GERO 3326
Mr. K is a 66-year-old African American. He was admitted to the emergency room of Twin Peaks Hospital after passing out unexpectedly at work. He is having difficulty talking and does not know what happened to him. His wife provides the dietitian on staff the following information about his diet. Breakfast: eggs fried in butter, toast, and black coffee; Lunch: ham sandwich, canned soup, potato chips, diet soda, and a candy bar; Dinner: beef or other type of meat, potato with butter, broccoli with mayonnaise, ice cream, and black coffee.
Other related information: Blood pressure: 160 mm Hg/85 mm Hg LDL cholesterol: 140 mg/dL Occupation: Air Traffic Controller at LAX Hours of work: 60+/wk Family history: mother died from heart disease at 69 years of age Smoker: yes; 30 years, 2 pack/day Ht = 67" Fasting blood sugar: 120 mg/dL Wt = 210 lbs
In the National Health Interview Survey 2005-2006, nearly _____ of all adults aged 65 years and older reported having diabetes. a. 1 in 5 b. 2 in 5 c. 3 in 5 d. 4 in 5
a. 1 in 5
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for protein is: a. 10 - 35%. b. 20 - 35%. c. 35 - 45%. d. 45 - 65%.
a. 10 - 35%.
The Adequate Intake (AI) of calcium for women 51 and older is: a. 1000 mg/day. b. 1200 mg/day. c. 1300 mg/day. d. 1500 mg/day. e. 2500 mg/day.
a. 1000 mg/day.
On average, lean body mass decreases by _____ per decade from age 30 to 70. a. 2-3% b. 5% c. 8% d. 12%
a. 2-3%
Current recommendations call for _____ of total calories from fat. a. 20-35% b. 35-40% c. 40-50% d. 50-60% e. no specific percentage
a. 20-35%
What would be an appropriate amount of protein to recommend to Mrs. Brown if she is eating 1,000 Calories per day? a. 55 grams/day b. 77 grams/day c. 88 grams/day d. 100 grams/day e. >100 grams/day
a. 55 grams/day Calculation: (0.10 + 0.35)/ 2 = 0.225 x 1000 kcal = 225/4 = 56.25 g/ day
A decrease in physical activity and basal metabolic rate from early to late adulthood leads to an estimated decrease of _____ Calories in energy needs per year. a. 7-10 b. 12 c. 20 d. 25 e. 34
a. 7-10
The fat-soluble vitamins include: a. A, D, E, and K. b. AandC. c. B-complex and C. d. B-complex and K. e. All vitamins are fat soluble.
a. A, D, E, and K.
If the woman in question #23 drank a glass of regular, fortified milk, what is the most important essential nutrient that she added to her diet? a. Calcium b. Cholesterol c. Fluoride d. Glucose e. Vitamin C
a. Calcium
Which of the following behaviors exacerbates GERD? a. Drinking alcohol in excess b. Drinking regular or decaffeinated coffee c. Drinking apple juice d. Smoking e. a, b, and d
a. Drinking alcohol in excess
What are the top two conditions with the highest scores on the DETERMINE nutritional health checklist? a. Eating <2 meals/day and not having enough money to buy food b. >3 medications/day and >3 alcohol drinks/day c. Illness that changes the types of food eaten and not having enough money to buy food d. Living alone and >3 medications/day
a. Eating <2 meals/day and not having enough money to buy food
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding theories of aging? a. Free radical damage is known to promote chronic conditions including heart disease, cataracts, and some cancers b. Scientists postulate that if they could shorten the telomeres of chromosomes more slowly than happens naturally, cell senescence could be delayed c. Protein cross-links form because of exposure to high glucose levels, resulting in adverse changes in tissue and organ function d. Cells from long-lived species (such as humans) have higher Hayflick limits than cells from shorter-lived species (such as mice or rats)
a. Free radical damage is known to promote chronic conditions including heart disease, cataracts, and some cancers
Which of the following combinations do NOT represent complete proteins? a. Grains and seeds b. Grains and beans c. Seeds and beans d. Soybeans and milk e. Eggs and onions
a. Grains and seeds
What do you suspect is wrong with Mr. K? a. He had a heart attack b. He had a stroke c. He had a hypoglycemic episode due to diabetes d. He has brain cancer e. He has GERD
a. He had a heart attack
Seven signs and symptoms have been strongly related to dehydration in the elderly. Which of the following would NOT be one of these? a. Hearing difficulty b. Confusion c. Dry tongue d. Sunken appearance of eyes e. Upper body weakness
a. Hearing difficulty
How does her intake compare to her estimated protein needs? a. It is low; based on her weight she should be consuming at least 100 g b. It is high; based on her current weight, she should be consuming at least 25 g c. It is low; based on her current weight, she should be consuming between 45 and 70 g per day d. It is adequate to meet her needs based on her current weight and Calorie intake
a. It is low; based on her weight she should be consuming at least 100 g
A short-stature female (5'2") was not consistently eating two or three meals a day. She usually had a piece of toast and coffee with cream and sugar at breakfast and never could quite eat all of her home-delivered noon meal. What dietary supplement would you recommend? a. Multi-vitamin/mineral that is physiologically designed for elderly b. Calcium supplement only c. Folate, vitamin B12, and iron only d. Calcium and magnesium only
a. Multi-vitamin/mineral that is physiologically designed for elderly
A 75-year-old man was trying to live on a limited food budget. He asked for help reading the food label on a carton of calcium-fortified orange juice. What information would be important for him to know? a. Older adults need more vitamin C than what is recommended on the label. b. If the label says one 8-oz serving meets the DV for calcium, then the gentleman would need almost 1.2 servings or 10 oz. c. The elderly man should try and consume the DV for energy, 2000 Calories. d. All of the above information would be important for him to know.
a. Older adults need more vitamin C than what is recommended on the label.
Blood-thinning medications may warrant keeping the amount of vitamin K consumed at a constant level. Which of the following foods would NOT be a good source of vitamin K? a. Prunes or dried plums b. Kale c. Spinach d. Broccoli e. All of these foods are good sources of vitamin K
a. Prunes or dried plums
Is this within the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for carbohydrate intake? a. Yes b. No
a. Yes Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for carbohydrates 45-65%
An elderly man who is 75 years old and recently had prostate cancer treatments would likely have: a. a doubling of bone mass loss. b. a slowing of bone mass loss. c. a twenty-five percent chance of mortality within 6 months. d. a fifty percent chance of mortality within 1 year.
a. a doubling of bone mass loss.
The two leading causes of death among the elderly are heart disease and _____. a. cancer b. accidents (automobile) c. arthritis d. Alzheimer's/dementia e. diabetes
a. cancer
The 4 C's of nutrition education include: a. commitment, cognitive processing, capability, and confidence. b. capability, capacity for change, cognitive processing, and confidence. c. capacity for change, cognitive processing, commitment, and control. d. control, commitment, cognitive processing, and confidence. e. capacity for change, cognitive processing, control, and connectivity.
a. commitment, cognitive processing, capability, and confidence.
Nutrient-dense foods can be defined as: a. foods that contain good sources of nutrients and are low in Calories. b. foods that contain low amounts of nutrients and are high in Calories. c. foods that contain good sources of nutrients and are high in Calories. d. foods that contain low amounts of nutrients and are low in Calories. e. all animal-containing foods.
a. foods that contain good sources of nutrients and are low in Calories.
Nutritional treatment for older overweight or obese persons includes _____. a. healthy, nutrient-dense foods that help promote slow weight loss of fat and preserve muscle b. a high-protein, very-low-carbohydrate diet c. decreasing sodium intake and increasing whole grains d. moderating the amount and modifying the type of fiber eaten e. a high-monounsaturated fat, high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet
a. healthy, nutrient-dense foods that help promote slow weight loss of fat and preserve muscle
Diets that include low-glycemic index carbohydrates have been found to be beneficial in: a. improving blood glucose levels in people with diabetes. b. reducing elevated levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. c. increasing levels of HDL cholesterol. d. decreasing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. e. all of the above
a. improving blood glucose levels in people with diabetes.
Age-associated physiological system changes that affect nutritional health include all of the following EXCEPT: a. increased secretion of saliva. b. reduced levels of estrogen and testosterone. c. blunted appetite regulation. d. reduced breathing capacity. e. less blood flow.
a. increased secretion of saliva.
The FIRST remedy advised for osteoarthritis is: a. lose weight if overweight. b. take high levels of antioxidants such as vitamin C. c. take chondroitin and glucosamine to relieve inflammation. d. take SAM-e to help reduce pain and stiffness. e. All of the above should be used in combination.
a. lose weight if overweight.
Risk factors for developing constipation include all of the following EXCEPT: a. low-fiber diet. b. dehydration. c. high iron intake. d. medications such as NSAIDs. e. All of the above could cause constipation.
a. low-fiber diet.
Nutrition advice for people that are taking blood-thinning medication due to a stroke is to: a. maintain a stable vitamin K intake. b. avoid all foods with vitamin K. c. eat vitamin K-rich foods ONLY in the evening and take medication in the morning. d. take a supplement of vitamin K along with your medication. e. eat large amounts of vitamin K at every meal.
a. maintain a stable vitamin K intake.
Mr. K is: a. obese. b. overweight. c. normal weight. d. underweight.
a. obese.
The majority of older Americans have one or more comorbidities, which include all of the following EXCEPT: a. osteoporosis. b. hypertension. c. arthritis. d. heart disease. e. obesity.
a. osteoporosis.
More than anything, older adults want to _____. a. remain independent b. live at home c. never visit a medical doctor d. avoid purchasing over-the-counter or prescription medicines, creams, or vitamin supplements e. eat well
a. remain independent
The best description of postmenopausal bone loss in women is _____. a. slow, gradual bone losses b. accelerated, marked bone losses c. variable bone loss rates d. none of the above
a. slow, gradual bone losses
Programmed aging theorizes that senescence occurs because: a. the telomeres capping the ends of chromosomes become shorter with each cell division and their loss eventually stops the chromosomes from replicating. b. mistakes in the replication of cells or buildup of damaging by- products from biologic processes eventually destroy the organism. c. unstable oxygen, formed normally during metabolism, can damage cells by initiating reactions that break down cell membranes. d. fast-paced living shortens one's lifespan.
a. the telomeres capping the ends of chromosomes become shorter with each cell division and their loss eventually stops the chromosomes from replicating.
The recommended dietary fiber intake range for adults 51 years old and above is _____. a. age plus 5 grams b. 10-15 grams c. 21-30 grams d. There are no fiber recommendations because the elderly take fiber supplements.
b. 10-15 grams 14 g/ 1000 kcal
Protein should contribute approximately _____ of your energy intake. a. <10% b. 10-35% c. 40% d. 50% e. >50%
b. 10-35%
A centenarian is defined as a person that reaches _____. a. his/her expected life span b. 100 years of age c. 110 years of age d. senescence
b. 100 years of age
How many Calories from carbohydrates is Jill consuming daily? a. 750 b. 1000 c. 1750 d. 2250
b. 1000 Calculation: 250 g carbs x 4 = 1000 kcal
It is difficult to meet vitamin and mineral needs at Calorie levels below a. 1300. b. 1600. c. 1800. d. 2000. e. It is hard to meet vitamin and mineral needs at ANY calorie level; therefore, a multivitamin is ALWAYS recommended.
b. 1600.
Based on your calculations in question #21, what is the % fat in the smoothie? a. 0% b. 2% c. 10% d. 15% e. 20%
b. 2% Calculation: 9 kcal/ 453 kcal = 0.02
The Healthy People 2010 goal was for 40% of the population to perform physical activities that enhance and maintain flexibility; however, only approximately _____ of adults 65 or older achieve this. a. 13% b. 22% c. 35% d. 41% e. 55%
b. 22%
What is Mrs. Brown's BMI? a. 17 b. 23 c. 26 d. 31 e. 34
b. 23 Calculation: BMI = (weight (lbs) x 703)/ height^2 (in^2) = (130 x 703)/ 63^2 = 23
Tight control of blood sugars by maintaining glycosylated hemoglobin below _____ can lead to better quality of life for the older person with diabetes and result in fewer long-term complications. a. 3% b. 7% c. 11% d. 19% e. 23%
b. 7%
Life expectancy has increased significantly from the 1900s. Today, life expectancy at birth is _____. a. 72 years b. 78 years c. 85 years d. 89 years e. 93 years
b. 78 years
Which of the following is NOT one of the DETERMINE warning signs of poor nutritional health? a. Disease b. Early detection c. Economic hardship d. Elder years above 80 e. Involuntary weight loss/gain
b. Early detection
Having a deficiency of which vitamin has been implicated in increased blood levels of homocysteine in the elderly? a. Iron b. Folate c. Calcium d. All the B vitamins and vitamin C e. Fat-soluble vitamins only (A, D, E, K)
b. Folate
Is this within the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for fat intake? a. Yes b. No
b. No Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for fat 20-35%
How does her current weight compare to her usual weight? a. She is 77% of her usual body weight b. She is 83% of her usual body weight c. She is 94% of her usual body weight d. She is 120% of her usual body weight
b. She is 83% of her usual body weight
The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) means: a. an intake level that meets the nutrient needs of 98% of healthy people. b. an intake value that meets the nutrient needs of half the healthy individuals in a group. c. the upper limits of a nutrient compatible with health. d. the nutrient intake standard for healthy people. e. that this is a "tentative" RDA.
b. an intake value that meets the nutrient needs of half the healthy individuals in a group.
Which of the following would NOT be an example of an approved dietary supplement claim? a. calcium builds strong bones b. calcium prevents bone fracture c. vitamin E, an antioxidant, helps maintain cell membranes d. XYZ helps promote urinary tract health e. XYZ gives you energy and focus throughout your busy day
b. calcium prevents bone fracture
Which of the following is NOT one of the roles that water plays in the body? a. energy transformation b. energy metabolism regulation c. excretion of wastes d. temperature regulation e. medium in which most chemical reactions take place
b. energy metabolism regulation
The balance of fluids, nutrients, gases, temperature, and other conditions needed to ensure proper functioning of cells is known as: a. regulation. b. homeostasis. c. energy balance. d. cellular respiration. e. none of the above
b. homeostasis.
The only chronic condition that has higher prevalence in older adults than arthritis is: a. diabetes. b. hypertension. c. cancer. d. stroke. e. osteoporosis.
b. hypertension.
Sarcopenia means: a. lack of appetite. b. loss of muscle associated with aging. c. weight below the 5th percentile for age. d. loss of fat mass due to illness. e. loss of saliva.
b. loss of muscle associated with aging.
When height and weight cannot be measured, alternative calculations using the ulna, knee height, and _____ are suggested. a. thigh circumference b. mid-upper-arm circumference c. waist circumference d. waist-to-hip ratio e. body mass index
b. mid-upper-arm circumference
Of all the physiologic changes that occur with aging, the biggest effect on nutritional status is due to shifts in the _____. a. endocrine system b. musculoskeletal system c. gastrointestinal system d. nervous system e. renal system
b. musculoskeletal system
By 2050, 20 percent of the population in the U.S. is expected to be: a. 55 years old. b. over 65 years old. c. over 75 years old. d. 85 years old.
b. over 65 years old.
In the DASH-sodium study, the greatest overall blood pressure reduction occurred in the subjects who: a. reduced sodium intake to no more than 2400 mg/day. b. reduced sodium intake to no more than 1500 mg/day. c. reduced sodium intake to no more than 1000 mg/day. d. increased aerobic activity. e. had the highest blood pressure to start.
b. reduced sodium intake to no more than 1500 mg/day.
Having a deficiency of which nutrients has been implicated in increased blood levels of homocysteine in the elderly? a. vitamin B12, folate, and iron b. vitamin B12 and folate c. calcium, vitamin D, and vitamin B12 d. all the B vitamins and vitamin C e. fat-soluble vitamins only (A, D, E, K)
b. vitamin B12 and folate
The human life span is projected to be _____ years. a. 102 - 104 b. 105 - 110 c. 110 - 120 d. >120
c. 110 - 120
The recommended Calorie intake for energy for females between the ages of 60 and 74 is 1900 Calories. Calculate how many grams of carbohydrate they should consume to meet the recommendations that "45-65% of total calories come from carbohydrate." (Round up.) a. 130 - 145 b. 175 - 220 c. 215 - 310 d. 400 - 550
c. 215 - 310 Calculation: 0.45 x 1900 kcal = 855 kcal 855 kcal/ 4 carbs = 213.75
In a longitudinal study including diet monitoring, older women who ate the best diets were _____% less likely to die than the women who ate few grains, fruits, vegetables, low-fat diary products, and lean meats. a. 12 b. 25 c. 30 d. 50 e. 65
c. 30
What is Mr. K's BMI? a. 14.8 b. 27 c. 33 d. 36 e. 41
c. 33 Calculation: (210 x 703)/ 67^2 = 33
Is The percentage of energy that comes from Jill's intake of fat is: a. 13%. b. 30%. c. 43%. d. 56%.
c. 43%. Calculation: 250 g carbs x 4 = 1000 kcal 100 g fat x 9 = 900 kcal 50 g protein x 4 = 200 kcal Total = 2100 kcal 900 kcal/ 2100 kcal = 0.43
It is recommended that _____ of Calories come from carbohydrates. a. 40-50% b. 45-55% c. 45-65% d. 50-65% e. 50-70%
c. 45-65%
The percentage of energy that comes from Jill's intake of carbohydrate is: a. 12%. b. 25%. c. 48%. d. 57%. e. 65%.
c. 48%. Calculation: 250 g carbs x 4 = 1000 kcal 100 g fat x 9 = 900 kcal 50 g protein x 4 = 200 kcal Total = 2100 kcal 1000 kcal/ 2100 kcal = 0.48
Which of the following statements reflects the most accurate assessment measurement? a. An older adult weighing herself at home b. A new breastfeeding mom recording what she ate over the past 24 hours c. A dietitian interviewing a mom with a 5-year-old toddler about what he ate over the past 24 hours and then asking her to record what the toddler ate over the next two days d. A physician asking the height of an 80-year-old male patient
c. A dietitian interviewing a mom with a 5-year-old toddler about what he ate over the past 24 hours and then asking her to record what the toddler ate over the next two days
The water-soluble vitamins include: a. A, D, E, and K. b. A and C. c. B-complex and C. d. B-complex and K. e. All vitamins are water soluble.
c. B-complex and C.
Which of the following warning signs would NOT be part of the nutrition checklist used to identify risk factors in the elderly? a. Reduced social contact b. Multiple medications c. Elder years above age 70 d. Economic hardship e. Tooth loss
c. Elder years above age 70
What are the two most important health habits older adults feel they need to maintain in order to avoid losing autonomy and independence? a. Avoiding cigarettes and complete abstinence from alcohol b. Drinking alcohol in moderation and avoiding cigarettes or people who smoke c. Good nutrition and exercise d. Daily exercise and moderate alcohol intake e. Brushing their teeth daily and walking for 30 minutes 3 times a week
c. Good nutrition and exercise
An overweight elderly woman with type 2 diabetes visits her health care provider. When asked how her blood sugar control has been, the woman remarks, "Better than ever." What blood test could the provider order to verify this? a. Hemoglobin b. Hematocrit c. Hemoglobin A1C d. Blood triglycerides
c. Hemoglobin A1C
Which of the following are considered to be "essential" nutrients? a. Fiber b. Cholesterol c. Linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid d. Glucose e. All of the above are considered essential
c. Linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid
What food serving below does NOT provide significant amounts of iron? a. Round steak, 3 oz b. Pork and beans, 1⁄2 cup c. Peaches, 1⁄2 cup d. Iron-fortified breakfast cereal, 1 cup
c. Peaches, 1⁄2 cup
Which of the following has NOT contributed to life expectancy rate estimates? a. Infant mortality rates b. Infectious and chronic diseases c. Safe food handling d. Gunshot wounds or car accidents e. Childhood mortality
c. Safe food handling
What nutrient would someone susceptible to high blood pressure be consuming too much of with a meal consisting of a salami sandwich, chicken noodle soup, and whole milk? a. Sugar b. Caffeine c. Sodium d. Water e. Calcium
c. Sodium
Which of the following regimens would best help an elderly person to maintain functional status? a. Estrogen pills and walking downstairs b. Healthy diet and stress-reduction biofeedback c. Swimming with webbed gloves and walking 2 - 3 times/week d. Calcium supplements and walking 2 - 3 times/week
c. Swimming with webbed gloves and walking 2 - 3 times/week
A 65 year old was buying an iron supplement for her "weak blood." She asked the pharmacist what amount was the greatest amount of iron she could take every day. What dietary intake standards could the pharmacist use to provide the best recommendation? a. Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) b. Adequate Intakes (AIs) c. Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) d. Estimated Average Requirements (EARs)
c. Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs)
A food label ingredient list reads: wheat flour, vegetable shortening, sugar, salt, and cornstarch. What item would contribute the greatest amount of WEIGHT in that food? a. Salt b. Sugar c. Wheat flour d. Cornstarch e. Vegetable shortening
c. Wheat flour The first ingredient listed is the highest amount.
In the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, what types of grains are encouraged? a. Enriched grains b. Fortified grains c. Whole grains d. Non-whole grains
c. Whole grains
Which of the following nutrients is considered nonessential? a. vitamin C b. iron c. cholesterol d. potassium e. vitamin E
c. cholesterol
Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in old age remain the same as in younger adults and include all of the following EXCEPT: a. diabetes. b. hypertension (140 mmHg/90 mmHg). c. elevated HDL cholesterol. d. body mass index (BMI) >30. e. elevated LDL cholesterol.
c. elevated HDL cholesterol.
According to the previous answer, Mrs. Brown's BMI means she is: a. very underweight. b. underweight. c. normal weight. d. overweight. e. obese.
c. normal weight. 18.5 - 25 normal 25 - 30 overweight >30 obese
Phytochemicals are chemical substances found in _____ that protect human body processes and may benefit health. a. animals b. the human body c. plants d. both plants and animals e. none of the above
c. plants
Obesity is defined as having a body mass index of _____. a. 18.5-24.9 b. 25-29.9 c. ≥30 d. ≥35 e. ≥40
c. ≥30
Which of the following are the correct six categories of nutrients? a.Fat, alcohol, carbohydrate, protein, vitamins, minerals b.Fat, carbohydrate, fiber, protein, vitamins, minerals c.Fat, carbohydrate, protein, water, vitamins, minerals d.Fat, carbohydrate, protein, fiber, water, vitamins e.Fat, carbohydrate, protein, fiber, water, alcohol
c.Fat, carbohydrate, protein, water, vitamins, minerals
What would the blood pressure of an elderly woman diagnosed with hypertension be? a. 90 mmHg/70 mmHg b. 110 mmHg/70 mmHg c. 110 mmHg/90 mmHg d. 140 mmHg/90 mmHg
d. 140 mmHg/90 mmHg
A woman ate 1⁄2 of a pita bread sandwich filled with tuna salad. The entire sandwich contained 20 grams carbohydrate, 8 grams protein, and 5 grams fat. Approximately how many calories did she obtain? a. 80 b. 130 c. 150 d. 160
d. 160 Calculation: 20 g carbs x 4 = 80 kcal 8 g protein x 4 = 32 kcal 5 g fat x 9 = 45 kcal
Recommendations for the macronutrients for the elderly are: a. 40-60% of energy from carbohydrate, 25-35% of energy from fat, and 10-35% of energy from protein b. 35-55% of energy from carbohydrate, 20-35% of energy from fat, and 10-35% of energy from protein c. 50-70% of energy from carbohydrate, 20-35% of energy from fat, and 10-35% of energy from protein. d. 45-65% of energy from carbohydrate, 20-35% of energy from fat, and 10-35% of energy from protein. e. 50-65% of energy from carbohydrate, 25-40% of energy from fat, and 10-35% of energy from protein.
d. 45-65% of energy from carbohydrate, 20-35% of energy from fat, and 10-35% of energy from protein.
After class, you go to Jamba Juice and get an "Orange-a-Peel" smoothie that contains the following nutrients: 9 g of protein, 102 g carbohydrate, and 1 g of fat. How many total Calories does this provide? a. 299 b. 399 c. 448 d. 453 e. 546
d. 453 Calculation: 9 g protein x 4 = 36 kcal 102 g carbs x 4 = 408 kcal 1 g fat x 9 = 9 kcal total= 453 kcal
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggests that longevity depends _____ percent on lifestyle factors and 19% on genetics. a. 10 b. 19 c. 44 d. 51 e. 81
d. 51
Adults are approximately _____ water by weight. a. 20-30% b. 40-50% c. 50-60% d. 60-70% e. 70-80%
d. 60-70%
_____% of older people between ages 65 and 74 consider their health to be good to excellent. a. 10-25 b. 26-40 c. 45-60 d. 63-80 e. 90
d. 63-80
How is nutritional status affected when an older adult has a stroke? a. The ability to swallow may be forgotten b. The ability to chew may be altered c. Teaching may need to be done on how to feed oneself d. All of the above e. a and b only
d. All of the above
What should the discharge? a. How motivated do you think your husband is to change his habits? b. How often does your husband eat meals out? c. Who does the cooking and how willing is he/she to try new cooking methods? d. All of the above e. a and c only
d. All of the above
Which of the following food groups would give a person a high amount of probiotics in his/her diet? a. Fresh sauerkraut b. Soy sauce, tempeh, miso c. Buttermilk d. All of the above e. b and c only
d. All of the above
Which of the following groups of people would be considered most appropriate to recommend a dietary supplement to? a. Pregnant women b. People with poor or monotonous diets c. Lacto-ovo vegetarians d. All of the above e. a and b only
d. All of the above
The general term used to describe recommended intake levels of nutrients (reference standards) for planning and assessing diets in all healthy people is: a. Adequate Intake Levels. b. Tolerable Upper Limits. c. Essential Nutrients. d. Dietary Reference Intakes.
d. Dietary Reference Intakes.
What two monosaccharides are found in sucrose (table sugar)? a. Glucose and lactose b. Glucose and glucose c. Glucose and maltose d. Glucose and fructose
d. Glucose and fructose
Which of the following services do Title IIIC Programs NOT pay for? a. Home meal delivery b. Ethnic meals c. Nutrition education d. Grocery delivery
d. Grocery delivery
Which of the following would NOT be considered one of the four components of nutrition assessment? a. Anthropometric assessment b. Biochemical testing c. Clinical examination d. Initial evaluation e. Diet history
d. Initial evaluation
26. Which of the following is an example of an empty-calorie food? a. Diet cola b. Red kidney beans found in chili c. Coffee d. Potato chips
d. Potato chips
Which of the following is NOT true about the development of nutrient deficiencies or toxicities? a. Nutrient deficiencies begin after a period of inadequate nutrient intake b. Cellular processes become impaired c. Physical signs and symptoms of toxicity or deficiency appear d. Returning dietary intake to normal can reverse ALL the problems that have occurred
d. Returning dietary intake to normal can reverse ALL the problems that have occurred
Which of the following would NOT be one of the three types of dehydration? a. Isotonic b. Hypotonic c. Hypertonic d. Supertonic
d. Supertonic
Which of the following would NOT be considered a "high-quality" source of protein? a. Meat b. Milk c. Eggs d. Wheat e. All of the above are considered "high-quality" proteins.
d. Wheat
Foods are made "functional" by: a. taking out potentially harmful components. b. increasing the amount of nutrients and beneficial non-nutrients. c. adding new beneficial compounds to them. d. all of the above e. a and b only
d. all of the above
Hydrogenation is: a. the addition of hydrogen to oil in order to make it solid. b. a process that enhances the shelf life of products. c. the alteration of the molecular structure of fatty acids. d. all of the above e. a and c only
d. all of the above
In free-living older adults, nutritional risk status was found to be the most important predictor of: a. total number of physician visits. b. visits to physicians in the emergency room. c. hospitalization rates. d. all of the above e. a and c only
d. all of the above
Secondary malnutrition may be precipitated by: a. medication. b. a disease state. c. a surgical procedure. d. all of the above e. b and c only
d. all of the above
Which of the following vitamins acts as an antioxidant in the body? a. vitamin C b. vitamin E c. beta-carotene d. all of the above e. a and b only
d. all of the above
Inspection of hair, eyes, skin, and posture is part of the nutrition assessment component known as the: a. diet history. b. anthropometrics. c. biochemical testing. d. clinical examination. e. initial evaluation.
d. clinical examination.
Dietary fiber reduces the risk of coronary heart disease, but older adults are more often concerned with the role of fiber for: a. decreasing the incidence of diverticular disease. b. decreasing the incidence of type 2 diabetes. c. decreasing the risk of hypertension. d. gastrointestinal health. e. supplying essential nutrients.
d. gastrointestinal health.
It is common for the elderly to have suboptimal vitamin D status or develop vitamin D deficiency due to all of the following EXCEPT: a. a decrease in the skin's ability to make vitamin D. b. use of large amounts of sunscreen. c. decreased intake of vitamin D-containing foods. d. increased hydroxylation in the kidneys.
d. increased hydroxylation in the kidneys.
All of the following statements about food labels are true EXCEPT: a. they note the presence of common food allergens. b. they appear on almost all multiple-ingredient foods. c. they list the content of fat, saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol. d. they contain information about the amount recommended for ingestion each day. e. they list the % Daily Value (%DV) for each relevant nutrient.
d. they contain information about the amount recommended for ingestion each day.
Which of the following nutrient intakes is NOT a risk factor for osteoporosis? a. Inadequate calcium intake b. Heavy alcohol consumption c. Low body weight d. ↑ iron intake
d. ↑ iron intake
Percent Daily Values on the Nutrition Facts label are based on a _____-calorie diet. a. 1000 b. 1200 c. 1500 d. 1800 e. 2000
e. 2000
For someone wishing to increase her vitamin B12 intake through food alone, what foods could you suggest that are leading sources of this vitamin? a. Beef b. Milk c. Fish d. Fortified cereals e. All of the above
e. All of the above
If an adult is trying to decrease her risk of heart disease, which of the following should she try to avoid? a. Breaded and fried foods b. Packaged snack foods c. Foods made with trans fat d. Saturated fats e. All of the above
e. All of the above
Producers of bread, cornmeal, crackers, flour tortillas, white rice, and other products made with refined grains MUST use flours enriched with which of the following? a. Thiamin b. Niacin c. Iron d. Riboflavin e. All of the above
e. All of the above
What other suggestions could you give her to help prevent weight loss and increase protein in her diet? a. Eat more calories throughout day b. Exercise to help build muscle mass c. Try a protein & energy supplement d. Avoid foods that irritate you e. All of the above
e. All of the above
Which of the following factors places an individual at higher risk for a stroke? a. Family history b. Living in poverty c. Ethnicity d. Cigarette smoking e. All of the above
e. All of the above
Oral health depends on several organ systems working together. Which of the following is NOT one of these organ systems? a. Saliva from gastrointestinal secretions b. The skeletal system c. The mucous membranes d. Taste buds e. All of the above contribute to good oral health functioning.
e. All of the above contribute to good oral health functioning.
It is common for the elderly to have suboptimal vitamin D status or develop vitamin D deficiency due to all of the following EXCEPT: a. inadequate exposure to sunlight. b. use of excessive amounts of sunscreen. c. decreased intake of vitamin D-containing foods. d. decreased hydroxylation in the kidneys. e. All of the above would be reasons why the elderly have vitamin D deficiency.
e. All of the above would be reasons why the elderly have vitamin D deficiency.
Key recommendations found in the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans emphasize: a. the importance of achieving and maintaining a healthy body weight. b. engaging in moderately intense physical activity on most weekdays. c. focusing on whole grains and highly colored vegetables. d. cooking foods to safe temperatures. e. These are all key points.
e. These are all key points.
Theories of aging can be examined from two perspectives. Which of the following is considered one of these? a. Natural selection theory b. "Wear and tear" theory c. Non-programmed aging theory d. Caloric restriction theory e. a and b
e. a and b
When may it be beneficial to recommend a vitamin or mineral supplement to an elderly person? a. When they experience loss of taste or smell b. When they have an illness causing a loss of appetite c. When they are consuming a nutrient-dense diet d. All of the above e. a and b
e. a and b
When trying to promote healthy teeth and avoid cavities, what is important to know? a. Caramels and raisins are sticky and can wedge between teeth b. Sipping slowly on soft drinks can increase bacterial growth c. Coffee can break down enamel and cause wear and tear on teeth d. All of the above e. a and b
e. a and b
Which statement(s) describe(s) how physiologic doses found in a vitamin-mineral formula for the elderly differ from high-potency formulas? a. Additional vitamin B12 is added b. Little or no iron is added c. Decrease in zinc d. Additional vitamin E is added e. a and b
e. a and b
A deficiency in vitamin B12 may lead to: a. irreversible neurological damage. b. cognitive impairment. c. constipation. d. all of the above e. a and b only
e. a and b only
The main symptoms of GERD include: a. heartburn. b. acid regurgitation. c. bloating and cramping. d. all of the above e. a and b only
e. a and b only
What dietary changes might help with her heartburn? a. Skipping the martinis before dinner b. Avoiding coffee c. Changing her milk to whole vs. non-fat d. All of the above e. a and b only
e. a and b only
When too few calories are consumed, the body will obtain energy from which of the following sources? a. Glycogen b. Fat stores c. Protein from organs d. All of the above e. a and b only
e. a and b only
What other risk factors does Mr. K have? a. He is obese b. He is African American c. He eats a high-sodium diet d. All of the above e. a and b only
e. a and b only African Americans are 3 times more likely to have cardiovascular risks.
A "calorie" is _____. a. the amount of energy transferred from food to the body b. the amount of energy inside fat cells c. measured in units known as kilocalories d. measured in units known as kilograms e. a and c
e. a and c
An example of a functional food would be: a. lactose-free milk. b. "egg beaters." c. orange juice with vitamin D added. d. all of the above e. a and c only
e. a and c only
Aging theories try to explain the mechanisms behind: a. loss of physical resilience. b. decreased resistance to disease. c. physical and mental changes associated with aging. d. gray hair and wrinkles. e. a, b, and c only
e. a, b, and c only
Which of the following statements is true about calcium supplementation and absorption? a. Low calcium levels have been linked to colon cancer, overweight, and hypertension. b. High intake of calcium interferes with zinc and iron absorption. c. High intake of calcium may result in elevated urinary excretion of calcium. d. Calcium is better absorbed in pill form. e. a, b, and c only
e. a, b, and c only
Unhealthy fats are considered fats that elevate levels of LDL cholesterol and include: a. trans fats. b. saturated fats. c. monounsaturated fats. d. cholesterol. e. a, b, and d only.
e. a, b, and d only.
The definition of stroke is: _____. a. reduced cerebral blood flow b. an obstruction that clogs a blood vessel supplying oxygen to the brain c. a vessel in the brain that ruptures and decreases blood supply to the brain d. plaque that builds up in the arteries supplying blood to the brain e. a, b,and c
e. a, b,and c
Which of the following has/have been shown to make bones weak? a. Bed rest b. Hospitalization c. Sedentary lifestyle d. Resistance exercise e. a, b,and c
e. a, b,and c
According to national intake data, older adults are not eating enough: a. potassium. b. vitamins A, D, E, and K. c. magnesium. d. calcium. e. all of the above
e. all of the above
Changes in oral health are common in older adults, and may include the following: a. missing teeth. b. cavities. c. xerostomia. d. dysguesia. e. all of the above
e. all of the above
Physical activity helps: a. build lean body mass. b. maintain flexibility and balance. c. improve aerobic capacity. d. maintain health. e. all of the above
e. all of the above
The greatest dietary improvement older-adult Americans could make would be to _____. a. earn more money to purchase healthy foods b. eat more vegetables c. eat more whole grains d. take more calcium supplements e. b and c
e. b and c
Good food sources of antioxidants would include which of the following foods? a. Bananas, raisins, figs b. Oranges, sweet potatoes, bell peppers c. Spinach, blueberries, cranberries d. All of the above e. b and c only
e. b and c only
Mrs. Brown is at risk of nutritional deficiency due to: a. her current BMI. b. involuntary weight loss. c. problems with dentures. d. all of the above e. b and c only
e. b and c only
What information about Mr. K. indicates you have the correct diagnosis in the above question? a. He has high blood sugar b. He has high LDL cholesterol c. He has high blood pressure d. All of the above e. b and c only
e. b and c only
Caloric restriction in animals has been shown to do all the following EXCEPT: a. decrease age-related diseases. b. shorten lifespan. c. cause them to live longer. d. accelerate muscle loss. e. b and d
e. b and d
The most common reason that vitamin B12 deficiency, or at least compromised B12 status, occurs in older adults is because a. diets are frequently low in vitamin B12, since oral problems and financial difficulties limit meat intake and meats are the best dietary sources of B12. b. pernicious anemia is common in the elderly. c. malabsorption of vitamin B12 found naturally in foods is common in the elderly. d. the elderly have a higher incidence of bacterial overgrowth, which decreases secretion of hydrochloric acid. e. both c and d
e. both c and d
Diabetes leads to a tenfold greater risk of all of the following EXCEPT: a. amputations. b. neuropathies. c. macular degeneration. d. cataracts. e. elevated blood lipids.
e. elevated blood lipids.
