Geology Chapter 2

Rocks are defined as naturally-formed aggregates of minerals or mineral-like substances.(true or false)

False

Specific gravity is the ratio of a mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of air.(true or false)

False

The atomic mass number is equal to the number of neutrons in an atom.(true or false)

False

The innermost energy level in the standard model of an atom is full when it possesses eight electrons(true or false)

False

The mineral ___ is an example of a native element.

Graphite

Non-silicate minerals include the halides such as ________.

Halite

When seawater evaporates, its sodium and chlorine are electronically attracted to one another and crystallize into ________.

Halite

The bonding between Cl and Na in halite (table salt) is __________

Ionic

Atoms with either a positive or negative charge are called

Ions

Which is not true of a single silicon-oxygen tetrahedron

Is had 4 silicon atoms

Atoms of an element containing different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons are called

Isotopes

________ of an element are atoms containing different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons.

Isotopes

The crystal form of a mineral is a set of faces that have a definite geometric relationship to one another.(true or false)

True

Non-silicate minerals are more abundant in the deeper parts of Earth's crust than in the crust as a whole.(true or false)

false

Both graphite and diamond are made entirely of carbon, yet they have very different physical characteristics because ________.

graphite are arranged in a 2D sheet, diamond in a 3D

Which is not a type of silicate structure?

pentagonal

________ is the ability of a mineral to break, when struck or split, along preferred planar directions.

Cleavage

To obtain a more stable configuration, atoms may share electrons in their outer energy level in ________ bonding.

Covalent

Calcite is one of the minerals that exhibits ________ when a ray of light is split into two components as it travels through a crystal.

Double refraction

A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical methods is a(n)

Element

Diamond has no cleavage. (True or false)

False

the mineral _________ is strongly magnetic

Magnetite

Electrons move freely through the crystal structures of gold and silver in ________ bonding.

Metallic

The ________ group of minerals are sheet silicates.

Mica

The ________ group and the ________ group are sheet silicates characterized by one direction of cleavage.

Mica; clay

Carbon-14 has eight _______

Neutrons

Radioactive isotopes are particularly important to geologists as we use them ________.

TBD

The isotope composition of ________ in foraminifera shells from sediment cores are used to determine climate change in Earth history.

TBD

Which of the following substances is the only mineral listed?

TBD

The softest mineral on Mohs' hardness scale is ________.

Talc

-A mineral specimen with a Mohs hardness of 5 can scratch a mineral specimen with a hardness of 3.(true or false)

True

A mineral is defined as a crystalline solid that is naturally occurring, has a specific chemical composition, and forms through geologic processes. (true or false)

True

Color is the least reliable physical property in mineral identification.

True

Minerals that have the same chemical composition but have different crystalline structures exhibit polymorphism.(true or false)

True

________ are the smallest electrically neutral assemblies of matter and energy that we know of in the universe.

atoms

In order for a particular type of material to be classified as a mineral, it must ________.

be a solid, occur naturally, have a crystalline structure, have a definite chemical composition(All answers are correct)

The ability of a mineral to break along preferred directions is called

cleavage

.The number of neutrons in an atom controls the chemical behavior of an element.(true or false)

false

In some minerals the bonds are equally strong in all directions, therefore they have no cleavage but instead _____ along irregular surfaces that are commonly curved.

fracture

What is the special property of the mineral halite?

it tastes like salt

Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of a mineral to the mass of an equal volume of ________.

liquid water

Crystalline substances are always

made of repeating patterns of atoms

A silica tetrahedron is composed of four atoms of the element ________ and one atom of ________.

oxygen and silicon

Some minerals have the same chemical composition but different crystal structures, a phenomenon termed _______.

polymorphism

____ has the property of generating electricity when squeezed in a certain crystallographic direction.

quartz

_______ and sapphire are both varieties of the common mineral corundum.

ruby

The most common minerals in the Earth's crust are the ________.

silicates

A pulverized mineral (usually on a piece of white unglazed porcelain) gives a color called its ____, that is usually more reliable than the color of the specimen itself.

streak

All of the most common rock-forming minerals in Earth's crust are silicate minerals.(true or false)

true

Both graphite and diamond are made of carbon.(true or false)

true

Calcite (calcium carbonate) is the most common non-silicate mineral in the Earth's crust.(true or false)

true

Silica is a term for oxygen combined with silicon.(true or false)

true

The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in each atom.(true or false)

true

The quality and intensity of light that is reflected from the surface of a mineral is termed luster.(true or false)

true

On Mohs' hardness scale, ordinary window glass has a hardness of about

5-6

____ elements make up 98% of the Earth's crust.

8

The atomic mass number of common oxygen is 16 because it has ________ protons and ________ neutrons.

8:8

The third most abundant element in the Earth's crust is ______; it is more common than iron.

Aluminum

The ______ group of minerals is characterized by two parallel chains of silica tetrahedra in their structure.

Amphibious

The mineral ________ reacts with weak hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide gas, i.e., it effervesces (fizzes) in dilute acid.

Calcite

Which of these common minerals is not a silicate?

Calcite

A mineral with CO3 in its formula is a(n) ________.

Carbonate

The hardest mineral has a hardness of ________ on Mohs' relative hardness scale.

10

On Mohs' scale of hardness your fingernail has a value of ________.

2 1/2

Calcite has ________ directions of cleavage.

3

The common mineral ___ is an example of an isolated silica tetrahedron structure.

Olivine

________ is the most common element in the Earth's crust.

Oxygen

The two most abundant elements in Earth's crust are ________.

Oxygen and silicon

The subatomic particle that contributes mass and a single positive electrical charge is the

Proton

The atomic number of an element equals the number of ________ in each atom.

Protons

The atomic mass number of an atom is the total number of ________ in the atom.

Protons and neutrons

Two examples of framework silicates are ________ and ________

Quart; feldspar

Striations are associated with

Quartz

The mineral kaolinite is a(n)

Silicate