geology 101 final chapter 5-19

The point within the Earth where an earthquake takes place is termed the _________.

epicenter (focus)

If a Mastodon dies while walking along a river, what needs to happen in order to preserve the body as a fossil?

a flood needs to occur to cover the body with sediment

Indiana Limestone, mined from south-central Indiana, is found in several buildings downtown Muncie (Federal Building, American National Bank, Carnegie, etc). What was the environment of south-central Indiana in the past?

a shallow sea

Ephemeral streams ___________.

have water that flows seasonally

If a body of magma becomes more felsic, its viscosity will ___________.

increase

The discharge of a river traveling through a humid region will typically ____________ downstream; the discharge of a river traveling through an arid region will typically ____________ downstream.

increase decrease

T/F: A primary force opposing motion on all faults is friction.

true

T/F: Atomic number is always the same for multiple isotopes of a single element.

true

T/F: Geological evidence suggests that many millions of years ago, the Amazon flowed toward the west rather than the east.

true

T/F: Studies of air bubbles and oxygen-isotope ratios in glacial ice, fossil pollen, and the stratigraphic record are all useful in determining paleoclimates.

true

If a 50-year flood occurs on the Mississippi River in 2010, what is the probability that a flood of the same magnitude will occur in 2011?

2%

The stream in the diagram flows at a velocity of 6 ft/s. Its discharge is _____________.

4,800 ft³/s

A flood has a discharge of 33,000 ft³/s. It has occurred 10 times in a 50-year period. What is its reoccurrence interval?

5 year

A 20-year flood with a discharge of 18,000 ft³/s occurred on the White River (Muncie, IN) in 2002. What is the probability that a flood of the same magnitude will happen in 2022—20 years later?

5%

Which river threatens to capture the flow of the Mississippi River?

Atchafalaya River

T/F: Aretes are ridges of glacial drift deposited in tunnels of water flowing under a glacier's base.

False

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

If a dam is constructed properly, it will not change the ecosystem of the area in which it is located.

Why do scientists believe there was once liquid water on Mars?

Landforms such as river channels and sandbars are seen on Mars.

What happens during the retreat of a glacier?

Less ice is supplied to the terminus of the glacier.

Which statement best summarizes the development of the geologic time scale?

Relative ages for sedimentary strata were known well before accurate numerical dates for these rocks could be provided.

Why can't geologists isotopically date a clastic sedimentary rock?

The minerals would yield the date of when they crystallized in a metamorphic or igneous rock.

A glacier will always advance from its source area if the rate of accumulation is greater than the rate of ________.

ablation

Coarse-grained diorite is more similar in mineral composition to fine-grained ___________.

andesite

In the figure below, the flecked material to the right of the fault would be considered a(n) ____________.

aquitard

The lowest elevation to which a stream can downcut is the _____________.

base level

Why is understanding the hydrologic cycle so important to understanding how landscapes form?

because water is the main erosional and depositional agent on Earth

Caves are habitats for many species of animals that are ________.

blind

Which type of fault does NOT, by definition, have a fault trace?

blind fault

Meandering streams _____________.

have channels that are highly sinuous or curvy

The amount of ___________ in the atmosphere influences whether or not glacial ice will form.

carbon dioxide

The hydrologic cycle includes which of these?

changes in the storage of H2O within glaciers

A bowl-shaped depression formed by a mountain glacier is termed a(n) ______________.

cirque

Mountain ranges formed along subduction zones are formed, in part, by ________ in the crust.

compression

The volume of water that passes from groundwater to streams _____________ during a prolonged drought?

decreases

The formation of oil shale deposits, coals, and limestones has what overall effect on CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere?

decreases the total CO2 in the atmosphere

The quantity of offset that occurs along a fault is termed ________.

displacement

Cirques, horns, and arêtes form from glacial ________, whereas moraines, erratics, and till form from glacial ________.

erosion deposition

Which progression best describes how water goes from the ocean to a river?

evaporation precipitation runoff

T/F: All flooding events occur so rapidly that there is never time to alert people in harm's way.

false

T/F: Change within the Earth system is unidirectional and cannot be reversed.

false

T/F: Large floods (with large reoccurrence intervals) occur more often than smaller floods (with smaller reoccurrence intervals).

false

T/F: Most of Earth's freshwater exists as groundwater, and the next greatest quantity is stored in glacial ice.

false

T/F: Walking across the Antarctic ice during the winter (24-hour darkness) would not be very treacherous, because ice surfaces are not slippery if the temperatures are close to -40 degrees Celsius.

false

An intermediate product in the transformation of snow to glacial ice is _____________.

firn

What will happen to the land surface and lithosphere when the ice sheet melts?

it will rise

Wind blows finer particles long distances from glacial environments. When they settle out, they form _____________.

loess

In the glacier shown below, the diagonally oriented feature at location A is a(n) ___________.

medial moraine

All else being equal, a deep, narrow stream will flow _____________ a shallow, broad stream. (Remember the difference between the river's headwaters and mouth).

more rapidly than

Examine the diagram below that shows a section of Earth's outer layers. What fault type(s) are found at location b? oceanic divergence

normal and strike slip

Within the world's undisturbed sequences of sedimentary rocks, fossils ____________.

occur in an ordered sequence

Ice sheets covered much of the Northern Hemisphere one million years ago during part of the last ice age. How did this affect the depth of water in the oceans?

oceans were more shallow

The lithology and fossil content of two bodies of rocks (In Photo: A and B) on opposite sides of a canyon are identical. The outcrops were likely physically connected at one time and formed an extensive, sheet-like layer of rock. This idea summarizes the Principle of ____________________.

original continuity

Currently, global warming appears to be most strongly affecting the climate and wildlife of _____________ regions.

polar

During an earthquake, if a hanging wall slides upward relative to a footwall, the fault is termed _________. (Fig 9.8)

reversed

Which of the locations on the world map below is least likely to experience an earthquake?

south coast of Australia

where do reverse faults occur

subduction zones

The geotherm is the rate of change of __________.

temperature with depth in Earth's interior

Which of these is an example of a continental volcanic arc?

the andes mountains

What determines the magnitude of an earthquake?

the energy released at the fault

If Charles Keeling had chosen to carefully measure methane (instead of carbon dioxide) each month at the Mauna Kea Observatory, what might he have NOT found?

the same seasonal changes of that gas, year after year

Earthquakes that occur in a band called a ____________ can be used to track the motion of subducted oceanic lithosphere.

wadati benioff zone

Important volatiles in magmas include ___________.

water and carbon dioxide