Ghana, Mali, Songhai, Slave Trade Mr. Toale Quiz

Mali Leadership: What are some attributes of the kings of Mali?

- Some very powerful. - Some weak-minded. - Rich. - Victorious.

What act did Mohammed Ture carry out that Mansa Musa also carried out?

- Went to Mecca on a religious journey. - All muslims have to go to Mecca. - Pilgrimage

How did Songhai eventually fall?

- Internal reasons, Civil war. - Moroccans wanted to control Sub-Saharan gold trade. - Drought/Diseases.

How does some freedom of religion contribute to a successful society?

- It allowed people to live freely. - People had rights.

Mali Trade: How important was trade to Mali?

- It was very important due to its location which was a strategic position for trade routes which linked the countries north of the Sahara.

Why was Sonni Ali not liked by Muslim or Islamic scholars?

- Lack of respect for Islam. - Doesn't follow Islam closely. Not as devout. - Portrayed as disrespectful, ruthless, oppressive.

Timbuktu: Why was Mali successful and powerful?

- Major trading centers. - Plentiful resources like water (Niger river), grains, animals, milk.

Mali Trade: Why was Mali successful and powerful?

- Mali had the wealth form gold and salt. - Controlled trade with natural resources they had which gave them power. - Location also played a big role in wealth and power.

What allowed the leaders of Songhai to rise in terms power and land?

- Mali started to decline. - Big, strong, powerful army. - Expanded the territory.

What religion was followed by the majority of Mali's King?

- Mali's King was very devoted to the Islamic Religion.

Mali Trade: What were the most valuable goods traded?

- Most valuable goods traded were salt, gold, copper.

Religion: Why was Mali successful and powerful?

- Muslims were secretaries and accountants. - Kings were very devoted. - People were educated in trade, leadership, architecture, and education.

Similarities between Timbuktu and your society.

- Enjoys music and dance. - Peaceful by nature.

What does the quote by Leo Africanus about wealth say about the importance of slavery?

- Slaves are valuable. - If you had a lot of slaves you were wealthy.

The Traders

- 1400's - Portugal has rights to explore/trade in Africa and Brazil. - Spain has the rights to explore/trade in America's

The Process

- African tribes frequently raided on another. - Africans Western/Central will be captured by other stronger. - Brought to the coast after being exchanged by many tribes. -Once reaching the coast, placed in a large holding facilities until shipped.

How did Mohammed Ture shift culture in Songhai?

- All his decisions were based on the Islamic religion (his religion)

Ghana Trade

- Berbers: merchants from northern edge of Sahara. - Traded salt, cloth, horses. - Traded for gold, wood, and nuts. - Tariff: tax on imported goods.

How has climate change played a role in the salt trade? How is it similar to the role of climate change already discussed in Africa?

- Climate in Africa has caused many miners and traders to live in harsh, warm conditions which can be unbearable. - The climate discussed earlier is almost the same with warm and humid weather.

Was everyone in the kingdom expected to follow the same religion? Explain.

- Everyone isn't expected to follow the same religion because a lot of people still practiced their old religion. - Mansa Musa (emperor of the Mali empire) was Islam while some later rulers were also very devout (having or showing deep religious feeling or commitment) - The king declared the Jews as enemies and wouldn't allow any Jews to live in the city.

What were the exports and imports of Songhai?

- Export: gold, kola nuts, slaves. - Imports: horses, salt, luxury goods, textile.

Ghana

- First powerful West African Kingdom. - Located in present day Senegal, Mauritania - "Ghana" was the name given to the leader of Ghana. - Ghana = War Cheif

What does the quote by Leo Africanus about Timbuktu say about culture in Songhai?

- Focused on education like Mali. - Organized and controlled.

Mali

- Formed as a result of fall of Ghana. - Seize gold and salt mines.

What empire did Songhai originally fall within?

- Ghana and Mali.

Education: Why was Mali successful and powerful?

- Great education allowed people to become teachers and priests. - Timbuktu was the center for intellectual achievement next to Cairo. - Books were written and sold which made the kingdom very profitable.

Mali Leadership: What king of power did the kings of Mali demonstrate?

- Had a lot of strength physically which showed power and caused fear to companions and enemies. - Brave and large army. - Very wealthy.

What challenges did Timbuktu face?

- High risk of fire spreading. - High power wind. - Good spot for trade, but easy for raiders to break in.

Mali Leadership: Why was Mali successful and powerful?

- Huge amount of wealth (gold). - Strong government which overpowered neighboring nations. - Large army - Lots of goods and resources.

What was it like to live in Timbuktu?

- Hut of clay covered sticks with thatched roofs. - In the middle of the city there is a stone temple and the king's palace. - Lots of merchants selling items (fabric). - Dancing in the city. Peaceful nature. Trading very important to you.

Mali Trade: How did the kingdoms geographical position help?

- Important clue to its power and wealth. - Had strategic trade routes that linked countries all around the Sahara. - Has copper mines which were crucial in trade patterns.

Besides profit what was salt used for both historically and present day Mali?

- In the past blocks of salt were used to build houses and mosques. - Today it is used for living in salt huts and drinking salt water.

Rise of Mali

- Institute rigid social structure. - Children of warriors become warriors. - Children of rulers would become rulers. - Trade in gold/salt with Europe, North Africa, Middle East.

Ghana Government

- Power rested with person who controlled gold. - Emperor owned all gold mined in Empire. - Gold used to pay army, build structures, further civilizations.

What what was the focus of much of the education in Timbuktu?

- Reading and recitation.

Once in America's

- Slaves taken off ships and immediately cleaned and oiled. - Sold at auctions or traded to Spanish/ Portuguese colonists.

New Forms of Slavery: Slavery in America's

- Slaves were seen as property and animals. - Chantel Slavery: People are considered property. Slaves would be enslaved forever and any children they have will be slaves.

New Forms of Slavery: Slavery in Africa

- Slaves were still seen as humans and were not beaten unless they did something wrong.

How Religious Were People in the Kingdom of Mali?

- Some people were more devoted than others. It varied on the person and their values.

Mali Leadership: What does the Atlas reveal about the importance of Mali to Europeans?

- Source of gold and trade.

How is modern technology affecting salt trade?

- Stop using camels. - Use trucks now.

What resources played a major role in Timbuktu?

- Sweet water, grains, animals, milk, butter, and salt.

Describe the climate experienced in salt trade?

- The journey was already dangerous, but the climate made it even more dangerous. - Scarce amount of water, tired camels, oases drying, temperature increasing.

Mali Leadership: How powerful were the kings of Mali?

- There are many kings in Mali that differ from each other. - Mansa Suleiman and Sakura were great examples of a King, but Mansa Khalifa was the opposite of what king should do.

Based on resources you studied why was Mali successful and powerful?

- They likes their kings. - Kings listened to what they had to say.

How important was education in the kingdom of Mali?

- Timbuktu thought learning was very important to the region. - Education gives you more power and allows you to become a judge.

Mali Trade: What goods did the kingdom of Mali Trade?

- Traded salt, gold, coin, jewelry, kola nuts, animal skin, slaves, grain, meat, dairy products, copper.

The Slave Ship

- Used for trading = hold a lot of cargo. - Crowded, unsanitary, and brutal. - Slaves mostly under deck and chained. - Slaves ships crossed Middle Passage. - Middle Passage: The route across the Atlantic from Africa to the America's (South America, Caribbean)

The king appoints judges, teachers, and priests. What does this tel us about Malian Society?

- Values knowledge. - Respects learning. - Most likely educates their citizens.