Give Me Liberty 6th Edition Brief Chapter 4.

The Seven Years' War

(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

Delaware Slave Population

1,836 (5%)

Georgia Slave Population

15,000 (45)

Elections and Political Debate in Pennsylvania

1765 engraving depicting an election in Pennsylvania suggests the intensity of political debate in the Middle Colonies, as well as the social composition of the electorate. The people standing outside arguing are physicians (with wigs and gold-topped canes), ministers and lawyers. Men wait on the steps to vote.

Virginia Slave Population

187,600 (42)

New York Slave Population

19,062 (12%)

Rhode Island Slave Populations

3,761 (6%)

Massachusetts Slave Population

4,754 (2%)

Pennsylvania Slave Population

5,561 (2%)

Connecticut Slave Population

5,698 (3%)

Maryland Slave Population

63,818 (32%)

New Hampshire Slave Population

654 (1%)

North Carolina Slave Population

69,600 (35%)

South Carolina Slave Population

75,168 (61%)

New Jersey Slave Population

8,220 (7%)

Father Junipero Serra

A major Canadian Franciscan friar that founded the mission chain in California. He was a great promoter of the spread of Christianity because of his missions.

Who was Ayuba Diallo?

A muslim merchant who was a victim of slave trade in 1731 and was transported to Maryland. He escaped in 1733 and gained freedom. He became a celebrity in England.

Comanche Map

A rare map by a comanche artist depicts the Battle of Sierra Blanca of July 30, 1787, between the Comanche and Apache warriors in modern day New Mexico. The battle was a victory for the Comanche, they only had one person die and four wounded while the Apache had four dead and captured 35.

Atlantic Trade Routes

A series of trading routes crisscrossed the Atlantic, bringing manufactured goods to Africa and Britain's American colonies, slaves to the New World, and colonial products to Europe.

The Trial of Zenger

A trial that took place in 1735, involving John Peter Zenger, a German printer who emigrated to New York. His newspaper, the Weekly Journal criticized the governor for corruption, etc. The court ultimately decided that Zenger was not guilty and the victory of the case set a warning to all that it would be difficult to win cases involving libel. The victory also promoted freedom of speech to the extent that if something is true, it should be published.

Spanish North America

A vast territorial empire on paper, Spanish North America actually consisted of a few small and isolated urban clusters. Despite establishing religious missions and presidios, the Spanish population in Spain's North American empire remained relatively small and sparse.

The Old Plantation

A water color, depicting slaves dancing in a plantation slave quarters, maybe at a wedding. The musical instruments and pottery are African origin, while much of the clothing is European fractured, indicating the mix of cultures. The artist is John Rose, owner of a rice plantation near Beaufort, South Carolina.

African Religion in Colonial America

Although african religions varied as much as those on other continents, they shared some elements, especially belief in the presence of spiritual forces in nature and a close relationship between the sacred and secular worlds. In the religions of West Africa, the region from which most slaves brought to British North America originated, there was no hard and fast distinction between the secular and spiritual worlds. Nature was suffused with spirits, and the dead could influence the living.

Benjamin Franklin

American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution. Has artwork made by Benjamin West. He is seated in the clouds, surrounded by angelic assistants while demonstrating the electrical nature of lightning.

What was the Stono Rebellion?

An early slave revolt that caused the South to increased dependency on indenture.

Who was Olaudah Equiano? And what is he best known for?

At 11yrs old he was kidnapped and put into slavery. He was sold many times and then bought by a British Sea Captain. His new name was Gustavas Vassa. He was sent to school in England and learned to read and write. He joined the royal navy. In 1789 he published a book called "The INteresting Narrative of the life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavas Vassa, The African." It became the most widely read book by a slave for that era. He died in 1797.

Desire for Freedom

Blacks often risked their lives to try to escape slavery. Newspapers were filled with advertisements for runaway slaves. The slaves had a strong spirit of liberty. Uprising happened in New York, and then in Louisiana. Slaves seized the opportunity for rebellion offered by the war of Jenkins' Ear.

British Patriotism and Liberty

Britannia is blind and she lets a bird out of a cage.

Friars Preaching

By the missionary Pablo de Beaumont, which depicts demons dispatched by the devil as an ever-present threat to the missionaries' efforts to convert Native Americans.

George Whitefield

Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights."

British Patriotism

Despite the centrality of slavery to its empire, eighteenth-century Great Britain prided itself on being the world's most advanced and freest nation. Most Britons shared a common law, a common language, a common devotion to Protestantism, and a common enemy in France. Britons believed that wealth, religion, and freedom went together.

An Empire of Freedom Focus Question: What were the meanings of British liberty in the eighteenth century?

Despite the slavery of the empire, 18th century Great Britain prided itself on being the world's most advanced and freest nation. Britons believed that wealth, religion, and freedom went together. Central to this sense of British identity was the concept of liberty. British liberty was simultaneously a collection of specific rights, as a national characteristic, and a state of mind.

The Rise of the Assemblies

Elected assemblies became more assertive in colonial politics during the eighteenth century. The colonial elected assemblies exercised great influence over governors and other appointed officials. Leaders of the assemblies drew on the writings of the English Country Party.

The Proclamation Line

Royal proclamation of 1763 designed to protect Indian tribes by setting a boundary at the peaks of the Appalachian Mountains beyond which no western white settlement was to take place

"Join, or Die"

Famous cartoon drawn by Ben Franklin which encouraged the colonies to join in fighting the British during the French and Indian War

Freedom of Expression and Its Limits

Freedom of speech was a relatively new idea. Freedom of the press was generally viewed as dangerous. After 1695, the government could not censor print material, and colonial newspapers defended freedom of the press as a central component of liberty.

The French Empire

French traders pushed into the Mississippi River valley southward from the Great Lakes and northward from Mobile, founded in 1702. New Orleans was established in 1718. In St. Lawrence River valley of French Canada, prosperous farming communities developed. By 1750 the area had a population of about 55,000 colonists. Another 10,000 (about half Europeans, half African-American slaves) resided in Louisiana.

The Georgia Experiment

Georgia was established by a group of philanthropists led by James Oglethorpe in 1733. Oglethorpe had banned liquor and slaves, but the settlers demanded their right of self-government and repealed the bans by the early 1750s.

New Orleans in 1720

Hand-colored engraving from around 1720 depicts the mouth of the MIssissippi River and the city of New Orleans, then quite small . On the left and right are Native American villages surrounded by stockades.

Who was WIlliam Duguid

He was a Boston textile merchant, who was painted in 1773 by Prince Demah Barnes. It depicts Duguid wearing imported clothing with an elaborate floral pattern. What makes the painting unique, however, is that Barnes was a slave, whose owner, a Massachusetts merchant, encouraged what he called Barnes's "natural genius" and took him on a brief visit to London for training. He was still a slave when enlisted into the militia in 1777 after his Loyalist owners fled the state. He died of smallpox in 1778.

The Colonial Press

In British North America, press expanded rapidly especially on election day. By the time the eve of the American Revolution, three-quarters of the free adult male population in the colonies (and more than one-third of the women) could not read or write, and most of the American families owned at least one book. **The first continuously published colonial newspaper, the Boston News-Letter. **The best edited newspaper was the Pennsylvania Gazette.

African-American Cultures

In the Chesapeake, slaves learned English, participated in the Great Awakening, and were exposed to white culture. In South Carolina and Georgia, two very different black societies emerged: Communities on rice plantations retained significant African cultural elements (e.g., housing styles, child naming practices, language). Slaves in the cities of Charleston and Savannah assimilated more quickly into Euro-American culture. In the northern colonies, a distinctive African-American culture developed more slowly, and African-Americans enjoyed more access to the mainstream of life.

Slave Cultures and Slave Resistance Focus Question: What factors led to distinct African-American cultures in the eighteenth century?

In the Chesapeake, the slave population began to reproduce itself making possible the creation of family-centered slave communities. Slaves were continuously exposed to white culture and soon learned English. On rice plantations, slaves lived in very harsh conditions and had low birth rate. Northern slaves developed a culture more slowly due to the concentrated population, but they had more mobility and access to the mainstream of life.

What was the impact of the Seven Years' War on imperial and Indian-white relations?

Indians were constantly being pushed into a "middle ground" between European empires and Indian sovereignty. With the balance of power diplomacy that had enabled groups like the Iroquois to maintain a significant degree of autonomy was eliminated. The war deepened the hostility of western Pennsylvania farmers toward Indians.

The American Enlightenment

Influenced by the Scientific Revolution of the 17th century, this event emphasized the power of reason gained and applied it to human nature and society. The new intellectual culture in the Colonies stressed the importance of humanism and reason, removing the power of Church and placing more power in the hands of the individual, a mark of the modern age.

Two Treatises of Government

Is a refutation of the divine rights of kings and the absolutist theory of government. A book written by John Locke which stated details about natural rights and that people were born with and entitled to life, liberty, and property.

Slave Trading Vessel

It depicts the interior of a slave-trading vessel, the Marie-Seraphique. The cargo carried in barrels, generally guns, cloth, and metal goods, was to be traded for slaves. The third image from the left depict the conditions under which slaves endured the Middle Passage across the Atlantic. The ship carried over 300 slaves.

Liberal Freedom

Liberalism was strongly influenced by the philosopher John Locke. Lockean ideas included individual rights, the consent of the governed, and the right of rebellion against unjust or oppressive government. Locke's ideas excluded many from freedom's full benefits in the eighteenth century, but they opened the door for many to challenge the limitations on their own freedom later. Republicanism and liberalism eventually reinforced each other.

Religious Revivals

Many ministers were concerned that westward expansion, commercial development, the growth of Enlightenment rationalism, and lack of individual engagement in church services were undermining religious devotion; preached about God's anger.

Slave Cultures Becoming African-American

Mid 18th century, the three slave systems in British North America had produced distinct African-American cultures. In the Chesapeake because of healthier climate, the slave population began to reproduce itself by 1740. Because of small sized plantations and large numbers of Yeoman farmers, they were constantly exposed to white culture. They learned English and joined the religious revivals. In South Carolina and GEorgia, the slaves rarely came in contact with the whites. They made African styled homes and named their kids African names.

The Public Sphere Focus Question: What concepts and institutions dominated colonial politics in the eighteenth century?

Ownership of property was a common standard for voting in the colonies. Suffrage was much more common in the colonies than in Britain. During the first half of the 18th century the colonies were largely left to govern themselves. Elected assemblies became dominant and assertive in colonial politics. Freedom of speech was a relatively new idea and freedom of the press was generally viewed as dangerous.

Republican Liberty

Republicanism celebrated active participation in public life by economically independent citizens. Republicanism held virtue-meaning a willingness to subordinate self-interest to the public good-to be crucial in public life. Republicanism in Britain was associated with the Country Party, which criticized Britain's loss of virtue

Slavery in the North

Since the economics of New England and the Middle Colonies were based on small farms, slavery was far less important. Given that slaves were few and posed no threat to the white majority, laws were less harsh than in the South. Slaves did represent a sizable percentage of urban laborers, particularly in New York and in Philadelphia.

Runaway Slaves

Slaves that ran away and tried to make their way to freedom. In South Carolina they fled to Florida to uninhabited coastal and river swamps, or to Charleston and Savannah, where they could pass for free. In the Chesapeake and middle colonies since they were familiar with white culture, they pretended to be free slaves.

The Rice Kingdom

South Carolinian and Georgian slavery rested on rice. Rice and indigo required large-scale cultivation (which was done by slaves). Under the task system, individual slaves did daily jobs, the completion of which allowed time for leisure or cultivation of their own crops. By 1770, the number of South Carolina slaves had reached 100,000-well over half the colony's population.

The Spanish in California

Spain ordered the colonization of California in response to a perceived Russian threat. JunÃpero Serra founded the first mission in San Diego in 1769. California was a mission frontier.

How did the Spanish and French empires in America develop in the eighteenth century

Spanish North America wasn't as vast as it seemed on paper. Despite establishing religious missions and presidios, the population in Spanish North America remained low. The French empire expanded in the early eighteenth century. The French tended to view North America as a place of cruel exile for criminals and social outcasts.

The right to vote

Suffrage requirements varied from colony to colony, but as in Britain the linchpin of voting laws was the property qualification. Its purpose was to ensure that men who possessed an economic stake in society and the independence of judgment that supposedly wen with it determined the policies of the government.

Politics in Public

The American gentry were very active in the discussion of politics, particularly through clubs.

Atlantic World Slave

The Atlantic Slave Trade expanded rapidly n the 18th century. The mainland colonies received only a tiny proportion of the Africans brought to the NEw World, most of whom were transported to Brazil and the West Indies.

The Preaching of Whitefield

The English minister George Whitefield is often credited with sparking the Great Awakening.

How did the Great Awakening challenge the religious and social structure of British North America?

The Great Awakening enlarged the boundaries of liberty and inspired criticism of many aspects of colonial society. A few preachers explicitly condemned slavery, but most masters managed to reconcile Christianity and slave holding. It expanded the circulation of printed material in the colonies.

The Awakening's Impact

The Great Awakening enlarged the boundaries of liberty as Old Lights (traditionalists) and New Lights (revivalists) defended their right to worship. The Great Awakening inspired criticism of many aspects of colonial society. A few preachers explicitly condemned slavery.

A World Transformed

The Peace of Paris in 1763, France ceded Canada to Britain, receiving back in return the sugar islands of Guadeloupe and MArtinique (far more lucrative colonies from the point of view of French authorities). France's 200 year old North American empire had come to an end. The war's cost put France in financial debt for almost 3 decades, which helped start the French Revolution.

Eastern North America after the Peace of Paris, 1763

The Peace of Paris, which ended the Seven Years' War, left all the North America east of the Mississippi River in British hands, ending the French presence on the continent.

Colonial Identities

The colonists emerged from the Seven Years' War with a strengthened pride in being members of the British empire.

The British Constitution

The principles, procedures, and precedents that governed the operation of the British government

Reaction against religious wars in Europe

The reactions of the religious wars caused people to question many forms of authority and inspired criticism of aspects of colonial society, insisting that believers should make salvation, not profit, "the one business of their lives."

What was the Middle Passage?

The transatlantic journey that brought slaves to the Americas

New Indian Identities

The violence directed against Indians by soldiers and settlers during the war led many indian leaders to envision both stronger allegiance to tribal "nationhood" and pan indian identity more broadly.

Pennsylvania and the Indians

The war deepened the hostility of western Pennsylvanian farmers toward Indians and witnessed numerous indiscriminate assaults on Indian communities. After the Paxton Boys marched on Philadelphia, the governor ordered the expulsion of much of the Indian population from Pennsylvania.

Challenge to British

The western frontier of British North America was the flashpoint of imperial rivalries. The Ohio Valley became caught up in a complex struggle for power involving the French, British, rival Indian communities, and settlers and land companies pursuing their own interests.

How did African slavery differ regionally in eighteenth-century North America?

There were three distinct slave systems in the colonies: tobacco-based plantations in the Chesapeake, rice-based plantations in South Carolina and Georgia, and no plantations in New England and the Middle COlonies. In the Chesapeake, it was a slave society. IN the South, slavery was bid and the discrimination between blacks and whites increased during the 18th century. In New England, slaves had certain rights that were unknown in the South.

European Empires in North America

Three great empires - the British, French and Spanish - competed for influence in North America for much of the eighteenth century.

Small population

When spanish rule came to an end in 1821, twenty missions were operating, with an average population of over 1,000 Indians, but Californios numbered only 3,200. French traders pushed into the Mississippi River valley southward from the Great Lakes and northward from Mobile, founded in 1702, and New Orleans, established in 1718. By 1750, the area had a population of about 55,000 colonists. Another 10,000 (about half Europeans, half African-American slaves) resided in Louisiana.

Africa and the Slave Trade

With the exception of the king of Benin, most African rulers took part in the slave trade. The slave trade was concentrated in western Africa, greatly disrupting its society and economy.

Resistance to slavery

Worked slowly, sabotaged equipment or routines, running away Maroon communities of runaways formed in difficult terrain. Often raided neighboring plantations. Made of Africans with previous military experience. They set fire to several white owners houses which eventually was the start of the Stono Rebellion.

Political cultures

a public's attitudes towards government and the role they play in government. Only people who hold appointive, not elective, office. Males need 50 acres of land or payment of twenty shillings in taxes, but to sit it in the assembly one had you own 500 acres of land and ten slaves or town property worth E1,000.

What was the Atlantic Slave Trade?

the buying, transporting, and selling of Africans for work in the Americas

Chesapeake Slavery

the largest and oldest of the three distinct colonial slave systems; consisted of tobacco-based plantations with over 270,000 slaves in 1770 (half of population); expanded west as Virginia's territory did; had smaller plantations and more master-slave interactions