Geography Test 3

What was a Moa?

Flightless bird in New Zealand like the ostrich that was about 10 ft tall. Were not frightened by people you could just walk up & stab them. Maoris killed them all

How did WWII affect Papua New Guinea?

New guinea became a base of operation for allied soldiers Over a million soldiers came Brought New items they had never seen before, were called cargo, everything looked amazing to them like airplanes and radios, vehicles

What was a moko?

unique face tattoo

What are "exotic" animals, & which ones devastated Australia?

"Exotic" animals ones the Brits brought over & Aboriginals had never seen before. Aborigionals brought the dingo which killed off marcupio predators that killled off a lot of flightless birds. Europeans brought rats cats dogs and snakes, took out a lot of flightless birds. Feral animals escaped british captivity & now live in the wild. Pigs, goats, wild horses called brumbis, & camels. Sheep in 1891 CANE TOAD brought to queensland australia to take out the bugs that ate the cane, poisonous, killed animals that ate them. 1859 RABBITS- have a lot of offspring other animals don't want to eat them, destroyed the land, caused some animals the aboriginal people relied on to go extinct.

What were Aborigine "tribes" like?

"tribe" small family based groups No way of organizing society, everyone was equal. Lacked power structure. No resistance to people moving to other tribes. Across the board did not own land. Typically 3-6 families in the tribes & the amount of ppl in a tribe was determined by the land that they were in harsh areas could have as low as 10 ppl in a tribe. Lush area could have up to about 80 ppl in a tribe.

What is Uluru?

(Irish rock)-Natural MONALIFT (great rock formation out in the middle of no where- impressive) 1100 ft above sea level, 6 miles around. Made a national park recently. Uluru is considered sacred by the aboriginal people of australia believed this is where the Gods came down to earth- has caves with cave paintings

Who was Kupe?

(Legend of how the Maoris got to New Zealand) A man named Kupe sometime in 900s AD- these honory squids kept eating his bait while he was fishing- he vowed before he returned home he would kill the king of the squids. Without supplies he hunted down & killed the king of the squids & found New Zealand, & went back & told his people. People were drawn by the stories of the big animals and plentiful lands, was densely forested and not many carnivorous animals. Massive canoes that could have been as long as 120 ft to get the people to New Zealand

What was Botany Bay?

(discovered by cook) part of sidney- Prison Colony The british lost Georgia 1776 was their prison colony

How much of the Earth's population is found in this region?

0.5% of earths population About 35 million people

Did convicts want to go back to Britain?

1 out of 14 wanted to go back. Prisoners wanted to stay because of opportunities & land, some where getting very wealthy. Voluntary immigration soon outpaced transportation. People would commit crimes in hopes of getting sent there. In 1820s 5 people for every 1 prisoner were being sent.

What is Tasmania like?

1% of australias land-150 miles from Australia Continuation of the Great dividing range, believed to be connected 10 or 20 thousand years ago Higher up than Australia-Rocky mountainous area, a few flat green places- not many big towns Nothing to shield tasmania from wind everything hits it mild temperatures but incredible windy & incredibly wet useful for white water rafting, & hydro-electricity plants supply major Australian cities with their electricity

How much land can be used for farming in Australia?

10%

Where is New Zealand, and what is it like (how is the North and South Islands different)?

1000 miles SE of Australia North island-smaller but contains 75% of the people Tallest Mountain only about 5000 ft above sea level Marine or west coast- mild winters & mild summers 10 degrees higer temp. on avg. on North than South South Island-bigger 25% of population Has tall snow cap mountains 75% is mountain- Southern Alps. Many peaks above 12,000 ft Medium elevation Mt. 12,349 tallest mount cook

When did they send the first prisoners, and how many were there?

1788 First 11 ships carried 736 convicts

What happened to the Aborigines in Tasmania?

1803 in tasmania about 5000 aboriginal people 47 british people showed up. 1820s almost every one of the 5000 had been knocked out by disease. By 1830s only a handful left British sent them to another island where they all died. Small pox TB influenza & STDs

When did New Zealand become a self-governing nation?

1907 got Dominion status- could make their own laws but for a few more decades british told them when to go to war 1865 the new capital of Wellington was established.

When did Papua New Guinea become independent?

1975

Why are Aborigines & activists concerned about the police and the prisons in Australia?

1988- United nations published a report that charged Australia with many human rights abuses against the aboriginal people. Australia said they would do something Established a commission & found that there was high levels of racism in the police system & prison system. Because of their racism theres a higher proportion of aboriginal people in the prison system than white people Other factors- higher unemployment, suicide, & substance abuseless, less education, . Some people argue that they cant handle liquor as well. Because of the discriminatory laws, they were also not given any Gov.assistance (welfare)

How much of Australia gets regular rain?

2/3 of australia gets less than 20 inches a year. Only 11% of the other 1/3 gets 40 inches+

How many political groupings are there here?

20 11 independent states- 4 self governing islands but still associate with former colonial rulers- 8 still attached to colonial masters or a bigger country (4 of these belong to France) 1 belongs to Britain 2 belong to US. 1 belongs to New Zealand

How many languages did they have?

200-250 languages developed own languages because of their separations- common bases but different language. Flow of ideas and innovations could travel between tribes across australia it just took a while. Neighboring tribes can speak to each other. Most have died out, today their are only 2 that are spoken by more than 100 people.

How many islands make up Oceania? How many people are there?

30,000 islands about 11 million people on all of the islands Most of them on papau new guinea 6.3 million

How many languages are there in Papua New Guinea?

820 spoken languages- represents about 20% of all the world language

What did they get transported for?

9 year old boy who stole clothes and a gun to an 80 year old woman who lied in court.

What are the different climate regions in Australia? What is it like in these regions?

A lot is dependent on shape- plate with knocked out pieces on the edge (center is lower than the edges) - Mediterranean or dry subtropical (South West) - Tropical savanna (Northern edge) 3-4 months of wet, 8-9 months of dry - Australian desert (low central australia)(outback) low traps heat-furthest away from coast less likely to get clouds. Around the edges of the desert is the steppe climate

How large is its population?

About 20 million people- very concentrated in a few areas

How much of the globe is it?

About 25%

When are indigenous people believed to have come to New Guinea?

About 40,000 years ago from SE Aisa Get the name from people thinking they looked like west africans

Who were the first European explorers to go to New Guinea?

Antonio d'Abreu sighted the coast in 1512. Jorge de Menezes, Portugal (1526) set foot on New Guinea. Yñigo Ortiz de Retez (1545) named the island.

When do archaeologists and other scientists think aborigines came to Australia?

Archeologist believe they inhabited australia 30-50 thousand years ago Not sure were they came from, cannot trace to other people, or if it was intentional or accidental.

How many different nations of Aborigines were there?

At the height of their population they were about 1 million people of about 300 "nations"(tribe)

What was the trouble with Bougainville?

Bougainville, Civil war 1988-1989 Papua new guinea has major copper mines in Bougainville major source of income in but destroys Bougainville. 25% came from the copper mine here. No compensation for the mine destroying the farming (no food), water, and causing birth defects. People in Bougainville couldn't fight because of these problems, and Papua New Guinea suffers major money loses because of the fighting. 2001 signed treaty island of bougainville that they could vote to become independent in 10-15 years

When and who claimed the east side of the island?

Britain and Germany claimed the east side in 1885. 1918 Germany lost its side to Australia WWII

Why did the British transport prisoners?

Britain was overpopulated & had a high crime rate so prisons were overpopulated. Sent for 7 or 14 years 15,900 miles away from british isles no where for them to escape.

Why did the British feel like they could take the land from the Aborigines?

British took land since aborigines did not have a concept of land ownership.

How did the British indirectly (not on purpose) affect the Aborigines in negative ways?

Brought in New diseases and killed a lot of them They brought in exotic animals, which destroy the land and led to the extinction of animals that the aboriginals lived off of.

What was the assimilation program?

By the 1950s they wanted to assimilate aboriginal people into Australia & make them give up traditions. Pull children from reserves & take them to be slaves in the city or country side "stolen generations". Ended in late 1960s

What is their capital, and when was it founded?

Canberra (1927)- positioned in a new territory called new australian territory- like our district of columbia Decided they should have new capital. Not an already established city

What types of livestock do they raise?

Cattle

What was Mabo v. Queensland (1992) and what did it say?

Court case decided that aboriginal people were the first people on this land. Symbolically important. Didn't do a whole lot in getting the land back. Acourding to the court the aboriginal people could get their land back if they could make a case that they & their ancestors had lived on that land (they moved around) if their ancestors had given their land away then they could not touch the land.

Who was Willem Jansz?

Dutchman 1606- Spots western side of Australia & calls it "New Holland" The rest of the world thinks he was the first to discover it

Who was Abel Tasman?

Dutchman 1642 southeastern part of australia found tasmania and named it Van Dieman's Land

How were the Maori organized, what were their customs, etc.?

Each tribe had a chief & spiritual leader Multiple gods but one big God called Io Separation of gender traditional roles, but women of high regard could become chiefs or spiritual leaders

What was the Treaty of Waiangi (1840)?

Henry williams & his son drafted it into maori for a treaty with the british & maori Gave maori people full citizenship in the british empire but had to submit to british authority & british got the full right to buy land from the maori. British respected maori 512 chiefs either signed their name or drew their unique face tattoo

What were "Sorry Books"?

In 2000 more than a million Australians signed "sorry books" one line a "We stole your land, stole your children ,stole your lives, were sorry" Less than 10% of the white pop of australia signed this...

Who were the Maoris?

Indigenous people of New Zealand Been there for about 800 years- Arrived around 1200 AD Probably came from cook islands or maybe a little more north eastern

How did European contact change Maori life?

Introduced guns- 1818-1835 had musket wars where maoris went to war with each other Missionaries Christianity- Maoris used Christianity when it would benefit them (ex. learned reading & writing) Anglican missionary named Henry Williams- translated the bible into maori- rushed into the middle of maori battle field & told them to turn the other cheek like Jesus & he stopped the battle and the 2 tribes went home

What was life as a convict like?

It depended on what you were doing & who you worked for, but being sent to Australia was seen as a new chance for most people. The land was harsh due to climate & animals more poisonous snakes are found in australia than any other part of the world.

What is the Great Artesian Basin?

Its the largest and deepest aquifer in the world. Underwater wells- Water comes off of the Great Dividing Range & flows west down in underground rivers (aquaphores) they drill to get to it- supplies water for small amounts of people and animals If you take to much water drys up at the source and the ground closes up

What were Maori villages built around?

Iwi-One central ancestor An Iwi was a tribe that could be followed back to one ancestor.

When did Australia become a nation?

Jan 1st 1901 Commonwealth of australia which meant they could do most things themselves.

What is the Great Barrier Reef?

Largest coral reef in the world-On the NE corner-1250 miles long-14,300 square miles. 18-150 miles away from shore. Visible from outer space 3000 separate reefs- 300 coral islands, some big enough to have tropical vegetation & shelter for birds Essencial for austrália- forms a breakwater, funnels water south from the north- brings in the warmer water & heats up the water further south & heats the land shift temp up in a more pleasant way. Great for tourists

What were the New Zealand Wars (1860-72)?

Maori felt they had not got what they were promised after a few decades. Got together & decided they weren't going to sell any more land. Maoris fared well, but were defeated. People on north island in the mountains were not totally conquered until 1916

How did the treaty affect Maori Landholdings, and what do people think of it today?

Maori went from owning 100% -about 3% land. Every April 6th maoris get together & protest the signing of the treaty. Were cheated a little They still do a good job of including the Maoris. 1987- Maori is one of the official languages of New zealand over 100,000 speakers.-Haka- traditional Maori war dance- performed by the rugby team before matches A lot more assimilation in New Zealand than Australia

Where are they located?

Melanesia is closest to AUSTRALIA Micronesia is right on top of Melanesia Polynesia is to the right of both of them.

What are the different general island groupings here?

Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia

What is the population of each?

Melanesia- 7.3 million Micronesia- 500 thousand Polynesia- 800,000 people not including Hawaii and New Zealand

Where does the word Melanesia come from?

Melanin- dark brown skin tone-cant trace back to origin

What role does the ocean play in this region?

Most of this region is water-pacific ocean- The worlds largest ocean about 25% of the earth Provides food, essential to the economies, large role in the climate, and Unites and separates the areas Keep the places the same as they have been virtually untouched by modern society

What is "Tok Pisin"?

New Guinea's Trade language (Pidgin), how all the languages communicate with one another. Jolted English

Is New Zealand a part of Polynesia? Why or why not?

New Zealand is not considered a part of polynesia to some people. A strong presence of Maori people. But there is a lot of British influence on it. British Culture dominates even with Maori people.

How do they think Aborigines came to Australia?

Ocean 390ft lower. New Guinea and Tasmania would have been connected so shorter distances to travel from one place to another. Would not be more than 50 miles on the water. Aboriginal people (acceptable term), though some self- identify as "Koori" or "Murri"

What was the Aboriginal Land Rights Act (1976) and who did it affect?

Only in the Northern territories. Established a process were aboriginal people could assert claims on land. 40% of the land in the northern territories belongs to the aboriginal people. Other territories there has not been reform. Courts tend to side with the newer owners.

What was the defense of Maori villages?

Pa- fort that protected the village

What is the problem with Papua, Indonesia?

People are related on both sides of the line originally drew by Europeans. People don't like to give up land & resources so indonesia does not want to give it back to Papua New Guinea. Many of the islands support the uniting

What is the largest island in Micronesia?

Pohnpei- 210 square miles

When and who claimed the west side of the island?

Portugal claimed the west side in 1828.

How did they affect the Aborigines' lives?

Really just wanted to control them, where they could live ,who they could marry, whether or not they could drink alcohol Typically if you had 25% aboriginal blood or less these laws did not apply (these people were called Quadroons) Reserves for aboriginal people to live on- If your mother was 50% & you were 25% you were separated from your mother Quadroons were not allowed to live on Reserves Late 1970s end aboriginal protection acts

Why is it at risk?

Reef is alive needs nutrients- if damaged it can die off Settlement created setement- chemical polutatants Dirt runoff clouds blocks reef, sunlight cant get in, algie that support reef dies off, reef dies off. 1957- Australian national park to protect reef- 30 % is still threatened

What happened to the Aborigines in Australia?

Repercussions to aborigional people who tried to fight back by murding livestock. Europeans form vigialanty groups & go at night when men are gone & murder the women & children. British government tried to stop the murdering but it was too difficult to do.

What was the "White Australia Policy"?

Restrictive immigration policies designed to make sure only people from Europe came to Australia wanted more Northern Europeans than Southern Mirror US immigration laws at the time. 1901-1973 no chinese people were allowed in. 19 century Gold rush. East asians started pouring in & were welcomed because they had a lot of skills The country is still about 93% white (73% of these from british isles) 5% Asian- 1-2% aboriginal

What was "Terra Australis"?

Round mideval European drawing of australia. Believed in a very old ancient greek idea about balance. They knew that asia existed & believed that the only way that the earth could be balanced out if there was a giant land mass there. A big guess.

What did Captain James Cook do? And when?

Sailed out of Plymoth England (1768-1771) around N&S islands of New Zealand & headed west & took him to the sweet spot of Australia very appealing, named it "New South Wales" (1770). Once they saw the good part claimed it for Britian thought there may be value to colonizing

What is Oceania?

Shorthand for the Pacific islands Covers the largest area of the map but most of it is blue ocean

Where did Micronesia get its name from?

Small islands...its because theres thousands of islands in micronesia 2000 islands- many no larger than 1/2 square mile

Who was Luis Vaez de Torres?

Spaniard that spotted the continent in 1606 saw NE side Spaniards think he was the first Known on the map for the tourist straight.

How did climate affect Aborigines?

Spread out- developed different cultures and way of life heavily influenced by the land. Different areas different styles. Rome around in the desert & wear very little clothes. By water more permanent houses and wore heavier furs. Close to ocean-fish/desert-hunted/place with good vegetation-gather food.

What were the Aboriginal Protection Acts?

Supposed to protect aborigines

What was the voyage like?

The ships called "Hell Ships" because the voyage was horrible had a death rate of 1 out of 31 prisoners

What were some problems with the transition?

There are so many languages people don't understand each other

How did they directly affect the Aborigines?

They stole their land & made a bunch of laws against them

What are "cargo cults"?

WWII ended 1945 and soldiers took cargo with them Cargo cults are formed around the idea that one day these people will come back with all of their amazing stuff John frum cargo cult believes that "John from..." lives in a volcano and one day will return like a messiah Build things like the cargo made out of sticks and trees and march around and draw USA on their chests. The people were like people from another planet to them because of their ignorance

How did restrictive immigration policies affect New Zealand?

Would not let Irish Catholic Entry Made the country majority Protestant because of their immigration laws ( australia is catholic/protestant)

How big is Australia?

about 3 million square miles including tasmania 2400 north to south 2500 east to west about the same amount of land as the 48 continuous US