geol pre lecture test 2

A conglomerate is poorly sorted with well-rounded grains. This rock was likely formed in what depositional environment? lake mountain stream beach delta ocean

mountain stream

What do freeze-thaw and salt weathering have in common? Both freeze-thaw and salt weathering force rocks apart physically. Only salt weathering requires rain. Both freeze-thaw and salt weathering force rocks apart physically. Only freeze-thaw weathering requires rain. Both freeze-thaw and salt weathering require rain. Only salt weathering forces rocks apart physically. Both freeze-thaw and salt weathering require rain and force rocks apart physically. Both freeze-thaw and salt weathering require rain. Only free-thaw weathering forces rocks apart physically.

Both freeze-thaw and salt weathering require rain and force rocks apart physically.

In many older cemeteries, you can often find headstones made of slate. In viewing these headstones today, the lettering is as sharp and clear as the day it was cut. However, many marble headstone inscriptions are illegible. What property of slate allows it to survive the test of time? Slate monuments are only affected by dissolution. Marble is of better quality now. Slate monuments are placed in more out-of-the-way sites. Clay minerals in marble make it more susceptible to weathering. Clay minerals in the slate make it extremely resistant to weathering.

Clay minerals in the slate make it extremely resistant to weathering.

__________ is when various geologic materials exposed to the same environmental conditions will weather differently depending on their composition. Differential weathering Chemical weathering Physical weathering Oxidation Hydrolysis

Differential weathering

Earth's surface is subjected to unusually high rates of weathering. The Moon and some of the inner planets of our solar system are also subject to surface weathering, but at much slower rates. Which of the following statements most reasonably explains Earth's uniquely rapid weathering rates?

Earth supports a variety of plant life. Earth has running water at the surface.*** Earth has an oxygen-bearing atmosphere. Earth has numerous active volcanoes. Other celestial bodies are too small for external processes to operate.

Which of the following statements is/are accurate based on the information in this graph? Lands other than forest industry land appear to be managed to produce net forest growth. National forest land had the greatest growth relative to the amount of harvesting. Overall, U.S. forest land is experiencing net growth as of 1996. All of the above. None of the above.

Lands other than forest industry land appear to be managed to produce net forest growth. National forest land had the greatest growth relative to the amount of harvesting. Overall, U.S. forest land is experiencing net growth as of 1996. All of the above.*** None of the above.

The production of tabular slabs of rocks caused by unloading of material overlying igneous bodies is known as _____. frost wedging sheeting talus mining exfoliation domes

Sheeting

The chemical weathering process known as oxidation would be most effective in the breakdown of which of the following Earth materials? pyroxenes quartz calcite halite feldspars

pyroxenes

Sand dunes are typically dominated by quartz grains and very little other mineral matter. Why does this selection occur? Quartz is only susceptible to dissolution. Other minerals are removed by the wind because they have a lower density. Quartz is only susceptible to oxidation. Quartz is extremely resistant to all forms of chemical weathering. Quartz is only susceptible to hydrolysis.

quartz is extremely resistant to all forms of chemical weathering

Why does water frozen in the cracks of a rock help to break down the rock? Water expands when frozen and physically forces the rock apart. Water contracts when frozen and chemically forces the rock apart. Water expands when frozen and chemically forces the rock apart. Water contracts when frozen and physically forces the rock apart.

Water expands when frozen and physically forces the rock apart.

What coal is soft, black in color, and produces soot upon handling? peat lignite low-grade bituminous anthracite

bituminous

The chemical weathering process known as dissolution is most effective in the breakdown of which of the following minerals? pyroxenes quartz olivine calcite feldspars

calcite

Which type of land lost the largest proportion of its timber in 1996?

can't answer with the available information* national forest forest industry other public other private***

Which of the following is an example of chemical weathering? a car fender getting rusty a bottle of water freezing, breaking the bottle a ceramic plate shattering a nail scratching into glass tree roots forcing a rock apart

car fender getting rusty

If all the particles in a detrital sedimentary rock are nearly the same size, it is __________. a conglomerate well-rounded very well-sorted poorly sorted sandstone

very well-sorted

Wind-blown sand deposits would most likely be __________ and __________. poorly sorted; well-rounded very well-sorted; well-rounded very well-sorted; angular feldspar; poorly sorted spherical; angular

very well-sorted; well-rounded

Which of the following climates will have the highest rate of weathering? warm, wet climates hot, arid climates cold, dry climates moderate, semi-arid climates cold, damp climates

warm,wet climate

Which of the following components make up a healthy soil?

water and air mineral matter organic matter organic matter and mineral matter All of these choices are needed.***

Of the responses provided, which is the predominant source of energy for most external processes that operate on Earth?

weathering friction deposition the Sun*** the Moon

The formation of sedimentary rock requires _____. weathering and erosion of pre-existing rocks the application of heat and pressure to pre-existing rocks the melting of pre-existing rocks weathering of pre-existing rocks erosion of pre-existing rocks

weathering and erosion of pre-existing rocks

A smooth grain shaped like a cigar is __________ and shows __________. angular; high sphericity well-sorted; low sphericity well-rounded; angularity well-rounded; low sphericity poorly sorted; low sphericity

well-rounded; low sphericity

Where does the clay that accumulates in the B horizon come from?

A and E horizons*** C horizon A horizon O and E horizons bedrock

What is a delta? A delta is a region characterized by an arid climate, little vegetation, and a lack of water bodies. A delta is a strip of land along a shoreline that is dominantly made up of sand. A delta is a large body of water surrounded by land. A delta is a triangular landform created where a stream enters a body of water and deposits sediment. An accumulation of debris carried by an advancing glacier and left at the front and edges as it retreats.

A delta is a triangular landform created where a stream enters a body of water and deposits sediment.

Which soil horizon will contain the greatest amount of organic material

A horizon C horizon O horizon*** E horizon B horizon

Which world region experienced the largest change in forested land between 1990 and 2000? South America North America West Asia Africa Europe Asia

Africa

Which of the following statements is/are accurate based on the information in this graph? Loss of forested land appears to be greater in the developing world than in the developed world. The world overall is experiencing a net loss of forest. The information in this graph is consistent with the information in the graph of harvesting and growth in U.S. forests from Step 2. All of the above. None of the above

All of the above

Which of the following agents is capable of moving sediment from the site of formation to the site of deposition? running water ice wind waves

All of the answers are correct.

Which structure is common in sedimentary rock? cross-bedding (Sand dunes) fossils (clues to past environments) mudcracks (alternating wet and dry conditions) ripple marks (associated with currents of air or water) All of the selections are correct.

All of the selections are correct

In temperate and polar regions, the accumulation of talus slopes at the base of steep, rocky cliffs is most often attributed to which of the following processes? oxidation thermal expansion unloading or exfoliation frost wedging biological activity

Frost wedging

Which of the following locations will weather a block of marble the most quickly? Seattle, Washington Northern Alaska Phoenix, Arizona Chicago, Illinois Honolulu, Hawaii

Honolulu Hawaii

What is the definition of physical weathering? Rocks fall apart. Mechanical processes add chemicals to create new substances. Mechanical processes break substances into smaller pieces. Rock is dissolved by chemicals. Chemical reactions produce new substances.

Mechanical processes break substances into smaller pieces.

In what way does the amount of mechanical weathering that has taken place influence the rate at which chemical weathering occurs? Mechanical weathering increases the surface area exposed to chemical weathering. Without mechanical weathering, no chemical weathering can take place. Without chemical weathering, mechanical weathering cannot take place. Larger particles undergo faster chemical weathering. Chemical weathering can only work on small particles produced by extensive mechanical weathering.

Mechanical weathering increases the surface area exposed to chemical weathering.

The Hawaiian Islands contain active volcanoes and are known for nutrient-rich soils and lush vegetation. What is the most powerful explanation for this? Minerals in the volcanic rocks produce clay minerals as weathering by-products. There is abundant rainfall. Volcanic rocks contain minerals rich in iron, so they are susceptible to oxidation. Volcanic rocks contain minerals susceptible to hydrolysis. all of the above

Minerals in the volcanic rocks produce clay minerals as weathering by-products. There is abundant rainfall. Volcanic rocks contain minerals rich in iron, so they are susceptible to oxidation. Volcanic rocks contain minerals susceptible to hydrolysis. all of the above

Of the following processes, which is not an example of mechanical weathering? a. root penetration b. frost wedging c. thermal expansion d. oxidation e. exfoliation

Oxidation

In the silicate minerals, there is a correlation between chemical weathering and Bowen's Reaction Series. What is the relationship? Silicate minerals with lower silica content are more resistant to chemical weathering. Silicate minerals that form at lower temperatures are more susceptible to chemical weathering. Silicate minerals that form at the highest temperatures are most susceptible to chemical weathering. Silicate minerals with higher silica content are more susceptible to chemical weathering. Because quartz is on the bottom of the diagram, it is least resistant to chemical weathering.

Silicate minerals that form at the highest temperatures are most susceptible to chemical weathering.

From what you learned in the video, compare the Pleistocene climate to present-day climate of the western United States. The Pleistocene was wetter and cooler relative to present-day climate. The present-day climate is relatively wetter and cooler than the Pleistocene. The Pleistocene was arid relative to present-day climate. The Pleistocene was characterized by warm, tropical conditions and an inland sea. The present-day climate is too hot to produce salt.

The Pleistocene was wetter and cooler relative to present-day climate.

Which of the following is a likely explanation for why there is limestone near the summit of Mount Everest, the tallest mountain on Earth? The limestone forms during metamorphism related to mountain building. The limestone was formed under the pressure of mountain glacial ice. The limestone found at the top of Mount Everest was formed in an ocean. The limestone is the result of an igneous intrusion.

The limestone found at the top of Mount Everest was formed in an ocean.

How does physical weathering cause chemical weathering to be more effective? When the composition of a rock changes, it can be weaker and more likely to break into smaller pieces. When a rock is physically broken into smaller pieces, there is more surface area on which chemical weathering can occur. Physical weathering changes the type of material that is present and so makes chemical weathering happen faster. Physical weathering causes the size of the grains of rock to increase. Physical weathering acts on its own and has no impact on chemical weathering.

When a rock is physically broken into smaller pieces, there is more surface area on which chemical weathering can occur.

Which of the following defines depositional environment? an area where sediment was deposited under certain conditions in Earth's past a geological process by which sediment accumulates the origin of the grains making up a sedimentary rock the movement of material by water, wind, ice, or gravity a large stream of channelized water that flows to the sea, a lake, or another stream

an area where sediment was deposited under certain conditions in Earth's past

Other than sand dunes in a desert environment, where else would you expect to find well-rounded and sorted sand deposits? reef lake delta beach glacier

beach

Rock salt is an example of a(n) __________, deposited by saturation and precipitation in evaporating water. detrital sedimentary rock limestone evaporite biochemical sedimentary rock chert

evaporite

Considering the following list, which is not an example of chemical weathering? A. dissolution B. oxidation C. exfoliation D. hydrolysis E. removal of calcite from rocks by water

exfoliation

During hydrolysis, ions and clay minerals are produced by the decomposition of which of the following Earth materials? feldspars calcite halite quartz olivine

feldspar

All modification of Earth's outer surface is initiated by which of the following processes?

glacial erosion mass wasting weathering*** wind erosion riverine erosion

Which of the following correlate to transport distance? current strength grain sphericity sorting deposition grain size and rounding

grain size and rounding

In the accumulation of particles in a talus slope, which of the following influences moves particles to their resting place? glaciers running water sheeting wind gravity

gravity

What mineral is the major component of rock salt? quartz sylvite calcite gypsum halite

halite

Mechanical weathering is a significant factor in the breakdown of rocks. Which of the following factors enhances the effectiveness of further weathering as particles are created? volume of rock increases increased surface area of the particles rate of dissolution increases decrease in surface area volume of rock decreases

increases surface area of the particles

Abundant plant material accumulating in a swampy environment with __________ is required for peat to form. organisms high oxygen levels sand deposition metamorphism low oxygen levels

low oxygen levels

Which of the factors listed below does not influence the rate of chemical weathering? jointing moisture conditions mass of rock available temperature mineralogical composition

mass of rock available

How is anthracite produced from bituminous coal? the presence of water metamorphism high biologic activity energy from sunlight increased plant material

metamorphism

For which type of land is the total volume of forest (in cubic feet) decreasing?

other public forest industry** other private national forest

Name the progression of coal types with increased heat and pressure from burial. lignite, peat, bituminous, anthracite peat, lignite, anthracite, bituminous lignite, sub-bituminous, anthracite, bituminous peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite peat, bituminous, sub-bituminous, anthracite

peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite

Once weathering begins and particles are produced, which factor is most influential in moving them around Earth's surface?

rivers glaciers plate tectonics gravity*** the Sun

Of the following, which is not an example of Earth's external processes and/or external process-driven phenomena?

rivers glaciers volcanoes*** weathering wind

Which is an example of a sedimentary rock composed of solid masses of intergrown crystals? basalt conglomerate rock salt shale sandstone

rock salt

Describe the distribution of sedimentary deposits you would expect to find on a delta. mud in channels, sand on floodplain very poorly sorted, angular grains sand in channels, mud on floodplain widespread, poorly sorted gravel large quantities of well-sorted sand

sand in channels, mud on floodplain

In the United States, the most common type of coal is __________ and the largest producing state is __________. sub-bituminous; Wyoming sub-bituminous; Montana bituminous; West Virginia anthracite; Pennsylvania bituminous; Kentucky

sub-bituminous; Wyoming

How much more timber was removed from "other private" lands versus "national forest" land?

ten times as much*** about the same one hundred times as much twice as much

Think about the soil horizons that make up the solum. Why isn't the C horizon part of the solum?

the C horizon is deeper than the other horizons. The C horizon has less oxygen in the soil. The C horizon contains unweathered parent material.**** The C horizon receives too many clays from upper layers.

What is salt weathering? the formation of ice in rock cracks during the condensation of salty water, forcing rock apart the formation of minerals in rock cracks during the evaporation of salty water, forcing rock apart the formation of minerals in rock cracks during the condensation of salty water, forcing rock apart the formation of ice in rock cracks during the evaporation of salty water, forcing rock apart

the formation of minerals in rock cracks during the evaporation of salty water, forcing rock apart

Sedimentary rocks that exhibit the intergrowth of crystal masses are generally formed from the products of _____. mechanical weathering erosion melting the particles have been compacted heat and pressure

the particles have been compacted

You find a sedimentary rock that has all its flat particles aligned in parallel. From this you can infer that _____. the particles have been cemented there are no fossils in the rock the particles have been melted there is no quartz in the rock the particles have been compacted

the particles have been compacted

Pre-existing rocks are broken down into smaller particles by which of the following processes? CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. unloading thermal expansion oxidation lithification frost wedging

unloading*** thermal expansion *** oxidation lithification frost wedging ***