Geography unit 2

Francis bacon

1620 first man to come up with the idea of the continental jigsaw

Alfred Wegener

1915 , German scientist said continental drifting was the only possible answer to the shifting continents , The contents were like puzzle pieces Ice sheets covered South Africa , India,Australia , and South America 250 million years ago Same animal and plant fossils found on both parts Mountains similar in age , if you line them up together they would fit back together perfectly

Plate tectonic founders

1960's Wilson , Canadian and Morgan , American supported Alfred Wegener's theory on continental drift and came up with plate tectonics

New theory of plate tectonics

1968 the new theory was sparked similar to continental drift , only now the continents actual moved because of ' plate tectonics '

Precambrian era , early

87% of earths geological history is within this era. Canadian shield began to form.4.6 billion years ago

Fold mountains

Are also cause by two or more plates , which collide or crumble when they meet at their edges

Mid ocean ridges

As two plates collide, one plate. Descends under the other, creating a trench . Occurs when Molten lava seeps upward from the mantel , set off earth quakes and volcanoes

Convection currents

Circular moments in a gas or liquid created by uneven heating

Three different types of plate movement

Divergence , convergence , transform

Theory for plate tectonics

Earths outer shell is made up of 20 outer plates 6 of them being key ones and they are made up of both continental and oceanic plates

6 key plates

Eurasian plate ,North American plate , Pacific plate ,Australian plate,African plate

Paleozoic era

Formed When all plates collided. Appalachian mountains formed when North America plate collided with the Eurasian plate during the formation of Pangaea

Sedimentary

Formed from igneous rock that was eroded by wind, water, and ice. Compressed into layers of rock , forms horizontal layers. Examples sand stone or limestone

Cenozoic era

Glaciers covered most of Canada (ice age) , Great Lakes were formed , completion of Rocky Mountains , interior plains formed and seas disappeared . Humans began to develop

Glaciers

Glaciers melted forming many lakes and rivers

Pangaea

Greek word which means 'all land' or 'whole land'

Metamorphic

Igneous and sedimentary rock which is exposed to heat and pressure. Formed millions of years ago. Example marble and slate

Faulting

Is a fracture or crack in the bed rock, where movement has taken place against the earths crust

Single fault

Is when there is stress pulling OUT on both sides of the earths crust, but their is more stress pulling on one side than causing the other crust of the earth to crack

Earthquakes

Most earth quakes are caused by a new break or fault being made in the rocks of the crust . Some earth quakes cause STRESS in plate boundaries

Folding

Occurs over a long period of time and can occur in any type of rock. Stress pushes INWARD causing the land to fold into mountains

Convergence

Occurs when plates move TOGETHER and collide, this causes mountains to develop . One plate goes underneath the other plate, found on Canada's west coast

Divergence

Occurs when plates move a AWAY from each other CREATING NEW CRUST

Oceanic continental

Ocean goes under and the land goes over the water . The outcome is volcanoes and mountains

Continental crust

Oldest crust Thickest crust Floats over liquid mantle ( magma)

Intrusion

Pressure causes liquid Magma to rise BUT it doesn't break the surface instead it goes into rock layers . Result cools , hardens ,rock (minerals)

Extrusion

Pressure causes liquid magma to rise to the surface and outs of A volcano or volcanic irruption

Igneous

Produced from Molten rock beneath the surface of the earth Cold slowly equals large crystals, cooled quickly equals small crystals. Examples nickel , copper

Atmosphere

Protective layer around the planet

Mantle

Represents 80% of the earths interior contains a thick "syrup like" fluid called MAGMA Extremely hot

Transform

Rubbing / sliding against each other causes earthquakes , earth quakes are measured by Richtor scales

Outer core

Soft liquid that contains two minerals fe(iron) and ni ( nickel)

Inner core

Solid material formed by the tremendous heat an pressure of the mantle and the core

Erosion cycle

Step one weathering : breakdown the rocks by wind water or ice Step two transporting : moving the rock with streams,rivers, or down mountains or hills Step three depositing : depositing of rocks where land builds up again

Mesozoic era

The break up of Pangaea innuitian mountains and Rocky Mountains were formed when the North American plate collided with the pacific plate . Age of reptiles such as dinosaurs.

Ice age

There were 4 ice ages . The last one only ended 10,000 years ago

Crust

Two different types continental and oceanic

Core

Two types outer core and inner core

Ring of fire

Volcanoes and earthquake zone that encircles the Pacific Ocean 75% of the worlds active volcanoes 90% of the worlds earthquakes 8% of the worlds largest earthquakes

Precambrian era ,late

Well the Canadian Shield mountains began to Erode others are still going. Sediments from the eroded Ancient mountains are transported and deposited to create layers of sedimentary rock,building new land

Continental continental

When two land plates hit each other they bump together and form mountains

Oceanic oceanic

When water hits water out comes is earth quakes and under see volcanoes

Oceanic crust

Youngest crust Thinnest crust Floats over liquid mantles (magma)

four layers of the earth

core, outer core, mantel, crust