Geologyexam 1

For each of the numbered boxes, choose the correct answers from drop down menus. In some cases, terms can be used more than once.

#1 lava #2 extrusive igneous rock #3 intrusive igneous rock #4 sediment #5. sedimentary rock #6 metamorphic rock #7magma

For each of the LETTERED PURPLE ARROWS (A, B, C, D, E), choose the correct answers from drop down menus.

#1. cooling and crystallization #2weathering transport, deposition #3 lithification #4 metamorphism #5 melting

From the Video: Mineral Groups The video discusses the most common group of rock forming minerals are the (select). all of which contain

#1. silicates #2 silicon

As discussed in lecture, the age of largest granitic dome in North America is

1 Billion years

Limestone is dominated by the mineral ________.

Calcite

—————is a weak acid that reacts to the mineral calcite.

Carbonic acid

The country that mines the highest volume of each of the five most mined minerals is

China

Which of the following was a main objection to Alfred Wegener's continental drift hypothesis?

He couldn't provide a credible mechanism

The collision of the subcontinent of India and Asia started forming the ————-approximately 50 million years ago.

Himalayan Mountains

Which of the following best defines the relationship between minerals and rocks?

In a mineral, atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal structure, a rock is a lithifield or consolidated aggregate of mineral grains

An example of a modern convergent boundary would be——————I

India slamming into Asia

Examine the rock sample here. Did it form at the surface or below the surface, and how do you know?

It formed below the surface, because of its texture (grain size).

Use the accompanying figure of the Mohs scale of hardness to answer this question. If you have a mineral sample that is capable of scratching a penny but is scratched by a wire nail, it's hardness must be————-.

between 3:5 and 4.5

Which common mineral is composed entirely of silicon and oxygen?

calcite

The rock—————is a description of how one rock may be transformed into another kind of rock through various internal and external processes

cycle

FROM THE VIDEO ON THE SAN ANDREAS FAULT SYSTEM The San Andreas Fault

defined part of the boundary between the Pacific and North American plates.

FROM THE VIDEO ON CAPITOL REEF NATIONAL PARK Most of the sedimentary rocks seen on the video field trip were

detrital in origin

Which of the following minerals comprises just one element?

diamond

Continental rifts are associated with—————-plate boundaries.

divergent

New oceanic lithosphere is formed at ________.

divergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of basaltic magma

Coal primarily comprises ________.

organic matter

FROM THE VIDEO ON SIERRA NEVADAS The walls of Yosemite Valley expose igneous rocks from many different:

plutons

All of the atoms making up any given element have the same number of——————

protons in the nucleus

Obsidian is characterized by its ________ texture.

glassy

As discussed and illustrated in lecture, the largest natural mineral crystals known belong to the mineral

gypsum

The resistance of a mineral to stretching or abrasion is known as————

hardness

The area of crust directly above a rising mantle plume is a(n)—————.

hot spot

FROM THE VIDEO ON ICELAND Iceland behaves differently than other segments of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge because

it is also underlain by a mantle plume

Which of the following is the parent rock of marble?

limestone

Which one of the following is a sedimentary rock?

limestone

A —————-is a long-lived, stationary, magma source deep in the mantle, well below the base of the lithosphere

mantle plume

FROM THE VIDEO ON THE ADIRONDACK MOUNTAINS OF NEW YORK STATE

metamorphic

Examine the cross section through a hypothetical ocean basin. Locate the first formed ocean crust. As discussed in class, use the magnetic time scale at left to determine when continents A and B separated from one another.

2 Million years

All of Earth's current oceanic lithosphere was generated within the past———————-.

200 million years

As discussed in lecture, when did the most active exposed divergent boundary begin to develop?

28 Million years

How many cleavage directions does this mineral specimen display?

3

The ion at the center of a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron is surrounded by———————

4.oxygen ions

An atom's mass number is 13 and its atomic number is 6. How many neutrons are in its nucleus?

7

Describe the characteristics a substance must possess in order to qualify as a mineral, and then describe which of the following cannot be minerals, listing a specific reason fit each. a. Gold nugget b. Seawater c.Quartz d. Cubic zirconia e. Obsidian f.Ruby g.Glacial ice h.Amber

A mineral may be identified by its physical properties, it may be naturally occuring, have a crystaline structure, have a chemical composition, and be inorganic. Sea water may not be considered a mineral since it is a solid, has crystaline structure, and naturally occuring. A gold nuget is a mineral since it is a solid. Obsidian may be considered a mineral since it is naturally occuring.A ruby is a naturally occuring and solid rock. Glacial ica may be cobsidered a mineral since it is in a solid from and it is naturally occuring. Amber may b3 considered a mineral since it is in the form of a solid and it is naturally occuring. Cubic zirconia may be a mineral since it is a solid and is naturally occuring.

The———was created when Pangaea broke apart

Atlantic Ocean

As discussed in lecture, if the most active exposed divergent boundary continues to develop, what is the ultimate result?

Creation of a new ocean basin

As discussed and illustrated in lecture, what is the most active exposed divergent boundary?

East African Rift System

Examine the image. It shows ________, a freshwater reptile whose fossils Alfred Wegener cited as evidence of continental drift.

Mesosaurus

—————-was a supercontinent that existed in the late Paleozoic era of geologic time.

Pangaea

Most rock outcrops (about 75% of the total) are ________.

Sedimentary

Three of the following are true for minerals. Which one of the following is not true for minerals?

They can be a liquid, solid, or gas.

Discuss how the folllowing variables influence the rate of weathering mineral content,climate, and topography.

Topography affects the climate of a region since if a landscape is at a high elevation lower temperatures for the weather may result. The amount of minerals in the area may cause the weather to change since they are constantly moving the way the landscape is. If the climate of a region changes it may affect the weather. If in a place the temperature drops and has strong cold winds it may crash warm winds which could cause storms. The storms could lower the weather of the area.

List three (3) pieces of evidence that Alfred Wegener use to support his hypothesis of continental drift.? What additional evidence was added later (post-World War II) that suggested seafloor spreading? How do these two ideas unite to form the theory of plate tectonics?

Wegner was convinced the plates drifted apart from each other and he tried to prove it drawing a map showing how the continents were to be placed, collecting rocks, and other minerals. The university of A &M created a Deep Ocean Program which helped identify the spreading of the sea floor. The plates move due to the earhquakes that occur in the shallow of the ocean. The plates did drift apart but due to the movement created by the eartquakes in the ocean.

transform plate boundary is characterized by——————.

a deep, vertical fault along which two plates slide past one another in opposite directions

FROM THE VIDEO ON THE AFRICAN RIFT SYSTEM The development of the East African Rift System basalts and clastic sedimentary rocks can be used as a model for (chose all that apply)

all of the separation of plates belonging to Pangaea the breakup of Africa from South America

As discussed and illustrated in lecture, what are the five most mined minerals in the world?

coal, iron, bauxite, phosphate rock, gypsum

Rocks that contain crystals that are roughly equal in size and can be identified with the unaided eye are said to exhibit a ________ texture.

coarse grained

Granite is ________.

coarse-grained and dominated by quartz and feldspar crystals

Lithospheric plates can consist of which of the following components?

continental crust, lithospheric mantle, and oceanic crust

FROM THE VIDEO ON ICELAND Iceland straddles a plate junction dominated by

extension

Which of the following silicate minerals is the most abundant in Earth's crust?

feldspars

Regional metamorphism occurs during

mountain building

Linear, magnetic patterns associated with mid-ocean ridges are configured as

normal and reversed magnetized strips roughly parallel to the ridge

An aggregate of one or more minerals is called a(n) ________.

rock

What form of physical weathering is shown in this image?

root wedging

Exfoliation domes like the Llano Dome/Enchanted Rock are formed from which of the following processes?

sheeting

An igneous rock that cools rapidly is likely to have——-crystals

small

The reason we see so much mud and sand along the sea shores is that clay minerals and quartz are——————at Earth's surface.

stable

A volcanic island arc is the result of—————————-.

subduction of oceanic crust underneath oceanic crust

From the Video: Introduction to Minerals From the following list,choose the mineral commonly used in cosmetics

talc

The name of the largest granitic dome in North America is

the Llano Dome, TX

The longest topographic feature on Earth's surface is—————————-.

the oceanic ridge system

The San Andreas fault in California is a good example of a——————plate boundary.

transform

Alaska's Aleutian Islands formed as part of a ——————along a——————-boundary.

volcanic island arc; convergent

To transform an igneous rock into a sedimentary rock, which of the following processes must take place?

weathering, transport, deposition, and lithification