GIS 343 Midterm Study Set

What is the range of elevation values?

-228.87 to 625.04

What is the data percentage shown in the Table of Contents? Now, zoom-in to 1/6 of the area of the northwest quadrant (about 1:2,700 scale). What is the percentage now?

14.9%, 100%

What are the four "point-spacing" values given? Examine the Point Spacing column.

2.904, 2.763, 2.947, 2.750

What was the largest point spacing? The smallest point spacing? The average of your ten measurements?

6.87, 3.35, 5.31.

High density LiDAR is generally considered to have a point density of ... what? Choose one from the choices.

8 points per meter

Why does a closest facility analysis include driving directions as part of the output?

A closest facility analysis relies on a network dataset, so directions are calculated automatically.

When performing a closest facility analysis, the analyst can specify constraints, such as "Cutoffs." What is a cutoff?

A driving time beyond which the network analyst will not search.

Which of the following characteristics of Zip Code Tabulation Areas are true? There is only one correct response.

A generalized area that represents the areas that the United States Postal Service serves as Zip Codes defined by the most frequently occuring zip code in a census block.

Select the best definition for the term, Space, as it pertains to Geographic Thinking.

A limited extent in one, two, or three dimensions.

What does the "Z-Range" represent? What are the range of Z values here?

A range of elevation values in feet above or below standard ground level. -94.51 to 625.04.

Which three fundamental characteristics are measured/analyzed with a location query?

Adjacency, Containment, Proximity

"Place" is______________? Choose the best response.

All of the choices are reasonable responses to describe "Place."

Which of the following provides the best definition for Cartographic Modeling?

An integrated sequence of data processing tasks that organize, combine, analyze, and display information to address a question.

Which vector spatial analysis technique should be used to find land cover polygons that have a forested characteristic?

Attribute Query

Which two vector analysis functions could be used to address the following problem? Find students within the 54481 zip code. You have the following data: Students with full postal address attributes (Point feature class) Zipcodes (Polygon feature class)

Attribute Query or Location Query (Containment)

Choose the example that best fits an Inductive Logic Model.

Based upon what we know about road and transportation networks in cold weather climates, the conditions are applied to determine how roads wear in all geographic regions of cold weather.

Visually assess the horizontal accuracy of these LiDAR points for your three identified objects (e.g. tree crowns). Measure at least four distances of points outlining these features. What were their individual object averages.

Building Average = 5.17 Stadium Average = 2.55 Vegetation Average = 2.60

Which function is useful for updating the acreage of a feature class, after modifying a polygon?

Calculate Geometry

This part of the Geodesign Framework considers "how the project area might be altered."

Change Models

Which of the following choices is not one of the three general geographic domains?

Chemical and physical reactions

Which function extracts and keeps the geographic area where one layer overlaps with another layer, but does not keep attributes of the extracting layer?

Clip

One of the challenges in cartographic modeling is determining which variables are most important to accurately modeling a phenomenon. Select the best choice that describes what you can do to determine useful variables in a cartographic model. Select all answers that apply. There is more than one.

Compare the results of your model (i.e. predicted mountain lion routes) to actual travel characteristics of mountain lions in the region (i.e. telemetry data). Modify criteria until the model creates a best (better) fit of actual conditions., Thoroughly research the phenomenon in question. Example: Conduct research or review scientific articles about such things as: How do mountain lions behave? What is their preferred habitats? What do they tend to avoid?

In the article entitled, How Companies Learn Your Secrets, select the three steps in the loop that creates habits. Select three responses from the choices below.

Cue a trigger that tells the brain to go into an automatic mode., Create a routine that can be physical, mental, or emotional., Offer a reward that helps the brain remember that this loop is worth remembering.

In the New York Times article entitled: Walmart-What they know about you. How does Walmart collect data about its customers?

Data is collected at checkout. Every item sold to a customer is monitored including time of sale, price, the store of sale, etc.

Which type of model is passive and designed to describe the study area as it exists or has existed in a previous state?

Descriptive Model

Match the characteristic of different LiDAR returns to its corresponding product.

Difference between Last Return and prior returns = Digital Height Model Last Returns = Digital Elevation Model or Digital Terrain Model Primarily First Returns, but also other returns other than last return = Digital Surface Model

Which data management function aggregates adjacent features into a single larger feature.

Dissolve

If intensity is the strength of the return, and the values represent how strongly the object reflected light with the wavelength used by the laser system, what could cause the values to vary? Consider the range of Intensity (what values), and then wat is being measured by the laser beam. Select each reasonable answer. There is more than one correct response.

Distance also affects intensity. Energy from more distant objects return less energy back to the sensor., Atmospheric interference like clouds or fog can dissipate the energy from the laser beam, interfering with true intensity readings., The reflection/absorption capacity of the objects the laser hits. Different classes of objects (ground, vegetation, buildings, etc) consist of different materials and have differing reflection/absorption characteristics.

Why were the ruggedness, distance to roads layer, land cover layer, and protected status layer all reclassified in the mountain lion habitat model?

Each of these layers use different classification and categorization methods. Because of these differences, one cannot combine these layers in a useful way. All layers were reclassified to the same classification scheme to they could be combined to find most suitable places for mountain lions.

Which function will eliminate the geographic area of one feature where it shares geographic space with another layer?

Erase

A LiDAR first return is always the bare earth or terrain.

False

An address for geocoding must contain all location components (from house number to postal code) before it can be mapped.

False

Decisions made at a global scale (with global impact) tend to be less risky as compared to decisions made at a local scale (with local impact).

False

Esri's XY event table can use Latitude and Longitude coordinates. Latitude is X and Longitude is Y.

False

Paul Longley's text, Intermediate and Advanced Geospatial Techniques, is required reading for this course.

False

The U.S. Census Bureau is presently under the U.S. Department of Labor.

False

The land cover data layer used in the mountain lion habitat study applies the Vector data model.

False

When expressing latitude and longitude coordinates on an X Y plane, X = Latitude and Y = Longitude.

False

How did the Focal Statistics (Spatial Analyst Tools) change the elevation data layer into an output layer that determined an area's ruggedness?

Focal statistics generated a "range" of elevations. The greater the range or change in elevation values, the more rugged the elevation conditions.

Which of the following attribute category headers is used to describe each unique U.S. Census geography?

GEOID

In the mountain lion habitat model, you used the Distance Accumulation tool to model distance from roads. How did this tool operate? Use the ArcGIS Pro online help as necessary to address this question.

It calculates the accumulated distance for each cell in the raster layer to a source or sources, allowing for straight-line distance, cost distance, true surface distance, as well as vertical and horizontal cost factors.

The Longley article uses the phrase, Ecological Fallacy. What is an ecological fallacy according to the article?

It is a failure in reasoning that arises when an inference is made about an individual based on aggregate data for a group...

Why was the GCS_WGS_1984 coordinate system useful for mapping latitude and longitude coordinates.

It is a geographic (spherical) coordinate system. Latitude and longitude are designed to make location measurements on a sphere.

What is an address locator file?

It is a reference dataset that contains information used for geocoding. It includes address attributes and other attributes needed to match locations to create an output.

The LiDAR Point cloud is stored in what type of data model, typically?

LAS

Which two data inputs are best used to address the following problem? Find parcels that are agricultural and greater than 40-acres.

Land use, Parcels

Why is cartographic modeling described as an ordered algorithm or spatial equation? Choose the best response.

Like an equation or algorithm, cartographic modeling is a function or set of functions applied to spatial data. If you swap out geographic data for another region, the same functions are applied to the new region to understand the similar types of characteristics for the new region.

Match the components required for geocoding to their description.

Locator = The tool used to tie the location descriptions from the input data to place features on a map. Reference Data = Contains a master list of addresses that the locator uses to find matches. Input Data = Contains the location descriptions provided by the user - the locations to be mapped.

How does Paul Longley define Geodemographics from his article, Geodemographics and the practices of geographic information science?

Longley cites the definition offered by Harris et al. 2005, "The classification of people by where they live."

What is the coordinate system of the Baltimore data layers?

NAD_1983_StatePlane_Maryland_FIPS_1900_feet

Match the type of network dataset to its travel characteristic.

Network Dataset = Travel is measured on edges flowing in both directions. Geometric Network = Travel is measured along edges, but only in one direction at a time.

In using street address information for geocoding, describe the part of the address by its name used in the geocoding process. Do this for the following address: 123 North Columbine Lane NE, Centennial, CO 80011.

North = Prefix Direction Columbine = Street Name 123 = House Number CO = State 80011 = Zip Code Centennial = City Lane = Street Type NE = Suffix Direction

Why are the number of returns per unit area higher than the number of pulses sent earthward?

One pulse sent earthward can have multiple returns - typically 3-5. One return for each object the laser hits.

Which two situations might cause driving directions toward facilities to be different from driving directions away from them? There is more than one correct response.

One-way streets, Streets with prohibited turns.

Regarding closest facility analysis, match the setting to its description.

Output = Options for how you would like to display the results of the analysis. Arrive/Depart Time = Specify the time and date if you have a cost attribute that includes traffic. Mode = The way you want the closest facilities to be created - type of transportation and distance versus time. Direction = Will the analysis be based on travel that is toward or away from the facilities.

What classification are the stripes of pink points running north to south through the dataset? Refer to the symbology legend.

Overlap/reserved

Which function imprints the boundaries and attributes of one layer onto another layer.

Overlay Analysis (Identity)

Why are LiDAR points not equally spaced? Refer to the introductory discussion on pages 1 and 2.

Point density and spacing is a function of flying altitude, pulse rate, scan rate, and scan angle. Moreover, with a horizontal accuracy of 40 cm, point spacing may vary because of the types of objects the laser scans.

The I-57 Highway Study is an example of which type of model?

Prescriptive

Match the route sequencing type to its characterization.

Preserve First Stop = The route will start at the first stop, but every stop after that can be changed. Find Best = The route is based on the most efficient way to visit all the stops. Use Current = The route will use the stops in the order in which they were created. Preserve First and Last Stop = The route will start at the first point or stop and end at the last stop, but every other stop can be changed.

How is this course taught? What format?

Primarily face-to-face. Accommodations may be made for students who are sick or require an online learning alternative. Contact your instructor, if you require online learning. Some course materials will be available via online learning, only.

This part of the Geodesign Framework considers "how the project area functions or operates."

Process Models

What purpose does the Esri Tapestry dataset serve?

Provides insights into age, education, likelihood of ownership, willingness to buy certain products, purchasing power, how consumers like to receive information.

Finish this phrase. A buffer is a type of...?

Proximity Analysis

Cartographic modeling is affected by, what? Lecture described three conditions. What are they?

Resolution of the data, Operational refinement, Detail necessary to sufficiently address the question or problem.

What is an example of a barrier in the road network that would affect routes?

Road construction

A LiDAR consists of multiple components. Link the component to what it measures or its use.

Rotating Mirrors = Directs laser light along cross-track axis Global Positioning System = Latitude, Longitude, and Altitude of the aircraft and sensor. Laser = The signal being transmitted and then received by the LiDAR sensor Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) = Pitch, Roll, Yaw of the aircraft and sensor.

In creating the Mountain Lion Corridor layer, which factors were included in the Input Cost Raster (Suitability Surface)? Choose all that apply. There is more than one correct choice.

Ruggedness (reclassified), Distance to Roads (reclassified), Protected Status (reclassified), and Cover (reclassified).

Where is the course held? What building, which room?

Science, B308

How does LiDAR point spacing determine the derived resolution of gridded data layers? Refer to the commentary on pages 1 and 2 of this exercise.

Smaller (tighter) point spacing results in greater accuracy of derived gridded layers. With a tighter point spacing, there is more data in which to derive better accuracy and potentially better resolution.

Why did you establish Snap Raster parameters in the ArcGIS Pro environments for the Mountain Lion Habitat model?

Snap raster ensured that all output raster layers will match the cell alignment of the chosen layer, so all cells overlap exactly, helping to ensure an accurate analysis.

Select those responses that are examples of "costs" in finding the best route. There is more than one correct response.

Speed Limit, Time at a stop light, Distance

What structures can you identify from the points within the four quadrants? Why are these structures easily identifiable? You will only be able to see each quadrant separately, so you'll need to zoom in and out.

Stadiums are easily identifiable, as well as large roads and parking lots. These are easily identifiable because they have familiar shapes.

Which type of model assumes that phenomena are distributed based upon statistical probability?

Stochastic

LiDAR light intensity is affected by which of the following choices? There is more than one correct response.

Surface composition, Incident angle, Distance between the sensor and the object, Beam and receiver.

Article I Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution is often called the "Enumeration clause". What is the enumeration clause?

The enumeration clause establishes rules for counting numbers of people in the United States. While enumeration means "a count," congress has broad discretion in the method.

Closest facility analysis in ArcGIS Network Analyst can determine which two situations? (Choose two.)

The facility or incident to which it takes the least time to drive, The closest facilities to one or more incidents.

What is the definition of Geospatial Analysis according to Longley et. al.?

The process by which we turn raw data into useful information.

Which provides the best definition for the term Geocoding?

The process of adding location features to a map, normally as points, from a table of coordinates or addresses.

How many exams are there in this course? How many points are they worth?

There are two topical Canvas exams. Each is worth 100 points for a total of 200 points.

Choose the best explanation for why Geographic Information Science has a problem generalizing and defining modifiable areal units.

There is no single method that can be applied to generalize the characteristics of places.

The Longley article identifies various problems with "Neighborhood Classification." Select the problems of neighborhood classification, below. There is more than one correct response.

Those individuals who share their views are not necessarily representative of those people who do not share theirs., Zonal aggregations can change or shift over time., Aggregated data can draw false conclusions about individuals in the aggregated cluster., The inherent "Black Box" nature of these types of solutions.

Confidentiality of individual and organization data responses for the U.S. Census are protected by which of the following?

Title 13 of U.S. Code

According to Esri, "Costs" are values that makes one route more desirable than another. (Note that Geog 343 lecture called costs, impedances)

True

Address locations geocoded along a block are interpolated or estimated as a distance between the starting address and ending address within a block. Using this method, geocoding does not provide an exacting location.

True

All things considered geospatial are also spatial in their nature?

True

Any route must have stops, which are points or places along a route. Stops are points that are connected by a route along a network.

True

As problems shift from local to global scales, as a general rule public understanding moves lower, while scientific complexity moves higher.

True

Attendance is mandatory in this course. Students who miss more than a combination of 5 lectures or labs lose all 100 attendance points. If you are unable to attend class, you are expected to contact your instructor before the class period begins.

True

Decennial census is only taken every 10 years.

True

Each congressional district is to be as equal in population to all other congressional districts in a state as practicable.

True

Geog 343/543 course materials are protected intellectual property at UW-Stevens Point. While you may use these materials for personal use related to the participation in this class, you may not copy or share materials outside of class.

True

Graduate students enrolled in Geog 543 are required to complete additional coursework. Normally, a special GIS project of their choosing in consultation with the instructor. The special project is worth 20 percent of the course grade.

True

If your network dataset included traffic costs, a closest facility analysis with a specified Arrive/Depart Time could send an ambulance to a different hospital than it was assigned to the day before.

True

Impedance is a measure of the resistance to traverse along the network.

True

Late lab assignments and lab quizzes are not graded, unless you contact your instructor prior to the due date.

True

Locators can be built by the user, with their own data, for nearly any purpose (e.g. mapping parking kiosks).

True

Locators can be created for full street addresses, landmarks, natural features, or just place names.

True

Noise signatures in LiDAR returns are unexpected objects - those that might have an unexpected height in context with its surroundings.

True

Speed limit is an example of an impedance along the network.

True

The Weighted Sum tool provides the ability to weight and combine multiple inputs to create an integrated analysis. With it, multiple raster inputs, representing multiple factors, can be combined using weights or relative importance among the factors.

True

The census TIGER files provide a nationwide map of roads.

True

The closest facility analysis calculates the closest facility or facilities to one or more incidents based on distance or travel time.

True

The first U.S. Census was conducted in 1790 and was led under Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson.

True

This course is lab intensive with 17 total lab assignments. One 25-point assignment may be discarded and not count toward your final grade. All 50-point assignments must be completed. Points from labs add up to 600 course points.

True

You can choose to show the results of a closest facility analysis on the map using lines that run straight from facilities to incidents or straight from incidents to facilities.

True

When (day of the week, time of day) is this course offered?

Tuesdays and Thursdays from 9-10:50 AM.

What are the classes assigned in the dataset? What do you think could be the unassigned category?

Unassigned, Ground, Noise, Overlap/Reserved. There is relatively good coverage of classes on the landscape - the unassigned category is likely assigned features that have unexpected intensity returns that fall outside the range of acceptable values.

In the article entitled: How Companies Learn Your Secrets, how does Target acquire a unique code for each individual customer? Select all answers that apply. There is more than one correct response.

Use of a customer's credit card., Processing a refund, Use of an assigned coupon

What is the purpose of the Decennial Census? What is its data used for? Select all responses that are true. There are multiple correct responses.

Used by the states to help determine and delineate state legislative districts., Determines the number of representatives each state has in the House of Representatives., Helps to decide the distribution of grants-in-aid and revenue sharing programs by state based on population, per capita income, and other statistics.

A trends analysis measures ...what?

What has changed since?

Which of the following is NOT one of the 10 geospatial questions?

What is the best symbol to represent a phenomena?

History is to the question "when" as Geography is to the question_________________?

Where

Do some features include a Z value? Is the Z-value unit the same as the x,y coordinate values (feet, meters)?

Yes, they are both in feet.

Do the coordinate systems for the Baltimore feature dataset match the coordinate system of the LAS files?

Yes, they match.