Give me liberty!

Who were the Peninsulares?

persons of European birth

who were the mestizos?

persons of mixed Spanish and Indian origin

The freedom of a Christian man or woman meant/means

subservience, submission, and servitude to God.

The chief goal of fifteenth-century Portuguese expansion was

the establishment of a trading empire in Asia.

Which of these crops did not form the basis of Native American agriculture?

wheat

At the time of first contact between Europeans and Native Americans, Native Americans had not developed

wheeled transportation.

In European exploration, conquest, and colonization of the New World after 1492, all of the following were true

-Europeans imagined the Americas as a place of golden cities and fountains of youth. -Africans were enslaved and treated with great cruelty. -millions of Indians died from diseases brought by the Europeans.

Which was the means by which Cortez conquered the Aztecs?

-He was aided by thousands of Native Americans. -He relied on superior military technology such as iron weapons and gun powder. -He was aided by a smallpox epidemic that killed many Aztecs.

Which was expressed by Bartolome de Las Casas in A Very Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indes in 1552?

-He wrote that Spanish Catholics burned Native American children alive. -He asserted that Indians should be able to keep their land. -He suggested that African slaves be imported into the Americas. -He described how the Spanish made forced laborers of Indians of all ages.

Which were characteristics of "coverture"?

-In marriage a wife surrendered her legal identity. -A wife could not sign contracts in her own name. -If a wife worked, she did not control her wages. -A wife could not write a separate will.

What were the aspects of Native American religious beliefs?

-Most Indians held that a single creator god created the world. -Most Native Americans believed spiritual powers suffused the world in animals, plants, trees, water, and wind. -Shaman and medicine men held central positions of authority. -Participation in religious rituals helped define community membership.

Which were characteristics of American Indians?

-They arrived in the Americas as early as 60,000 to 15,000 years ago. -Agriculture emerged in Mexico and the Andes about the same time it was in-vented in ancient Mesopotamia, about 9,000 years ago. -There were no large domesticable animals for use as livestock or to pull plows in the Americas.

Which of the following were the significant motivation behind European coloniza-tion in the New World?

-the acquisition of profitable lands and precious metals -the attainment of national glory -the religious and cultural uplift of "barbaric" peoples

The reconquista happened in

1492

The first African slaves were transported to the New World in what year?

1502

Europeans in the 1500s held firmly to the view that all men are created equal.

False

In 1493, the Catholic Pope, Alexander VI, divided all the Americas between Spain and Britain.

False

Most European men in the 1500s owned property and could vote.

False

The Aztecs lived in a peaceful, non-violent society.

False

Of the ten million people who crossed the Atlantic Ocean to settle in the Americas in the 328 years from 1492 to 1820, most were white Europeans.

False (most were African slaves. 7.7 millions?)

Which of the following European countries did not have a colonial presence in seventeenth-century North America?

Germany

In the 1500s and 1600s, the Spanish in Central and South America relied on many of which of the following groups to work fields and mines?

Indians

Which of the following was not a feature of Native American civilization prior to the voyages of Columbus?

Large cities were unknown to the Americas.

During the Pueblo Revolt, which of the following names was ordered to never be spoken again?

Mary

In which country did the reconquista occur?

Spain

The oldest site in the present-day United States to be continuously inhabited by Europeans is

St. Augustine, Florida.

Which of the following was not a notable feature of sixteenth-century Spanish America?

The Spanish crown took little interest in the administration of colonial affairs.

Which of the following was a characteristic or action of the Pueblo Indians of the Southwest?

They diverted the Colorado River as part of their ritualistic ancestor worship.

Africans enslaved other Africans long before the arrival of European traders.

True

Colonial America was a hierarchical society in which some European colonists were indentured servants, Indians were held in forced labor, and Africans were slaves.

True

Horses, cows, pigs, and sheep were unknown to the Americas until Europeans brought them there.

True

Perhaps 80 million Native Americans died in the century and a half following first contact in consequence of diseases carried by Europeans.

True

Spanish settlers in the New World comprised a mix of laborers, soldiers, priests, bureaucrats, craftsmen, and professionals.

True

Prior to 1800, the largest settled community in what is now the United States was

Cahokia

Which of the following series of events is listed in proper sequence?

Cortés's conquest of the Aztecs; Las Casas's Destruction of the In-dies; Spanish abolition of Indian enslavement

Which of the following was not a prominent cultural belief among Indian societies of North America?

Only holders of property should take part in tribal governance.

Which is not an achievement of the Indians of North America in the thousands of years before Columbus's arrival?

People in present-day Arizona constructed a large circle of red-earthen boulders.

A significant outcome of the Portuguese arrival in West Africa was

an expansion of Africa's internal slave trade.