geography vocab of mexico

mexico

Border maquiladora program adopted throughout the country

hemisphere

Half of a sphere northern southern eastern western

scal

a place on a map usually part of the legend that compares the size of the model with the size of the area being represented

grid

a series of horizontal and perpendicular lines used to find the coordinates of a point

compass rose

displays the orientation of the cardinal directions north east south wast and their intermediate points on a map

map key

explains the meaning of each of the symbols used in the map

mexico

made flour from corn thay made differnt kind of corn soups thay even tossed guess what that made popcorn the tomato came from mexico too too it was first grown in south america.Mēxihco is the Nahuatl term for the heartland of the Aztec Empire, namely,[33] the Valley of Mexico, and its people, the Mexica, and surrounding territories which became the future State of Mexico as a division of New Spain prior to independence (compare Latium). It is generally considered to be a toponym for the valley which became the primary ethnonym for the Aztec Triple Alliance as a result, or vice versa. After New Spain won independence from Spain, it was decided that the new country would be named after its capital, Mexico City, which was founded in 1524 on top of the ancient Mexica capital of Mexico-Tenochtitlan. Traditionally, its name was thought to come from Nahuatl tetl /ˈtetɬ/ ("rock") and nōchtli /ˈnoːtʃtɬi/ ("prickly pear") and is often thought to mean "Among the prickly pears [growing among] rocks". However, one attestation in the late 16th-century manuscript known as "the Bancroft dialogues" suggests the second vowel was short, so that the true etymology remains uncertain.[34] Traditionally, its name was thought to come from Nahuatl tetl /ˈtetɬ/ ("rock") and nōchtli /ˈnoːtʃtɬi/ ("prickly pear") and is often thought to mean "Among the prickly pears [growing among] rocks". However, one attestation in the late 16th-century manuscript known as "the Bancroft dialogues" suggests the second vowel was short, so that the true etymology remains uncertain.[34] The suffix -co is the Nahuatl locative, making the word a place name. Beyond that, the etymology is uncertain. It has been suggested that it is derived from Mextli or Mēxihtli, a secret name for the god of war and patron of the Mexicas, Huitzilopochtli, in which case Mēxihco means "Place where Huitzilopochtli lives".[35] Another hypothesis[36] suggests that Mēxihco derives from a portmanteau of the Nahuatl words for "Moon" (Mētztli) and navel (xīctli). This meaning ("Place at the Center of the Moon") might then refer to Tenochtitlan's position in the middle of Lake Texcoco. The system of interconnected lakes, of which Texcoco formed the center, had the form of a rabbit, which the Mesoamericans pareidolically associated with the Moon. Still another hypothesis suggests that it is derived from Mēctli, the goddess of maguey.[36] The name of the city-state was transliterated to Spanish as México with the phonetic value of the letter 'x' in Medieval Spanish, which represented the voiceless postalveolar fricative [ʃ]. This sound, as well as the voiced postalveolar fricative [ʒ], represented by a 'j', evolved into a voiceless velar fricative [x] during the 16th century. This led to the use of the variant Méjico in many publications in Spanish, most notably in Spain, whereas in Mexico and most other Spanish-speaking countries México was the preferred spelling. In recent years the Real Academia Española, which regulates the Spanish language, determined that both variants are acceptable in Spanish but that the normative recommended spelling is México.[37] The majority of publications in all Spanish-speaking countries now adhere to the new norm, even though the alternative variant is still occasionally used.[citation needed] In English, the 'x' in Mexico represents neither the original nor the Towards the end of the post-Classic period the Mexica. Alexander von Humboldt originated the modern usage of "Aztec" as a collective term applied to all the people linked by trade, custom, religion, and language to the Mexica state and Ēxcān Tlahtōlōyān, the Triple Alliance. In 1843, with the publication of the work of William H. Prescott, it was adopted by most of the world, including 19th century Mexican scholars who saw it as a way to distinguish present-day Mexicans from pre-conquest Mexicans. This usage has been the subject of debate in more recent years.[49] The Aztec empire was an informal or hegemonic empire because it did not exert supreme authority over the conquered lands; it merely expected tributes to be paid. It was also a discontinuous empire because not all dominated territories were connected; for example, the southern peripheral zones of Xoconochco were not in direct contact with the center. The hegemonic nature of the Aztec empire can be seen in the fact that generally local rulers were restored to their positions once their city-state was conquered and the Aztecs did not interfere in local affairs, as long as the tribute payments were made.[50] The Aztecs of Central Mexico built a tributary empire covering most of central Mexico.[51] The Aztecs were noted for practicing human sacrifice on a large scale, although this generally misunderstood. Along with this practice of delayed death, the killing of enemies on the battlefield was avoided; making their warring casualty rate far lower than their Spanish counterparts whose principal objective was immediate slaughter during battle.[52] This distinct Mesoamerican cultural tradition ended with the Spanish conquest in the 16th century, and over the next centuries Mexican indigenous cultures were gradually subjected to Spanish colonial rule.[53] Conquest (1519) Storming of the Teocalli by Cortez and His Tro Hernán Cortés and La Malinche meet Moctezuma II The Spanish first heard of Mexico during the Juan de Grijalva expedition of 1518, the natives kept "repeating: Colua, Colua, and Mexico, Mexico, but we did not know what Colua or Mexico meant", until encountering Montezuma's Governor at the mouth of the Rio de las Banderas.[54]:33-36 The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire began in February 1519 when Hernán Cortés arrived at the port in Veracruz with ca. 500 conquistadores, and later moved on to the Aztec capital. On his search for gold and other riches, Cortés decided to invade and conquer the Aztec empire.[55] The massacre in the Great Temple was a key incident in the Spanish conquest of Mexico which occurred on May 20, 1520. The ruler of the Aztec empire upon the arrival of the Spaniards was Moctezuma II, who was later killed; his successor and brother Cuitláhuac took control of the Aztec empire, but was among the first to fall from the smallpox epidemic a short time later.[56] Unintentionally introduced by Spanish conquerors, smallpox ravaged Mesoamerica in the 1520s, killing more than 3 million Aztecs.[57] Other sources, however, mentioned that the death toll of the Aztecs might have reached up to 15 million (out of a population of less than 30 million).[58] Severely weakened, the Aztec empire was easily defeated by Cortés and his forces on his second return.[59] Smallpox was a devastating and selective disease—it generally killed Aztecs but not Spaniards, who as Europeans had already been exposed to it for centuries and were therefore much more immune to it.[60] The deaths caused by smallpox are believed to have triggered a rapid growth of Christianity in Mexico and the Americas. At first, the Aztecs believed the epidemic was a punishment from an angry god, but they later accepted their fate and no longer resisted the Spanish rule.[61] Many of the surviving Aztecs blamed the cause of smallpox to the superiority of the Christian god, which resulted in the acceptance of Catholicism and yielding to the Spanish rule throughout Mexico.[62] The territory became part of the Spanish Empire under the name of New Spain. Mexico City was systematically rebuilt by Cortés following the Fall of Tenochtitlan in 1521. Much of the identity, traditions and architecture of Mexico were created during the colonial period. Colonial period (1519-1821) The capture of Tenochtitlan marked the beginning of a 300-year-long colonial period, during which Mexico was known as "New Spai Porfiriato (1876-1910) Porfirio Díaz, a republican general during the French intervention, ruled Mexico from 1876 to 1880 and then from 1884 to 1911 in five consecutive reelections, period known as the Porfiriato, characterized by remarkable economic achievements, investments in the arts and sciences, but also of economic inequality and political repression.[citation needed] Mexican Revolution (1910-1929) Francisco I. Madero with Emiliano Zapata, in Cuernavaca during the Mexican revolution President Díaz announced in 1908 that he would retire in 1911, resulting in the development of new coalitions. But then he ran for reelection anyway and in a show of U.S. support, Díaz and William Howard Taft planned a summit in El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, for October 16, 1909, an historic first meeting between a Mexican and a U.S. president and also the first time an American president would cross the border into Mexico.[70] Both sides agreed that the disputed Chamizal strip connecting El Paso to Ciudad Juárez would be considered neutral territory with no flags present during the summit, but the meeting focused attention on this territory and resulted in assassination threats and other serious security concerns.[70] On the day of the summit, Frederick Russell Burnham, the celebrated scout, and Private C.R. Moore, a Texas Ranger, discovered a man holding a concealed palm pistol standing at the El Paso Chamber of Commerce building along the procession route, and they disarmed the assassin within only a few feet of Díaz and Taft.[70] Both presidents were unharmed and the summit was held.[70] Díaz was re-elected in 1910, but alleged electoral fraud forced him into exile in France and sparked the 1910 Mexican Revolution, initially led by Francisco I. Madero. Madero was elected president but overthrown and murdered in a coup d'état two years later directed by conservative general Victoriano Huerta. That event re-ignited the civil war, involving figures such as Francisco Villa and Emiliano Zapata, who formed their own forces. A third force, the constitutional army led by Venustiano Carranza managed to bring an end to the war, and radically amended the 1857 Constitution to include many of the social premises and demands of the revolutionaries into what was eventually called the 1917 Constitution. It is estimated that the war killed 900,000 of the 1910 population of 15 million.[71][72] Assassinated in 1920, Carranza was succeeded by another revolutionary hero, Álvaro Obregón, who in turn was succeeded by Plutarco Elías Calles. Obregón was reelected in 1928 but assassinated before he could assume power. Although this period is usually referred to as the Mexican Revolution, it might also be termed a civil war since president Díaz (1909) narrowly escaped assassination and presidents Francisco I. Madero (1913), Venustiano Carranza (1920), Álvaro Obregón (1928), and former revolutionary leaders Emiliano Zapata (1919) and Pancho Villa (1923) all were assassinated during this period. One-party rule (1929-2000) In 1929, Calles founded the National Revolutionary Party (PNR), later renamed the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), and started a period known as the Maximato, which ended with the election of Lázaro Cárdenas, who implemented many economic and social reforms. This included the Mexican oil expropriation in March 1938, which nationalized the U.S. and Anglo-Dutch oil company known as the Mexican Eagle Petroleum Company. This movement would result in the creation of the state-owned Mexican oil company known as Pemex. This sparked a diplomatic crisis with the countries whose citizens had lost businesses by Cárdenas' radical measure, but since then the company has played an important role in the economic development of Mexico. Students in a burned bus during the protests of 1968. Between 1940 and 1980, Mexico remained a poor country but experienced substantial economic growth that some historians call the "Mexican miracle".[73] Although the economy continued to flourish, social inequality remained a factor of discontent. Moreover, the PRI rule became increasingly authoritarian and at times oppressive[74] (see the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre,[75] which claimed the life of around 30-800 protesters).[76] Electoral reforms and high oil prices followed the administration of Luis Echeverría,[77][78] mismanagement of these revenues led to inflation and exacerbated the 1982 Crisis. That year, oil prices plunged, interest rates soared, and the government defaulted on its debt. President Miguel de la Madrid resorted to currency devaluations which in turn sparked inflation. In the 1980s the first cracks emerged in PRI's monopolistic position. In Baja California, Ernesto Ruffo Appel was elected as governor. In 1988, alleged electoral fraud prevented the leftist candidate Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas from winning the national presidential elections, giving Carlos Salinas de Gortari the presidency and leading to massive protests in Mexico City.[79] NAFTA signing ceremony, October 1992. From left to right: (standing) president Carlos Salinas de Gortari, president George H. W. Bush (U.S.) and prime minister Brian Mulroney (Canada); (seated) Jaime Serra Puche, Carla Hills (U.S.) and Michael Wilson (Canada) Salinas embarked on a program of neoliberal reforms which fixed the exchange rate, controlled inflation and culminated with the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which came into effect on January 1, 1994. The same day, the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) started a two-week-long armed rebellion against the federal government, and has continued as a non-violent opposition movement against neoliberalism and globalization. End of one-party rule (2000 The legislature is the bicameral Congress of the Union, composed of the Senate of the Republic and the Chamber of Deputies. The Congress makes federal law, declares war, imposes taxes, approves the national budget and international treaties, and ratifies diplomatic appointments.[85] The federal Congress, as well as the state legislatures, are elected by a system of parallel voting that includes plurality and proportional representation.[86] The Chamber of Deputies has 500 deputies. Of these, 300 are elected by plurality vote in single-member districts (the federal electoral districts) and 200 are elected by proportional representation with closed party lists[87] for which the country is divided into five electoral constituencies.[88] The Senate is made up of 128 senators. Of these, 64 senators (two for each state and two for the Federal District) are elected by plurality vote in pairs; 32 senators are the first minority or first-runner up (one for each state and one for the Federal District), and 32 are elected by proportional representation from national closed party lists.[87] The executive is the President of the United Mexican States, who is the head of state and government, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Mexican military forces. The President also appoints the Cabinet and other officers. The President is responsible for executing and enforcing the law, and has the power to veto bills.[89] Site of the Supreme Court of Justice The highest organ of the judicial branch of government is the Supreme Court of Justice, the national supreme court, which has eleven judges appointed by the President and approved by the Senate. The Supreme Court of Justice interprets laws and judges cases of federal competency. Other institutions of the judiciary are the Federal Electoral Tribunal, collegiate, unitary and district tribunals, and the Council of the Federal Judiciary.[90] Politics Main articles: Politics of Mexico and Elections in Mexico Three parties have historically been the dominant parties in Mexican politics: the National Action Party: a right-wing conservative party founded in 1939 and belonging to the Christian Democrat Organization of America;[91] the Institutional Revolutionary Party, a center-left party and member of Socialist International[92] that was founded in 1929 to unite all the factions of the Mexican Revolution and held an almost hegemonic power in Mexican politics since then; the Party of the Democratic Revolution: a left-wing party,[93] founded in 1989 as the successor of the coalition of socialists and liberal parties. Law enforcement Main article: Law enforcement in Mexico See also: Law of Mexico Federal Police headquarters in Mexico City Public security is enacted at the three levels of government, each of which has different prerogatives and responsibilities. Local and state police departments are primarily in charge of law enforcement, whereas the Mexican Federal Police are in charge of specialized duties. All levels report to the Secretaría de Seguridad Pública (Secretary of Public Security). The General Attorney's Office (Procuraduría General de la República, PGR) is the executive power's agency in charge of investigating and prosecuting crimes at the federal level, mainly those related to drug and arms trafficking,[94] espionage, and bank robberies.[95] The PGR operates the Federal Investigations Agency (Agencia Federal de Investigación, AFI) an investigative and preventive agency.[96] While the government generally respects the human rights of its citizens, serious abuses of power have been reported in security operations in the southern part of the country and in indigenous communities and poor urban neighborhoods.[97] The National Human Rights Commission has had little impact in reversing this trend, engaging mostly in documentation but failing to use its powers to issue public condemnations to the officials who ignore its recommendations.[98] By law, all defendants have the rights that assure them fair trials and human treatment; however, the system is overburdened and overwhelmed with several problems.[97] Despite the efforts of the authorities to fight crime and fraud, few Mexicans have strong confidence in the police or the judicial system, and therefore, few crimes are actually reported by the citizens.[97] The Global Integrity Index which measures the existence and effectiveness of national anti-corruption mechanisms rated Mexico 31st behind Kenya, Thailand, and Russia.[99] In 2008, president Calderón proposed a major reform of the judicial system, which was approved by the Congress of the Union, which included oral trials, the presumption of innocence for defendants, the authority of local police to investigate crime—until then a prerogative of special police units—and several other changes intended to speed up trials.[100]ancestry.[257][258] Large differences in the variation of individual admixture estimates were seen across populations, with the variance in Native American ancestry between individuals ranging from 30-66%.[259] Though official sources estimate the modern white population of Mexico to be 9%, studies show that some 90-95% of Mexicans have indigenous ancestry, thus meaning that the actual "white" population may be significantly lower.[258][260][261] Genetic studies in Mexico show a varying degree of European admixture in Mestizos. Genetic variation is largely based upon where in the country an individual is from. This is true because Native Mexicans are concentrated in the South and Central part of the country, whilst the "white" population is concentrated in the north.[262][263]). In another study, Mexico's National Institute of Genomic Medicine issued a report on a genomic study of mestizos from the states of Guerrero, Sonora, Veracruz, Yucatán, Zacatecas, and Guanajuato. The study found that the Mestizo population of these Mexican states were on average 55% of indigenous ancestry followed by 41.8% of European, 1.8% of African, and 1.2% of East Asian ancestry.[259] The study also noted that whereas Mestizo individuals from the southern state of Guerrero showed on average 66% of indigenous ancestry, those from the northern state of Sonora displayed about 61.6% European ancestry. The study found that there was an increase in indigenous ancestry as one traveled towards to the Southern states in Mexico, while the indigenous ancestry declined as one traveled to the Northern states in the country, such as Sonora.[259] Europeans began arriving in Mexico with the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, with the descendents of the conquistadors, along with new arrivals from Spain formed an elite but were a small minority of the population. Most white immigrants however intermixed with the Mestizo and indigenous populations.[264] While most of European migration into Mexico was Spanish during the colonial period, in the 19th and 20th centuries European and European derived populations from North and South America did immigrate to the country. However, at its height, the total immigrant population in Mexico never exceeded ten percent of the total.[265] Many of these immigrants came with money to invest and/or ties to allow them to become prominent in business and other aspects of Mexican society. However, due to government restrictions many of them left the country in the early 20th century. Mexico's northern regions have the greatest European population and admixture. In the northwest, the majority of the relatively small indigenous communities remain isolated from the rest of the population, and as for the northeast, the indigenous population was eliminated by early European and Mestizo settlers, becoming the region with the highest proportion of whites during the Spanish colonial period. However, recent immigrants from southern Mexico have been changing, to some degree, its demographic trends.[266] According to the last racial census Mexico took, which was in 1921,[219] there were no states in Mexico that had a majority "white" population, and in virtually ever state in the north Mestizos were the largest population group.[219] The only state where "whites" outnumbered Mestizos was Sonora, in which "whites" composed 41.85% of the population, and Mestizos 40.38%.[219] Population genetics An 18th-century casta painting show an indigenous woman with her Spanish husband and their Mestizo child A 2012 study published by the Journal of Human Genetics found the ancestry of the Mexican mestizo population to be predominately European (65%), followed by Native American (31%) and African (4%). The European ancestry was prevalent in the north and west (66.7-95%) and Native American ancestry increased in the center and southeast (37-50%), the African ancestry was low and relatively homogeneous (0-8.8%).[262] The states that participated in this study were Aguascalientes, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Durango, Guerrero, Jalisco, Oaxaca, Sinaloa, Veracruz and Yucatan.[267] The largest amount of chromosomes found were identified as belonging to the haplogroups from Western Europe, East Europe and Euroasia, Siberia and the Americas and Northern Europe with relatively smaller traces of haplogroups from Central Asia, South-east Asia, South-central Asia, Western Asia, The Caucasus, North Africa, Near East, East Asia, North-east Asia, South-west Asia and The Middle East.[268] A study by the National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico reported that Mestizo Mexicans are 58.96% European, 31.05% "Asian" (Amerindian), and 10.03% African. Sonora shows the highest European contribution (70.63%) and Guerrero the lowest (51.98%) which also has the highest Asian contribution (37.17%). African contribution ranges from 2.8% in Sonora to 11.13% in Veracruz. 80% of the Mexican population was classed as mestizo (defined as "being racially mixed in some degree").[269] In May 2009, Mexico's National Institute of Genomic Medicine issued a report on a genomic study of 300 mestizos from the states of Guerrero, Sonora, Veracruz, Yucatán, Zacatecas, and Guanajuato. The study found that the Mestizo population of these Mexican states were on average 55% of indigenous ancestry followed by 41.8% of European, 1.8% of African, and 1.2% of East Asian ancestry.[270] The study also noted that whereas Mestizo individuals from the southern state of Guerrero showed on average 66% of indigenous ancestry, those from the northern state of Sonora displayed about 61.6% European ancestry. 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ISBN 1-58826-440-8. ^ Jump up to: a b Crandall, R.; Paz and Roett (2004). "Mexico's Domestic Economy: Policy Options and Choices". Mexico's Democracy at Work. Lynne Reinner Publishers. p. 160. ISBN 0-8018-5655-8. Jump up ^ ""Mexico The 1988 Elections" (Sources: The Library of the Congress Country Studies, CIA World Factbook)". Photius Coutsoukis. Retrieved May 30, 2010. Jump up ^ Cruz Vasconcelos, Gerardo. "Desempeño Histórico 1914-2004" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 3, 2006. Retrieved February 17, 2007. Jump up ^ Reséndiz, Francisco (2006). "Rinde AMLO protesta como "presidente legítimo"". El Universal (in Spanish). Jump up ^ "Article 116". Political Constitution of the United Mexican States. Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States. Archived from the original on November 13, 2006. Retrieved October 7, 2007. Jump up ^ "Article 112". Political Constitution of the United Mexican States. Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States. 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Código Federal de Instituciones y Procedimientos Electorales (Federal Code of Electoral Institutions and Procedures) (in Spanish). Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States. August 15, 1990. Retrieved October 3, 2007. Jump up ^ "Fourth Title, Second Chapter, About coalitions, Article 59-1" (PDF). Código Federal de Instituciones y Procedimientos Electorales (Federal Code of Electoral Institutions and Procedures) (in Spanish). Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States. August 15, 1990. Retrieved October 3, 2007. Jump up ^ "Articles 80 to 93". Political Constitution of the United Mexican States. Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States. Archived from the original on November 13, 2006. Retrieved October 3, 2007. Jump up ^ "Articles 90 to 107". Political Constitution of the United Mexican States. Congress of the Union of the United Mexican States. Archived from the original on November 13, 2006. Retrieved October 3, 2007. Jump up ^ "Miembros Titulares". ODCA. July 14, 2008. Archived from the original on July 14, 2008. Retrieved July 17, 2013. Jump up ^ "Entrevista a la Lic. Beatriz Paredes Rangel, Presidenta dle Comité Ejecutivo Nacional del PRI". Wayback.archive.org. December 17, 2008. Archived from the original on December 17, 2008. Retrieved July 17, 2013. Jump up ^ "Estatuto del Partido de la Revolución Democrática" (PDF). Retrieved July 17, 2013.[dead link] Jump up ^ " An Inside Look at Mexican Guns and Arms Trafficking," by Barnard R. Thompson, MexiData.info, May 31, 2010 | url=http://mexidata.info/id2684.html Jump up ^ "Mexico Police and Law Enforcement Organizations". Photius.com. January 1, 1994. Retrieved July 17, 2013. Jump up ^ "Agencia Federal de Investigacion. Procuraduría General de la República". Wayback.archive.org. May 1, 2007. Archived from the original on May 1, 2007. Retrieved July 17, 2013. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Mexico". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved March 6, 2011. 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Jump up ^ Maggie Farley (July 22, 2005). "Mexico, Canada Introduce Third Plan to Expand Security Council". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 4, 2009. Jump up ^ "Bilateral Trade". Embassy of the U.S. in Mexico. 2006. Archived from the original on August 27, 2009. Retrieved March 28, 2009. Jump up ^ Kim Richard Nossal (June 29 - July 2, 1999). "Lonely Superpower or Unapologetic Hyperpower? Analyzing American Power in the Post-Cold War Era". Queen's University. Retrieved March 28, 2009. Jump up ^ Renata Keller (2009). "Capitalizing on Castro: Mexico's Foreign Relations with Cuba, 1959-1969" (PDF). Latin American Network Information Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 13, 2011. Retrieved March 28, 2009. Jump up ^ Salaverry, Jorge (March 11, 1988). "Evolution of Mexican Foreign Policy". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved March 28, 2009. Jump up ^ "El Salvador in the 1980s". Historical Text Archive. Retrieved March 28, 2009. Jump up ^ Dirección General de Coordinación Política (December 2, 2008). "Se hará política exterior de Estado: Patricia Espinosa" (in Spanish). Senate of the Republic. Retrieved March 29, 2009.[dead link] ^ Jump up to: a b c d Loke. "Capacitarán a militares en combates con rifles láser | Ediciones Impresas Milenio". Impreso.milenio.com. Retrieved May 30, 2010.[dead link] ^ Jump up to: a b "Mexican Naval missile (in Spanish)". Expreso.com.mx. Retrieved July 17, 2013.[dead link] Jump up ^ "Buque logístico multipropósito" (in Spanish). Wayback.archive.org. November 11, 2004. Archived from the original on November 11, 2004. Retrieved July 17, 2013. Jump up ^ "The 5.56 X 45 mm: 2006". Thegunzone.com. Retrieved August 8, 2011. Jump up ^ "Hydra Technologies Surprises UAV Industry with Mexican-Made System, Earns Coveted Award at AUVSI's Unmanned Systems North America 2007 Show in D.C". .prnewswire.com. Retrieved May 30, 2010.[dead link] Jump up ^ "Mexican navy 2006 activities official report". Semar.gob.mx. Retrieved May 30, 2010. Jump up ^ "Strategy on recent equipment purchases: The Mexican Armed Forces in Transition" (PDF). Retrieved July 17, 2013. Jump up ^ "Text of the Treaty of Tlatelolco". Opanal.org. November 27, 1963. Retrieved March 9, 2011. Jump up ^ "instituto nacional de investigaciones nucleares". Inin.gob.mx. Retrieved March 9, 2011. Jump up ^ "Mexico to slash weapons-grade uranium". UPI.com. Retrieved March 9, 2011. Jump up ^ "Russia and US sign plutonium pact". BBC News. April 13, 2010. Jump up ^ Gustavo Iruegas (April 27, 2007). "Adiós a la neutralidad" (in Spanish). La Jornada. Retrieved April 4, 2009. Jump up ^ Ricardo Gómez & Andrea Merlos (April 20, 2007). "Diputados, en Favor de Derogar Neutralidad en Guerras" (in Spanish). El Universal. Retrieved April 4, 2009. Jump up ^ "Nord-Amèrica, in Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana". Grec.cat. Retrieved July 17, 2013. Jump up ^ Parsons, Alan; Jonathan Schaffer (May 2004). Geopolitics of oil and natural gas. Economic Perspectives. U.S. Department of State. ^ Jump up to: a b "Mexico Topography". Nationsencyclopedia.com. October 16, 2007. Retrieved May 30, 2010. Jump up ^ "BBC News — Mexico's president enacts climate change legislation". Bbc.co.uk. June 6, 2012. Retrieved July 12, 2013. Jump up ^ "In A First For Developing World, Mexico Enacts Climate Change Law". Ibtimes.com. June 6, 2012. Retrieved July 12, 2013. ^ Jump up to: a b "Biodiversidad de México". SEMARNAT. Retrieved October 7, 2007. Jump up ^ "Biodiversidad en México". CONEVYT. Archived from the original on October 7, 2007. Retrieved October 7, 2007. ^ Jump up to: a b "Sistema Nacional sobre la Biodiversidad en México". CONABIO. Retrieved October 7, 2007. Jump up ^ "Mexico's 'devastating' forest loss". BBC News. March 4, 2002. Retrieved August 8, 2011. Jump up ^ Hayden, Cori. 2003. When Nature Goes Public. The making and Unmaking of Bioproscpecting in Mexico. Princeton University Press. Jump up ^ Soto Laveaga, Gabriela (2009). Jungle Laboratories: MExican peasants, National Projects and the Making of the Pill. Duke University. Jump up ^ "Mexico". International Monetary Fund. IMF. Jump up ^ "Total GNI Atlas Method 2009, World Bank" (PDF). Retrieved December 27, 2010. Jump up ^ "GNI per capita 2009, Atlas method and PPP, World Bank" (PDF). Retrieved December 27, 2010. Jump up ^ "Reporte ECLAC" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved February 16, 2007. Jump up ^ Hufbauer, G.C.; Schott, J.J . (October 2005). "NAFTA Revisited: Achievements and Challenges". Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics. pp. 1-78. ISBN 0-88132-334-9. |chapter= ignored (help) Jump up ^ "Mexico, World Bank's Country Brief". Retrieved February 19, 2007. Jump up ^ "CONEVAL Informe 2011" (PDF). Retrieved March 31, 2012. Jump up ^ "Goldman Sachs Paper No.153 Relevant Emerging Markets" (PDF). 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NAFTA Revisited: Achievements and Challenges. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics. pp. 1-78. ISBN 0-88132-334-9. Jump up ^ "Automaker Kia plans $1 bn assembly plant in Mexico". Mexico News.Net. August 28, 2014. Retrieved August 28, 2014. Jump up ^ DINA Camiones Company. "History". Retrieved April 15, 2009. Jump up ^ Jeremy Korzeniewski. "London 2008: Mastretta MXT will be Mexico's first homegrown car". Retrieved July 30, 2008. Jump up ^ "Korea's Balance of Payments" (PDF). Retrieved March 9, 2011. Jump up ^ "Major Foreign Holders Of Treasury Securities". U.S. Department of the Treasury. Retrieved July 17, 2013. Jump up ^ Thompson, Adam (June 20, 2006). "Mexico, Economics: The US casts a long shadow". Financial Times.[dead link] Jump up ^ "Workers' Remittances to Mexico - Business Frontier, Issue 1, 2004 - FRB Dallas". Dallasfed.org. July 10, 2003. Archived from the original on June 25, 2004. Retrieved May 30, 2010. Jump up ^ "Free Preview of Members-Only Content". Stratfor. August 30, 2007. Retrieved May 30, 2010.[dead link] Jump up ^ "Slowdown hits Mexico remittances". BBC News. January 27, 2009. Retrieved May 6, 2009. ^ Jump up to: a b "Televisa Brings 2006 FIFA World Cup to Mexico in HD With Snell & Wilcox Kahuna SD/HD Production Switcher". Snellwilcox.com. Archived from the original on December 14, 2007. Retrieved May 30, 2010. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Communications". CIA Factbook. Retrieved July 17, 2013. Jump up ^ "Satmex. Linking the Americas". Wayback.archive.org. September 15, 2009. Archived from the original on September 15, 2009. Retrieved July 17, 2013. Jump up ^ Source: Arianespace (February 14, 2002). "Mexican Operator Satmex Has Chosen Arianespace to Launch Its New Satmex 6 Satellite". Spaceref.com. Retrieved August 8, 2011. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Infrastructure, Power and Communications, Mexic". Encyclopedia of the Nations. Retrieved July 17, 2013. Jump up ^ América Economia. "Top 500 Companies in Latin America". 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Retrieved October 30, 2010. ^ Jump up to: a b SENER 2009b Jump up ^ Sonora Energy Group Hermosillo Jump up ^ Coerver, Pasztor & Buffington (2004), p. 161 Jump up ^ Summerfield, Devine & Levi (1998), p. 285 Jump up ^ Summerfield, Devine & Levi (1998), p. 286 Jump up ^ Forest & Altbach (2006), p. 882 Jump up ^ Fortes & Lomnitz (1990), p. 18 Jump up ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved January 2, 2009. Jump up ^ Thomson, Elizabeth A. (October 18, 1995). "Molina wins Nobel Prize for ozone work". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved January 2, 2009. Jump up ^ [page needed]Unravelling unidentified γ-ray sources with the large millimeter telescope, Alberto Carramiñana and the LMT-GTM collaboration, in The Multi-Messenger Approach to High-Energy Gamma-Ray Sources, Josep M. Paredes, Olaf Reimer, and Diego F. Torres, eds., Springer Netherlands, 2007. ISBN 978-1-4020-6117-2. Jump up ^ "UNWTO Archive | World Tourism Organization UNWTO" (PDF). Unwto.org. Retrieved March 9, 2011. Jump up ^ "SECTUR (2006). "Turismo de internación 2001-2005, Visitantes internacionales hacia México" (in Spanish). Secretaría de Turismo (SECTUR). Archived from the original on June 10, 2008. Retrieved July 26, 2008. pp. 5 Jump up ^ Blanke, Jennifer; Chiesa, Thea (2011). "The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2011 - Beyond the Downturn" (PDF). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved May 18, 2013. Jump up ^ "Cabo Fishing Information - Sport Fishing in Los Cabos". icabo.com. Retrieved April 23, 2014.[dead link] Jump up ^ "Mexico Infrastructure, power and Communications". National Economies Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 13, 2007. ^ Jump up to: a b c "CIA World Factbook". CIA. Retrieved December 20, 2010. Jump up ^ With data from The World Factbook ^ Jump up to: a b "Mexico reviving travel by train". Azcentral.com. January 6, 2006. Retrieved October 30, 2010.[dead link] Jump up ^ "Bullet Train To Mexico City Looks To Be Back On Track ?". Guadalajara Reporter. October 17, 2003. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved October 30, 2010. ^ Jump up to: a b "Project for a Mexico City - Guadalajara High Speed Line. Rail transport engineering, public transport engineering". Systra. Retrieved October 30, 2010. Jump up ^ "Slim to invest in Santa Cruz". The America's Intelligence Wire. January 21, 2005.[dead link] Jump up ^ "Mexico Real Estate In Yucatan to Benefit from New Bullet Train". Articlealley.com. August 25, 2010. Retrieved October 30, 2010. Jump up ^ "Acerca del AICM. Posicionamiento del Aeropuerto Internacional de la Ciudad de México (AICM) con los 50 aeropuertos más importantes del mundo". AICM. Archived from the original on May 31, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2010. Jump up ^ "Acerca del AICM, Pasajeros". Aicm.com.mx. Archived from the original on May 31, 2008. Retrieved May 30, 2010. Jump up ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html#mx ^ Jump up to: a b c d e http://www.somosprimos.com/schmal/schmal.htm Jump up ^ "Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010". Inegi.org.mx. Retrieved May 20, 2011. ^ Jump up to: a b "Spanish Language History". Today Translations. Archived from the original on April 17, 2005. Retrieved October 1, 2007. ^ Jump up to: a b Wimmer, Andreas, 2002. Nationalist exclusion and ethnic conflict: shadows of modernity, Cambridge University Press page 115 Jump up ^ Hall Steckel, Richard; R. Haines, Michael (2000). A population history of North America. Cambridge University Press. p. 621. ISBN 0-521-49666-7. Jump up ^ Knight, Alan. 1990. "Racism, Revolution and indigenismo: Mexico 1910-1940". Chapter 4 in The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870-1940. Richard Graham (ed.) pp. 78-85) Jump up ^ "Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI" (PDF). Academic investigation (in Spanish). university of the State of Mexico. 2005. Retrieved June 10, 2014. Jump up ^ Bartolomé, Miguel Alberto (1996). "Pluralismo cultural y redefinicion del estado en México". in Coloquio sobre derechos indígenas" (PDF). Oaxaca: IOC. p. 2. En primer lugar cabe destacar que en México la pertenencia racial no es un indicador relevante ni suficiente para denotar una adscripción étnica específica. [...] Por lo tanto es relativamente factible realizar el llamado tránsito étnico, es decir que un indígena puede llegar a incorporarse al sector mestizo a través de la renuncia a su cultura tradicional y si sus condiciones materiales se lo permiten. Jump up ^ Knight, Alan (September 1, 2010). "The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870-1940". In Richard Graham. The Idea of Race in Latin America: 1870-1940. University of Texas Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-292-78888-6. Retrieved July 17, 2013. Jump up ^ Schaefer, Richard T. (ed.) (2008). Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity and Society. Sage. p. 900. ISBN 978-1-4129-2694-2. In New Spain, there was no strict idea of race (something that continued in Mexico). The Indians that had lost their connections with their communities and had adopted different cultural elements could "pass" and be considered mestizos. The same applied to Blacks and castas. Jump up ^ Wade, Peter (May 20, 1997). Race And Ethnicity In Latin America. Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0-7453-0987-3. Retrieved July 17, 2013. Jump up ^ "mestizo (people)". Britannica.com. Retrieved October 30, 2010. ^ Jump up to: a b "Síntesis de Resultados" (PDF). Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas. 2006. Retrieved December 22, 2010. Jump up ^ "Población de 3 años y más en entidades federativas seleccionadas y su distribución porcentual según condición de autoadscripción étnica para cada entidad federativa, sexo y condición de habla indígena". Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010. Cuestionario ampliado (in Spanish). INEGI. 2011. Retrieved June 2, 2014. Jump up ^ "American Citizens Living Abroad By Country" (PDF). US State Department. 1999. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 25, 2011. Retrieved October 3, 2007. Jump up ^ Gutiérrez Vega, Mario (October 16, 2005). "Migrantes, votos, remesas: La apuesta política de los ausentes" (PDF). Institute of Mexicans Abroad (IME). Retrieved October 3, 2007. Jump up ^ "Especial Argentinos en el exterior, Mexico". La Nación. 2007. Archived from the original on August 29, 2007. Retrieved October 3, 2007. Jump up ^ Langley, William (July 8, 2007). "The biggest enchilada". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved August 8, 2011. Jump up ^ "Mexico to deport Cubans bound for U.S". MSNBC. October 20, 2008. Retrieved July 17, 2013. Jump up ^ Rodriguez, Olga R. (April 13, 2008). "Central America migrant flow to US slows". USA Today. Retrieved August 8, 2011. Jump up ^ "Activists blast Mexico's immigration law". USA Today. May 25, 2010. Jump up ^ "Digital Immigration Card Shows Mexico's Progressive Views on Immigration - NAM". News.newamericamedia.org. Retrieved May 30, 2010. Jump up ^ "Mexican Immigration to the US: The Latest Estimates". Migrationinformation.org. Retrieved August 8, 2011. Jump up ^ Chiamaka Nwosu, Jeanne Batalova, and Gregory Auclair (April 28, 2014). "Frequently Requested Statistics on Immigrants and Immigration in the United States". Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved August 30, 2014. Jump up ^ Defined as persons who live in a household where an indigenous language is spoken by one of the adult family members, and or people who self identified as indigenous ("Criteria del hogar: De esta manera, se establece, que los hogares indígenas son aquellos en donde el jefe y/o el cónyuge y/o padre o madre del jefe y/o suegro o suegra del jefe hablan una lengua indígena y también aquellos que declararon pertenecer a un grupo indígena."[1])AND persons who speak an indigenous language but who do not live in such a household (Por lo antes mencionado, la Comisión Nacional Para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas de México (CDI) considera población indígena (PI) a todas las personas que forman parte de un hogar indígena, donde el jefe(a) del hogar, su cónyuge y/o alguno de los ascendientes (madre o padre, madrastra o padrastro, abuelo(a), bisabuelo(a), tatarabuelo(a), suegro(a)) declaro ser hablante de lengua indígena. Además, también incluye a personas que declararon hablar alguna lengua indígena y que no forman parte de estos hogares [2]) Jump up ^ [dead link]National Commission for the Development of the Indigenous Peoples Jump up ^ http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2148-11-293.pdf "For mtDNA variation, some studies have measured Native American, European and African contributions to Mexican and Mexican American populations, revealing 85 to 90% of mtDNA lineages are of Native American origin, with the remainder having European (5-7%) or African ancestry (3-5%). Thus the observed frequency of Native American mtDNA in Mexican/Mexican Americans is higher than was expected on the basis of autosomal estimates of Native American admixture for these populations i.e. ~ 30-46%. The difference is indicative of directional mating involving preferentially immigrant men and Native American women. This type of genetic asymmetry has been observed in other populations, including Brazilian individuals of African ancestry, as the analysis of sex specific and autosomal markers has revealed evidence for substantial European admixture that was mediated mostly through men. In our 384 completely sequenced Mexican American mitochondrial genomes, 12 (3.1%) are of African ancestry belonging to haplogroups L0a1a'3', L2a1, L3b, L3d and U6a7; 52 (13.6%) belong to European haplogroups HV, JT, U1, U4, U5; and K and the majority (320, 83.3%) are of Native American ancestry." [3] Jump up ^ Knight (1990:73-74) Jump up ^ Bartolomé (1996:3-4) Jump up ^ "Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas. México". Cdi.gob.mx. Retrieved December 10, 2011. ^ Jump up to: a b "La Población Indigena en México" (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI). Retrieved July 17, 2013. Jump up ^ Wade, Peter. 1997. Race and Ethnicity in Latin America. Pluto Press. Jump up ^ Knight, Alan. 1990. "Racism, Revolution and indigenismo: Mexico 1910-1940". Chapter 4 in The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870-1940. Richard Graham (ed.) pp. pp. 78-85) Jump up ^ Bartolomé, Miguel Alberto. (1996) "Pluralismo cultural y redefinicion del estado en México". in Coloquio sobre derechos indígenas, Oaxaca, IOC.[4] p.5) Jump up ^ Bartolomé, Miguel Alberto. (1996) "Pluralismo cultural y redefinicion del estado en México". in C Main article: Culture of Mexico Frida Kahlo with Diego Rivera in 1932, photography by Carl van Vechten Mexican culture reflects the complexity of the country's history through the blending of indigenous cultures and the culture of Spain, imparted during Spain's 300-year colonization of Mexico. Exogenous cultural elements have been incorporated into Mexican culture as time has passed. The Porfirian era (el Porfiriato), in the last quarter of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th century, was marked by economic progress and peace. After four decades of civil unrest and war, Mexico saw the development of philosophy and the arts, promoted by President Díaz himself. Since that time, as accentuated during the Mexican Revolution, cultural identity has had its foundation in the mestizaje, of which the indigenous (i.e. Amerindian) element is the core. In light of the various ethnicities that formed the Mexican people, José Vasconcelos in his publication La Raza Cósmica (The Cosmic Race) (1925) defined Mexico to be the melting pot of all races (thus extending the definition of the mestizo) not only biologically but culturally as well.[290] Literature Main articles: Mexican literature and Mesoamerican literature Juan Ruiz de Alarcon and Octavio Paz The literature of Mexico has its antecedents in the literatures of the indigenous settlements of Mesoamerica. The most well known prehispanic poet is Nezahualcoyotl. Modern Mexican literature was influenced by the concepts of the Spanish colonialization of Mesoamerica. Outstanding colonial writers and poets include Juan Ruiz de Alarcón and Juana Inés de la Cruz. Other writers include Alfonso Reyes, José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi, Ignacio Manuel Altamirano, Carlos Fuentes, Octavio Paz (Nobel Laureate), Renato Leduc, Carlos Monsiváis, Elena Poniatowska, Mariano Azuela ("Los de abajo") and Juan Rulfo ("Pedro Páramo"). Bruno Traven wrote "Canasta de cuentos mexicanos" (Mexican tales basket), "El tesoro de la Sierra Madre" (Treasure of the Sierra Madre). Visual arts See also: Mexican art The Palace of Fine Arts in Mexico City Post-revolutionary art in Mexico had its expression in the works of renowned artists such as David Alfaro Siqueiros, Federico Cantú Garza, Frida Kahlo, Juan O'Gorman, José Clemente Orozco, Diego Rivera, and Rufino Tamayo. Diego Rivera, the most well-known figure of Mexican muralism, painted the Man at the Crossroads at the Rockefeller Center in New York City, a huge mural that was destroyed the next year because of the inclusion of a portrait of Russian communist leader Lenin.[291] Some of Rivera's murals are displayed at the Mexican National Palace and the Palace of Fine Arts. Mesoamerican architecture is mostly noted for its pyramids which are the largest such structures outside of Ancient Egypt.[citation needed] Spanish Colonial architecture is marked by the contrast between the simple, solid construction demanded by the new environment and the Baroque ornamentation exported from Spain.[citation needed] Mexico, as the center of New Spain has some of the most renowned buildings built in this style. Cinema and media Main article: Cinema of Mexico Further information: List of newspapers in Mexico Mexican films from the Golden Age in the 1940s and 1950s are the greatest examples of Latin American cinema, with a huge industry comparable to the Hollywood of those years. Mexican films were exported and exhibited in all of Latin America and Europe. Maria Candelaria (1944) by Emilio Fernández, was one of the first films awarded a Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival in 1946, the first time the event was held after World War II. The famous Spanish-born director Luis Buñuel realized in Mexico, between 1947 to 1965 some of him master pieces like Los Olvidados (1949), Viridiana (1961) and El angel exterminador (1963). Famous actors and actresses from this period include Ma

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the directions in between the cardinal directions northeast southeast northwest and southwest )

cardinal directtons

the main directions (North,South,East,and Wast)