Geology: Chapter 2
A(n) ________________ is the smallest, electrically neutral assemblage of energy and matter that we know exists in the universe. It consists of a nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons.
Atom
The _________ ___________ ________________ is the total amount of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
Atomic mass number
The ________________ ________________ of an element is the mass of an average atom of an element, given in atomic mass units
Atomic weight
What are isotopes?
Atoms of an element with different number of neutrons
Which common object used by geologists to determine mineral hardness, has a hardness between 3 and 4?
Copper coin
Which of these are common items used by geologists to determine a mineral's hardness?
Copper coin; Knife blade; Fingernail; Window glass
A set of faces that have a definite geometric relationship to one another is referred to as what?
Crystal form
All minerals have a ______________ ______________ where the atoms that make up the mineral are arranged in an orderly, repeating, three-dimensional pattern
Crystalline Structure
What crystal form do these pyrite crystals have?
Cube
A metallic mineral usually has a ____________ streak and a nonmetallic mineral usually leaves a ____________ to a _____________ streak
Dark; White; Pale-colored
What is a material's mass per unit volume?
Density
Graphite is a polymorph of _________________. It has the same chemical composition but a different crystal structure.
Diamond
van de Waals bonds are weak ____________ bonds that hold together the sheets of covalently bonded carbon atoms in graphite
Electrostatic
Each species of an atom is called an ______________. They are arranged on the periodic table according to their size.
Element
Which of these describe how ionic radii are important in the formation of a mineral's crystal structure?
Few anions can cluster around a small cation. When ions come tighter, they tend to pack as efficiently as possible. Many anions can crowd around a large cation
Which of these are part of a silica tetrahedron?
Four oxygen anions; One silicon cation
A mineral's _____________ is the way it breaks where not controlled by cleavage
Fracture
Which of these is not a special property of minerals?
Fracture
A silicate mineral that is structured so that all four of the oxygen atoms are shared by other tetrahedra is said to have a(n) ______________ silicate structure. These structures from three-dimensional networks of tetrahedra.
Framework
Which of these commonly show conchoidal fracture?
Garnet quartz obsidian
Which of these materials is considered to be a rock?
Granite
Which of these are carbon (c) polymorphs
Graphite; Diamond
A cation has a positive charge because it ___________________
Has fewer electrons than protons
An anion has a negative charge because it __________________
Has more electrons than protons
_______________ materials do not contain the complex hydrocarbon molecules associated with life.
Inorganic
A(n) ________________ is an atom that has a surplus or deficit of electrons relative to the number of protons in its nucleus and therefor has a positive or negative charge.
Ion
A silicate mineral that is structured so that none of the oxygen atoms is shared by other tetrahedra is said to have a(n) ________________ silicate structure
Isolated
No oxygen atoms are shared with other tetrahedra: Each tetrahedron shares two oxygen atoms, forming lines of tetrahedra: Each tetrahedron shares three oxygen atoms, forming planes of tetrahedra: All four oxygen atoms are shared with other tetrahedra:
Isolated Silicate; Chain Silicate; Sheet Silicate; Framework Silicate
Which of these tools can be used to detect a magnetic mineral deposit?
Magnet; Compass needle; Magnetometer
A ______________ luster gives a substance the appearance of being made of metal.
Metallic
What type of bonding occurs when the electrons move freely throughout the crystal so as to hold atoms together?
Metallic bonding
Lusters are generally divided into two main types, which are ______________ and _______________
Metallic; Nonmetallic
Identify each of these minerals as either a rock, mineral, or an element:
Mineral: Calcite; Quartz Element: Silicon; Iron Rock: Sandstone; Granite
The study of minerals is called _____________.
Mineralogy
Which of these is true about minerals and their crystal form?
Minerals may have more than one crystal form
The overall charge of a single silica tetrahedron is _________ four
Minus
Which of these is the scale of relative hardness used by geologists in the field to identify minerals?
Moh's hardness scale
Why are silicon and oxygen important with respect to crystal structure?
Most minerals contain silicon and oxygen in the form of a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron; They can polymerize into many structures (chains, sheets, frameworks); They are the most common elements in the Earth's crust
If a material is created by humans (through anthropogenic means) it is NOT considered _____________ occurring.
Naturally
Which of these properties are part of the definition of a mineral?
Naturally occurring; Specific chemical composition; Inorganic; Crystalline solid
The ___________ __________ are a group of elements that have a full outer shell and are therefor very stable and nonreactive. They form the right-hand side of the periodic table
Noble Gases
A mineral that does not contain silica is called a(n) _____________ mineral
Nonsilicate
Match these minerals with the appropriate silicate structure:
Olivine: Isolated Pyroxene group: Single-chain Amphibole group: Double-chain Mica Group: Sheet Quartz: Framework
Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of water. What, then, is the specific gravity of water?
One
Match the mineral or mineral groups to their number of cleavage directions:
One: Micas Two: Feldspar; Amphiboles Three: Halite None: Quartz
Silica is the term used for ______________ combined with ________________.
Oxygen; Silicon
Which of these is a practical use of specific gravity?
Panning for gold
Colors can be misleading when identifying come minerals. Which groups of minerals cannot generally be differentiated from one another based by color?
Plagioclase; Calcite; Gypsum Gypsum; Quartz; Diamond
This quartz crystal has two sets of faces that constitute which two crystal forms?
Prism; Pyramid
Match up the parts of an atom with their location and charge:
Protons: Positive Charge; Nucleus Electrons: Negative Charge; Cloud around the nucleus Neutrons; Neutral-no charge Nucleus
A(n) __________________ is a naturally forming aggregate of minerals or mineral-like substances
Rock
Based on the definition of a rock; identify which of these is a rock and which is not.
Rock: Coal; Granite; Limestone Not a rock: Window glass; Quartz; Concrete
What is the best way to observe a mineral's streak?
Scrape it across an unglazed porcelain plate
Quartz (SiO2) and potassium Feldspar (KAlSi3O8) are referred to as ____________ minerals because they contain silicon bonded with oxygen
Silicate
The two types of chain silicates are ___________ chain and ____________ chain
Single; Double
Which of these are special properties of minerals?
Smell; Double refraction; Taste; Piezoelectricity; Magnetism
Minerals that show compositional variation due to the substitution of ions of like size and charge are said to form _________________
Solid solution series
Why is it difficult to obtain the streak of some minerals?
Some minerals are harder than the streak plate
What are the long, straight lines on the flat surfaces of crystals faces?
Striations
Match these minerals with their special properties:
Sulfer; Smell Salt; Taste Magnetite; Magnetism Quartz; Piezoelectricity Calcite; Double refraction
PbS: KCl: MnCO3: BaSO4: Al2O3: Cu:
Sulfide; Chloride; Carbonate; Sulfate; Oxide; Native Element
Which of these materials can be produced through biogenic processes?
Sulfur limestone magnetite
The softest mineral on Moh's hardness scale is _____________, and the hardest is ______________
Talc; Diamond
The basic building block of the silicate minerals is represented by a geometric shape known as silica ______________
Tetrahedron
Which of the following is equal to the number of protons in an atom?
The atomic number
If a mineral does not have any cleavage, what does that tell you about it?
The bonds between atoms within the crystal are equally strong in all directions
Which of these minerals are examples of framework silicates?
The feldspars; Quartz
Which is the law that states that the angle formed by two adjacent faces of a crystal is exactly the same for a given mineral species no matter the location?
The law of constancy of interfacial angles
What is the atomic mass number of an atom?
The number of protons and neutrons in it's nucleus
What defines an element?
The number of protons in its nucleus
What is luster?
The quality and intensity of light reflected from a mineral's surface.
Why would it be difficult to separate quartz from plagioclase, feldspar, and calcite based on color alone?
They are all often white and colorless
Which of these describes the movement of electrons?
They fill each energy level in order from lowest to highest energy; They spend most of their time in energy levels; They move throughout the space surrounding a nucleus
When do geologists use the dilute HCl test (acid test) most often?
To identify carbonates in the field
How would you determine which of two materials is the hardest?
Try to scratch the surface of each mineral using the other mineral
What kind of luster does this material have?
Vitreous (glassy)
How do you distinguish between different minerals that are all the same color?
You can tell by determining their other physical properties
An aggregate of fine, fibrous, chain silicate minerals is genetically classified as ________________, a material that can be hazardous to health
asbestos
the general term for the process by which the atom obtains a full outer shell by either exchanging or sharing electrons with neighboring atoms is called ______________
bonding
Match the mineral with the proper bond type.
diamond=covalent copper=metallic halite =ionic
A product of crystallizing liquid (for example, evaporating water or crystallizing magma) is called a(n) _____
precipitate
Which of these minerals have a vitreous luster?
pyroxence feldspar quartz amphibole
when describing the cleavage in a mineral, what observations should you make?
the number of cleavage directions. the angular relationship between cleavage planes. the quality of the cleavage planes
Weak electrostatic _____________ bonds hold together the sheets of covalently bonded carbon in graphite.
van der Waals
A(n) _______________ is a negatively charged ion
Anion
The concentric bands in this plagioclase crystal are an example of ____________ _______________
Compositional zoning
A _______________ fracture is a curved fracture surface. These fractures look like the inside of a clam shell.
Conchoidal
Which of these represent examples of atomic mass numbers
15O 14C 2H
How many common minerals?
200
The mineral diopside (a type of pyroxene) has the chemical formula MgCaSi2O6. From this formula you know that for every one atom of Silicon (Si) there are:
3 atoms of Oxygen (O); 0.5 atoms of Magnesium (Mg); 0.5 atoms of Calcium (Ca)
Which of these are NOT required for covalent bonding?
A positively charged ion; A negatively charged ion; At least (2) different elements
Which of these are required for ionic bonding to occur?
An atom with a positive charge; An atom with a negative charge
A material that is produced through biological activities is said to be ______________
Biogenic
The regular arrangement of atoms in crystalline structures is determined in part by the type of _________________ between the atoms.
Bonding
Which of these describe the bonding behavior of a silica tetrahedron?
Bonding with enough cations to balance out its negative charge. Bonding with other SiO4 tetrahedra to reduce the need for extra cations
Which of these is NOT an example of a chemical formula?
BsS7Z34Jy6
Match the conditions of formation with the minerals formed under those conditions:
Calcite; Biogenic Halite; Evaporite Sulfur; Volcanic Sublimate Olivine; Igneous Precipitate
Match these nonsilicate minerals to their chemical groups:
Calcite; Carbonate Hematite; Oxide Gypsum; Sulfate Pyrite; Sulfide Gold; Native Element
Match the nonsilicate mineral groups to their correct descriptions
Carbonates= have CO3 in their formulas Sulfates= have SO4 in their formulas Oxides= contain O not bonded to Si, C, or S Sulfides= contain S that is not bonded to O Halides= contain protons bonded to F, Cl, or Br Native elements= have only one element in their formulas
The physical properties of a mineral are closely linked to that mineral's _____.
Chemical Composition; Crystalline Structure
Which of these mineral groups are examples of sheet silicates:
Clays; Micas
What physical property of mica is being demonstrated in this image?
Cleavage
When a crystal is made of mineral types with varying amounts of different cations in layers from the center outward to the rims, it is said to have what?
Compositional Zoning
Which of these are properties used for the identification of a mineral?
hardness color luster chemical composition
Why is cleavage a good diagnostic tool for geologists?
it is identical from sample to sample for a given mineral