greater relavance because of the dominat type B climate

water -rapid population growth and industrialization have intensified the demand for fresh water -Water can be found in the desert regions in a range of forms. For example, there are oases, springs, or noted wells