Geology Exam Review: Mountain Building

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Andean-type mountain building (ocean/continent):

Active continental margins , Subduction zone forms ; Deformation process begins: Continental volcanic arc forms Accretionary wedge forms

How are Aleutian and Andean mountains different?

Aleutian: ocean ocean subduction, volcanoes form at ocean, basaltic magma; Andean: ocean/continent subduction, volcanoes dorm on land (continental volcanic arcs), mountains, rhylotic magma

What is fold?

Changes due to compression, Material may bend, Rocks bent into waves, Compressional forces shorten & thicken crust; ex. metamorphic rock

what is isostasy?

Concept of a floating crust in gravitational balance , When weight is removed from the crust, crustal uplifting occurs ,Process is called isostatic adjustment (inbalanced like a mattress)

Buoyancy and the principle of isostasy :

Evidence for crustal uplift includes wave-cut platforms high above sea level

What are joints?

Fractures without displacement, rocks in the outer-most crust are deformed; no movement/displacement

Continental collisions

Where two plates with continental crust converge (e.g., India and Eurasian plate collision ,Himalayan Mountains and the Tibetan Plateau )

What is Horst and Graben?

a series of normal faults. graben: low points, horst: high points

What is deformation?

all changes in original form and/or size of a rock; Most occur along plate margins

What are the types of folds?

anticline, syncline, monocline, dome,

What are the types of faults?

dip-slip fault , normal fault

Faults breaks in rocks with _________.

displacement

What are strike slip faults?

dominant displacement is horizontal and parallel to strike; produced by shearing forces; transform fault:cuts through the lithosphere, associated with plate boundaries, plates moving past each other

What is a syncline fold?

downfolded rock layers

Parts of the dip-slip fault: The ________ wall is the rock above the fault surface. The ______ wall is the rock below the surface.

hanging wall and footwall

What is a normal fault?

hanging wall block moves down caused by tensional forces

What is a reverse and thrust fault?

hanging wall moves up, caused by strong compressional stresses

What is a monocline fold?

layered material layed down so you get a big step.

What is orogeny?

mountain building

What is a dip-slip fault?

movement along the dip of fault plane because of tensional forces

What are the Factors that influence rock strength?

Temperature and confining pressure , Rock type , Time

Continental accretion

Third mechanism of mountain building, Small crustal fragments collide with and accrete to continental margins ,Accreted crustal blocks are called terranes , Occurred along the Pacific Coast

What is a basin?

circular, or slightly elongated, down-warped displacement of rocks, youngest rocks are in the center

What is a dome?

circular, or slightly elongated; unwarped displacement of rocks; oldest rocks are in the center

What is faulting or faults?

cracking rocks; breaking of rocks due to tensional, shear or compressional force

________ refers to processes that collectively produce a mountain belt .Mostly at _________ boundaries

orogenesis; convergent boundaries

What is an anticline fold?

shape like an "A" ; upfolded, or arched rock layers

Aleutian islands:

subduction plates (plates sliding) , ocean/ocean subduction, get volcanoes formed in the ocean, volcanic islands, more basaltic magma

Andean mountains:

subduction plates (plates sliding, ocean/continent subduction, volcanoes form on land (continental volcanic arcs), some mountains form, rhylotic (more sticky explosive)

Anticlines and synclines can be:

symmetrical, assymetrical, and overturned - one limb is tilted beyond the vertical

What are the factors that determine how rock deforms?

they either fold or fault (break)


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