Geology 01 midterm

match the rock description with its correct name: a gritty feeling rock with small visible grains

sandstone

original horizontally is

sedimentary rock layers start off flat

Which group of minerals are the most abundant in the Earth's crust? - carbonates - sulfides - silicates - sulfates

silicates

what process is evident at oceanic trenches? - sinking of oceanic lithosphere into the mantle at a subduction zone - rifting beneath a continental plate and the beginning of continental drift - transform faulting between an oceanic plate and a continental plate - rising of hot asthenosphere from deep in the mantle

sinking of oceanic lithosphere into the mantle at a subduction zone

Sorting refers to the range of particle ________ in a rock. - composition - shapes - colors - sizes

size

Which of the following lists the rocks in the order of increasing grain size and increasing grade of metamorphism? - schist, slate, phyllite - phyllite, slate, schist - slate, phyllite, schist - slate, schist, phyllite

slate, phyllite, schist

What is metamorphic grade? - the degree to which a parent rock changes during metamorphism - the quantity of features such as fossils and bedding planes within the rock - how high a temperature a rock reaches during metamorphic grade - how much pressure a rock undergoes during metamorphism

the degree to which a parent rock changes during metamorphism

which of the following is an example of an active continent continent collision? - The Arabian peninsula slamming into North Africa under red sea - the northern movement of boa California and a silver of western California toward the Hawaiian island - the northward movement of India into Eurasia - the westward movement of the South American plate over the nazca

the northward movement of India into Eurasia

What evidence did the Deep Sea drilling Project find about the dates of rocks in the ocean basins? - the youngest sediments were deposited directly o the oldest seafloor basalts - Proterozoic rocks are found only as a seamounts in the deepest parts of the ocean basins - The young ocean floor deforms mainly by brittle fracturing and faulting making age dating impossible - the ocean basins are relatively young; most ocean basins rocks and sediments are Cretaceous or you're in age.

the ocean basins are relatively young; most ocean basins rocks and sediments are Cretaceous or you're in age.

match the mass wasting process with its correct description: creep

the slowest mast wasting process

Which of the following paleoclimatic evidence supports the idea of the late Paleozoic supercontinent in the Southern Hemisphere? - thick sediments in the amazon and Congo deltas of South America and Africa - tillities in the South Africa and South America - cold water fossils in the deep water sediments of the south Atlantic abyssal plain - lithified loess deposits in the deserts of Chile, Australia, and Africa

tillities in the South Africa and South America

Match the following rock names with their correct igneous composition: peridotite

ultramafic

match the mass wasting process with its correct description: mudflow

water mixes with fine debris

cross-cutting is

whatever cuts must be younger

Why was Wegener's continental drift hypothesis rejected? - because Wegener could not find geologic similarities on different continents - because Wegener could not identify a mechanism capable of moving continents - because Wegener couldn't disprove competing theories that were more accepted by scientists

Because Wegener could not identify a mechanism capable of moving continents

Compare cinder cones to shield volcanoes. - Cinder cones have less steep flanks than shield volcanoes, and cinder cones occupy a larger area of land than shield volcanoes. - Cinder cones have steeper flanks than shield volcanoes, and cinder cones occupy a larger area of land than shield volcanoes. - Cinder cones have steeper flanks than shield volcanoes, and cinder cones occupy a smaller area of land than shield volcanoes.

Cinder cones have steeper flanks than shield volcanoes, and cinder cones occupy a smaller area of land than shield volcanoes.

________ has the same mineral composition as andesite. - Basalt - Rhyolite - Gabbro - Diorite

Diorite

What type of plate boundary is indicated at the mid-ocean ridge?

Divergent plate boundary

What is the relationship of layer E to layer A - E is younger than A - they are the same age - E is older than A

E is older than A

Which one of the following is an important fundamental assumption underlying the plate tectonic theory? - Earth's diameter has bee essentially constant over time - Earth's ocean basins are very old and stable features - Radioactive decay slows down at the extreme pressures of the inner core - Earth's magnetic field originates in the outer core.

Earth's diameter has bee essentially constant over time

What role do water and other volatiles play in the formation of magma? - The addition of water and other volatiles allows the rock to melt at lower temperatures than if they had not been added. - The addition of water and other volatiles allows the rock to melt at lower pressures than if the volatiles had not been added. - The addition of water and other volatiles allows the rock to melt at higher pressures than if the volatiles had not been added.

The addition of water and other volatiles allows the rock to melt at lower temperatures than if they had not been added

Which of the following properly describes Mount St. Helens and other Cascade volcanoes? - they are young, active volcanoes built on a continental margin above a sinking slab of oceanic lithosphere - they are a row of young, active, volcanoes built as western North America moved over a hot spot deep in the mantle - they are old, deeply eroded volcanoes built before the pacific ocean existed

They are young, active volcanoes built on a continental margin above a sinking slab of oceanic lithosphere

What causes the volcanoes and deep valleys of East Africa ? - a fault allowing Arabia to slip westward past east Africa and penetrate into turkey - a continental collision zone between Africa and the Zagros mountain along the southern margin of Eurasia - a continental rift along parts of the African continent beginning to slowly separate

a continental rift along parts of the African continent beginning to slowly separate

what type of plate boundary is usually associated with pull-apart rift zones? - a divergent plate boundary - all plate boundaries - a convergent plate boundaries - a transform plate boundary

a divergent plate boundary

Match the following rock names with their correct igneous composition: granite

felsic

Oxidation plays an important role in the weathering of ________. - silicate minerals - granite - plagioclase feldspar - ferromagnesian minerals

ferromagnesian minerals

Inclusions are

pieces of rock inside another one must be older

What is the typical rate of seafloor spreading in the Atlanta ocean? - 2 centimeters per year - 0.1 inches per year - 20 ft per year - 20 centimeters per year

2 centimeters per year

What is the temperature above which magnetite loses its magnetization? -800 C -0 C -270 C -500 C

800 C

Fill in the blanks on the diagram below with the names of the soil "layer" that are labeled

A is O horizon, B is A horizon, C is B horizon, and D is C horizon

Which scientist argues forcefully for continental drift in the early part of the 20th century? - Wladmier Köppen - James Hutton - Alfred Wegener - Harry Hess

Alfred Wegener

What is meant by the statement "Every metamorphic rock has a parent rock"? - All metamorphic rocks are created only through the change of preexisting rock. - All metamorphic rocks form from the cooling of previously melted rock. - Metamorphic rocks share no similarities with the original material from which they formed. - All metamorphic rocks are created only through accumulation of pieces of previously existing rocks.

All metamorphic rocks are created only through the change of preexisting rock.

Why was Wegener's idea ultimately rejected? What did he miss? What needed to occur before the modern theory of plate tectonics could be developed?

Although he was able to prove that Pangea once existed, Wegener's ideas ultimately was rejected at the time because he could not prove how the continents were drifting apart. They needed to find practical evidence that the "single continent" did occur so modern theory of plate tectonic could be develop and they did by finding fossil organisms on Africa and South America. Continental drift

________ is the dominant lava erupted from volcanoes on Hawaii and Iceland. - Basalt - Peridotite - Andesite - Rhyolite

Basalt

_______ are large, circular depressions having diameters greater than 1 km across. - Fissures - Craters - Calderas - Vents

Calderas

What type of rocks can be dated using isotopic methods? Why is this? What are the problems associated with other rock types?

Igneous rock because they are unaltered

which of the following was never proposed as evidence supporting the existence of Pangaea? - Island along the mid Atlantic. ridge with rocks dating back from 542 million to 2500 million years ago - The glossopteris flora - Late Paleozoic glacial features - Geometrical fit between South America and Africa

Island along the mid Atlantic. ridge with rocks dating back from 542 million to 2500 million years ago

Consider a weathered rock or soil particle lying on a slope. How will the gravitational force pulling the particle downward along the land surface vary with the inclination of the slope? - It will increase as the slope angle is lessened. - It is not affected by the slope angle. - It will decrease as the slope angle is lessened. - It will possibly increase or decrease as slope angle is lessened, depending upon other factors.

It will decrease as the slope angle is lessened

How do joints in rock help rock weathering? - Joints weaken the overall rock so that it breaks more easily when a force pushes on it. - Joints allow solid salts to penetrate the rock at depth and begin the weathering process. - Joints allow solid ice to penetrate the rock at depth and begin the weathering process. - Joints allow water to penetrate the rock at depth and begin the weathering process.

Joints allow water to penetrate the rock at depth and begin the weathering process.

What is the difference between mechanical and chemical weathering? How are the two processes related?

Mechanical weathering is the process of breaking down rock into smaller pieces. The rock therefore has more surface area for chemical weathering to occur. Mechanical weathering occurs basically for chemical weather to occur.

How do the products of the two categories of weathering differ from each other? - Chemical weathering results in broken pieces that are of the same composition of the original material, whereas mechanical weathering alters the composition of the material. - Mechanical weathering changes the size of the original material, whereas chemical weathering changes only the shape of the original material. - Mechanical weathering results in broken pieces that are of the same composition as the original material, whereas chemical weathering alters the composition of the material.

Mechanical weathering results in broken pieces that are of the same composition as the original material, whereas chemical weathering alters the composition of the material.

What platy, parallel, mineral grains are the most visual aspect of foliated metamorphic rocks? - carbonates - feldspars - quartz - micas

Micas

What do mud cracks and ripple marks indicate about the geologic past? - Mud cracks indicate that the sediment was deposited in an area that was constantly wet, whereas ripple marks indicate that the sediment was deposited by water or air that was moving over the ground. - Mud cracks indicate that the sediment was deposited in an area that was alternately wet and dry, whereas ripple marks indicate that the sediment was deposited by directional currents in water or air. - Mud cracks indicate that water over the sediment had a directional movement, whereas ripple marks indicate that water over the sediment had no directional movement.

Mud cracks indicate that the sediment was deposited in an area that was alternately wet and dry, whereas ripple marks indicate that the sediment was deposited by directional currents in water or air.

The former late Paleozoic supercontinent is known as __________.

Pangaea

All geologic time prior to the beginning of the Paleozoic era is termed the ________. - Mesozoic - Phanerozoic - Precambrian - Archean

Precambrian

Which of the following is associated with andesitic or rhyolitic volcanism? - pumice - scoria - lava tubes - pillow lavas

Pumice

________ is typically formed by metamorphism of a sandstone. - Gneiss - Marble - Amphibolite - Quartzite - Slate

Quartzite

In which type of metamorphism does compressional stress play a major role? - subduction zone metamorphism - impact metamorphism - regional metamorphism - contact metamorphism - hydrothermal metamorphism

Regional metamorphism

Why are sedimentary rocks so important to geologists? Please include at least two reasons and an example.

Sedimentary rocks are important to geologist because sedimentary rocks helps tell the story of Earth's past as well as where different grains and sediments come from and and how far they've traveled in order to have made the sedimentary rock. For instance, finding a conglomerate rock would tell geologist that it is poorly sorted, yet has rounded particle sizes, didn't travel too far, and was most likely found around a lake, stream, or river.

By what process do sediments become well sorted, and by what process do sediments become poorly sorted? - Sediments of softer minerals tend to be poorly sorted, whereas sediments of hard minerals tend to be well sorted. - Sediments that are angular tend to be well sorted, whereas sediments that are rounded tend to be poorly sorted. - Sediments that are transported for a long, sustained time tend to become well sorted, whereas sediments that are transported over a rather short period of time tend to be poorly sorted

Sediments that are transported for a long, sustained time tend to become well sorted, whereas sediments that are transported over a rather short period of time tend to be poorly sorted

which of the following is not evidence supporting the the theory of plate tectonics? - Measurements of plate motions - Shifting plates were caused by changes in the Moon's orbit - Hot spots - Ocean floor drilling

Shifting plates were caused by changes in the Moon's orbit

What type of metamorphism is most common at convergent boundaries? Why? What type of metamorphism is most common at divergent boundaries? Why?

The most common metamorphism at convergent boundaries are regional metamorphism because there is heat pressure at convergent boundaries The most common metamorphism at divergent boundaries are contact metamorphism because there is heat and some hot water at divergent boundaries

After World War II, what was discovered about the ocean floor? -There is no oceanic crust younger than 180 million years old. -The seafloor is much thicker than was previously expected. -Earthquakes occur at extreme depths at oceanic ridges -There is no oceanic crust older than 180 million years old.

There is no oceanic crust older than 180 million years old.

Before the 1960's, how did geologists view the ocean basins and continents of the Earth? -They believed that the continents moved over time by plowing through oceanic crust -They believed that all ocean basins and landmasses were permanently fixed in their positions -They believed that continents moved over time as a result of convection in the mantle. -They believed that the formation of mountain chains and new ocean basins caused the movement of continents and oceanic sea floor.

They believed that all ocean basins and landmasses were permanently fixed in their positions.

Which of the following is true regarding limestone and dolostone? - They both react to acid in their solid form. - Limestone only visibly reacts to acid if powdered. - Dolostone only visibly reacts to acid if powdered.

They both react to acid in their solid form.

Which one of the following is NOT true for minerals? - They have a specific, internal, crystalline structure. - They can be identified by characteristic physical properties. - They can be a liquid, solid, or gas.

They can be a liquid, solid, or gas.

At which of the following boundaries would we NOT expect volcanic activity?

Transform

When gas bubbles escape as lava solidifies, a ________ texture is formed. - porphyritic - vesicular - glassy - fragmental

Vesicular

Which two scientists proved that a symmetric magnetic pattern existed ins seafloor basalts and related those stripes to spreading at mid-ocean ridges? - Evans and Novak - Vine and Matthews - Wegener and Wilson - Matthews and Marka

Vine and Matthews

What type of boundary occurs along the Aleutian Island in the North Pacific? - a divergent boundary where Shield volcanoes are forming - a convergent boundary on a volcanic arc about the northward-subducting pacific plate - a transform boundary where North America has moved towards Alaska - a convergent continental margin with uplifted fault blocks much like those of the basin and range province

a convergent boundary on a volcanic arc about the northward-subducting pacific plate

What type of boundary occurs along the Aleutian Island in the North Pacific? - a divergent boundary where shield volcanoes are forming - a transform boundary where North America has moved towards Alaska - a convergent, continental margin with uplifted fault blocks, much like those of the basin and range province - a convergent boundary on a volcanic arc above the northward-subducting pacific plate

a convergent boundary on a volcanic arc above the northward-subducting pacific plate

A transform plate boundary is characterized by __________. - stratovolcanoes on the edge of a plate and shield volcanoes on the adjacent plate -two, converging, oceanic plates meeting head-on ad piling up into a mid-ocean ridge - a divergent boundary where the continental plate change to an oceanic plate -a deep, vertical fault along which two plates slide past one another in opposite directions

a deep, vertical fault along which two plates slide past each other in opposite directions.

why type of region is the modern day Red Sea? - a rift zone that may eventually open into a major ocean if Arabia and Africa continue to separate - the site of a transform fault along which Arabia is moving away from Africa - a rare example of a two continent subduction zone where the African continental plate is sinking under the Arabian continental plate - a tiny remnant of a once immense ocean that was closed as Africa moved Asia

a rift zone that may eventually open into a major ocean if Arabia and Africa continue to separate

Which of the following statements applies to the asthenosphere but not the lithosphere? - a zone in the upper mantle that deforms by plastic flowage - a cool, rigid layer of crust and upper mantle that forms the tectonic plates - a layer that deforms mainly by brittle fracturing ad faulting - where partial melting of rising plumes produces huge volumes of basaltic magma

a zone in the upper mantle that deforms by plastic flowage

Most transform faults are found ________. -along the edges of continents -along the oceanic ridge system -far away from subduction zones

along the oceanic ridge system

The clasts in this rock are best described as - angular and poorly sorted - angular and well sorted - rounded and well sorted - rounded and poorly sorted

angular and poorly sorted

Where in the ocean does oceanic lithosphere sink into the mantle? - at rift zones along mid-ocean ridges - at subduction zones along convergent plate boundaries - at sites of long lived, hot spot volcanism in the ocean basins - at transform fault zones along the divergent plate boundaries

at subduction zones along convergent plate boundaries

The half-life of carbon-14 is about 6000 years. Assume that a sample of charcoal formed by burning of living wood 15,000 years ago. How much of the original carbon-14 would remain today? - between 25% and 50% - more than 50% - all of it - between 12.5% and 25%

between 12.5% and 25%

Assuming this rock cuts glass, it is most likely - chert - limestone - dolostone - halite - gypsum

chert

Which of the following do feldspars weather to form? - clays minerals - limonite - hematite - feldspars

clay minerals

When minerals break along smooth, parallel planes it is known as ________. - streak - luster - cleavage - hardness

cleavage

Which igneous texture is shown here? - vesicular - fine grained - glassy - coarse grained

coarse grained

In which of the following areas would you expect landslides to be MOST common? - central Texas - the Midwest of the United States - coastal California - coastal Florida

coastal California

match the rock description with its correct name: a poorly sorted clastic rock with round, gravel sized clasts

conglomerate

Aleutians plate tectonic setting is

convergent plate boundary

match the rock description with its correct name: a rock composed of shell fragments

coquina

What process of mass movement is illustrated in the diagram below? - creep - earthflow - slide - solifluction

creep

Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern. - dolomite - calcite - diamond - gypsum

diamond

New oceanic crust and lithosphere are formed at ________. - convergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of basaltic magma - divergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of rhyolitic magma - divergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of basaltic magma

divergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of basaltic magma

Red Sea plate tectonic setting is

divergent plate boundary

Which of the following environments would exhibit sheared and mechanically fragmented rocks? - fault movements at shallow depths - heating of shales and mudstones near a pluton - intense compression in a deep-seated, regional metamorphic zone - regional metamorphism of pyroclastic volcanic rocks

fault movements at shallow depths

Based on the above diagram, a mineral that CANNOT be scratched by a knife, but CAN be scratched by a steel nail could be: - diamond - quartz - calcite - feldspar

feldspar

Is this rock foliated or non-foliated

foliated

Evidence of ________ having affecting landmasses currently in subtropical and tropical regions provides evidence supporting Wegener's continental drift hypothesis. -flooding -earthquakes -landslides -glaciation

glaciation

what was the name of the fossil flora that grew on Pangaea during the late Paleozoic? - glossopteris - calamites - mesosaurus - pecopteris

glossopteris

Based on the definition of a mineral, which of the choices below lists only minerals? - gold and ice - synthetic diamonds and gold - wood, ice, and gold - ice, water, wood, gold, and synthetic diamonds

gold and ice

Which of the choices below lists the four basic compositional groups of igneous rocks, ranging from the highest silica content to the lowest silica content? ultramafic, basaltic, andesitic, granitic granitic, andesitic, basaltic, ultramafic intermediate, mafic, ultramafic, felsic basaltic, granitic, andesitic, ultramafic

granitic, andesitic, basaltic, ultramafic

match the rock description with its correct name: a soft (easily scratched with a fingernail) crystalline rock that does not react with acid

gypsum

a very long lived magma source located deep in the mantle is called a(n) ____________. - mid-oceanic ridge - batholith - hot spot - oceanic trench

hot spot

What is the agent of hydrothermal metamorphism? - water - hot, pure water - heat - ion-rich water - hot, ion-rich water

hot, iron-rich water

Nonmetallic minerals resources are commonly divided into two categories: building materials and ________. - industrial minerals - petroleum resources - fossil fuels - energy resources

industrial material

Match the following rock names with their correct igneous composition: andesite

intermediate

What happens to the pore space in sediment as it is lithified? - it stays the same - it decreases - it depends on the grain size - it increases

it decreases

Which of the following statements concerning slate is NOT true? - Rock cleavage is common. - It forms from shales and mudstones. - It has abundant, coarse-grained mica. - Sedimentary features may be visible.

it has abundant, coarse-grained mica.

Why does oceanic crust subduct beneath continental? -it is thinner -it is less dense -it DOESN'T subduct beneath continental -it is thicker -it is denser

it is denser

match the mass wasting process with its correct description: slump

leaves a crescent-shaped scarp on the hillside

Match the following rock names with their correct igneous composition: basalt

mafic

Which of the following is most likely to result in an calm eruption? - magma with a low silica composition - magma with a high silica composition - highly viscous magma

magma with a low silica composition

Which of the following is an example of a metamorphic rock with a nonfoliated texture? - gneiss - slate - phyllite - schist - marble

marble

Hawaiis plate tectonic setting is

maybe continental hot spot

Which of the following sedimentary features would typically be found in shales but not in sandstones? - mud cracks - bedding - cross stratification - ripple marks

mud cracks

What causes the liner patterns associated with paleomagnetism on either side of mid-oceanic ridges? - concentric circles about a rising plume of hot mantle rocks and magma - normal and reversed magnetized strips parallel to the ridge - normal and reversed magnetized strips roughly perpendicular to the ridge axis - reversed magnetization along the rift valleys and normal magnetization along the ridge

normal and reversed magnetized strips parallel to the ridge

superposition is

older rock layers are at the bottom

match the mass wasting process with its correct description: rockslide

pieces of bedrock detach and move quickly down

Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern. - slaty cleavage - schistosity - gneissic - porphyroblastic

porphyroblastic

Which igneous texture is shown here? - pyroclastic - fine grained - coarse grained - pegmatic

pyroclastic