Give Me Liberty Chapter 14: A New Chapter of Freedom; The Civil War 1861-1865

38. True or False? Over the course of the war, the Union troops had stronger morale, but the Confederate troops were better supplied.

False

40. True or False? Religion was not an integral part of the Civil War outside of local personal beliefs and practices.

False

42. True or False? The Emancipation Proclamation immediately freed all enslaved persons in the United States.

False

11. True or False? By making the Union army an agent of emancipation and joining together the goals of Union and abolition, the Emancipation Proclamation sounded the eventual death knell of slavery.

True

13. True or False? During the Civil War, Congress made grants for up to 100 million acres to the railroads.

True

14. True or False? During the Civil War, the Confederate Congress authorized military officers to seize farm goods to supply the army, paying with increasingly worthless Confederate money.

True

35. True or False? Never before the American Civil War, had mass armies confronted each other on the battlefield with the deadly weapons created by the industrial revolution.

True

47. True or False? The U.S. Army earnestly pursued the enlistment of black soldiers following the Emancipation Proclamation.

True

6. True or False? As the Civil War progressed, millions of northerners who had not been abolitionists became convinced that preserving the Union as an embodiment of liberty required the destruction of slavery.

True

8. True or False? Before going off to war, many Civil War soldiers sat for photographs, which were reproduced on small cards and distributed to friends and loved ones.

True

53. True or False? As Union forces occupied large portions of slave territory in 1861 and 1862, thousands of slaves made their way toward Union lines.

True The fugitive slaves that Union forces encountered were very different from prewar fugitives as entire families abandoned plantations. These slaves provided valuable military intelligence and material assistance to Union forces as they occupied the South.

35. General Ulysses S. Grant was promoted and brought east in 1864 to achieve the final defeat of Robert E. Lee and the Confederacy. What was the concept on which Grant's strategy to finally defeat the Confederacy and Lee was based.

Attrition Grant was well aware of the material resources of the North and the necessity of wearing down Confederate resources and morale. The constant hammering away at Lee's army would give him no time to recoup and reorganize in the face of constant and overwhelming northern power.

1. A Sanitary Fair is ____. A. A function in which proper cleanliness was taught to newly freed slaves. B. A grand bazaar that raised money for the care of Union soldiers. C. A mental health awareness screening for those coming back from the battlefield. D. A set of lectures that trained young women to serve as nurses on the battlefield.

B. A grand bazaar that raised money for the care of Union soldiers.

16. During the Civil War, the term "contraband camps" was used to refer to ____. A. Camps in which materials such as rifles and gunpowder were kept. B. Camps of fugitive slaves. C. Areas where food and animals could be raised in order to feed the military. D. Places where items seized by the port authority for failure to pay tariffs and other indemnities were held.

B. Camps of fugitive slaves.

36. Northern Republicans labeled those opposed to the war as ____. A. Blacklegs. B. Copperheads. C. Diamondbacks. D. Cottonmouths.

B. Copperheads

10. By 1862, how many states composed the Confederate States of America? A. Nine B. Eleven C. Twenty-three D. Six

B. Eleven

45. The Second Confiscation Act ____. A. Removed guns from civilians along the border states in an effort to quell those who might join the Confederacy. B. Liberated slaves of disloyal owners in Union-occupied territory, as well as slaves who escaped to Union lines. C. Freed all slaves. D. Attempted to confiscate the remaining slaves into encampments, eventually training them in arms-making work.

B. Liberated slaves of disloyal owners in Union-occupied territory, as well as slaves who escaped to Union lines.

41. The Civil War is sometimes called "the first modern war" because it used weapons and other technological advances of the industrial revolution. Which of the following was not one of these advances? A. Rifles B. Radios C. Ironclads D. Railroads

B. Radios

4. Abraham Lincoln's January 1, 1863, Emancipation Proclamation freed ____. A. All the slaves in the United States, "henceforth and forever more." B. Some slaves, but exempted those in areas under Union control. C. The slaves only in areas controlled by Union forces. D. The slaves in the border states of Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware.

B. Some slaves, but exempted those in areas under Union control

52. What military action started the American Civil War? A. The Confederate States army invasion of Pennsylvania. B. The Confederate shelling of Fort Sumter. C. The Union army's invasion of Tennessee. D. The Union army's siege of Vicksburg.

B. The Confederate shelling of Fort Sumter.

55. Which of the following was the Gettysburg Address specifically designed to communicate? A. The need for a return to states' rights B. The need for national reunion C. The need for a Confederate victory D. The importance of Union casualties over Confederate casualties

B. The need for national reunion

27. In what 1863 speech did Lincoln assert that the sacrifices of the Union soldiers would ensure that "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth"? A. Second Inaugural B. Freeport Speech C. Gettysburg Address D. Emancipation Proclamation

C. Gettysburg Address

37. Of the more than 180,000 black men who served in the Union army during the Civil War, how many died of disease, of wounds, or in battle? A. One-tenth B. One one-hundredth C. One-third D. One-quarter

C. One-third

30. Lincoln issued his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation immediately following ____. A. The attack on Fort Sumter. B. General Frémont's Missouri emancipation decree. C. The battle of Antietam. D. The New York City draft riots.

C. The battle of Antietam.

2. A major hindrance during the outbreak of war included this railroad situation. A. There were plenty of railroad tracks, but not enough working engines to make an impact. B. As the technology was new, there were few individuals on both sides who knew enough about the railroad for it to be an effective wartime weapon. C. There was no national railroad gauge so trains built for one line could not run on another. D. Railroads were seen as too visible so supplies were smuggled by pack animals only.

C. There was no national railroad gauge so trains built for one line could not run on another.

53. Which of the following describes the Battle of Antietam? A. Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address. B. General McClellan surrendered. C. This was the bloodiest battle of the war. D. General Lee successfully pushed past Union troops and headed north.

C. This was the bloodiest battle of the war.

24. True or False? Grant's strategy of maintaining the initiative against Robert E. Lee, thus suffering high casualties in the Army of the Potomac, earned him a reputation of the "butcher of men."

Correct: The casualty list was appalling in 1864 as Grant constantly pushed Lee back onto the defenses of Richmond and refused to lose the initiative.

51. What did Frederick Douglass encourage African-Americans in the North to do as part of the war effort after 1863? A. Relocate to the African continent B. Move to Mexico C. Give their entire financial wealth to the United States government D. Enlist in the United States Army

D. Enlist in the United States Army

21. George E. Pickett's crack division marched across an open field toward Union forces into withering gunfire in July 1863 at ____. A. Fredericksburg. B. Vicksburg. C. Chancellorsville. D. Gettysburg.

D. Gettysburg.

34. Most of the Union's victories in the first two years of the war occurred in the West, especially at ____. A. Memphis and Fort Henry. B. Mobile and Fort Donelson. C. Vicksburg and Shiloh. D. Shiloh and New Orleans.

D. Shiloh and New Orleans.

54. Which of the following was a Confederate advantage in fighting the Civil War? A. The Confederacy produced more goods and services than the Union toward supporting the war effort. B. The Confederate States' army did not have to fight the majority of the war's battles on home territory. C. The Confederate States had a larger population than the Union from which to draw military personnel. D. The leading southern commander, General Robert E. Lee, was a brilliant battlefield tactician and served as head of the Confederate States army throughout the entire war.

D. The leading southern commander, General Robert E. Lee, was a brilliant battlefield tactician and served as head of the Confederate States army throughout the entire war.

12. True or False? Compared to Lincoln, Jefferson Davis was much more politically flexible and had acquired a common touch among the people.

False

15. True or False? During the Civil War, the North instituted a draft, but the South never did.

False

17. True or False? During the course of the Civil War, more men died in battle than from wounds, infections, or disease.

False

19. True or False? General Grant surrendered the Civil War to General Lee at the Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia.

False

22. True or False? George E. Pickett's division marched across an open field toward Union forces in July 1863 at Chancellorsville.

False

23. True or False? Government involvement in the economy was diminished as a consequence of the Civil War.

False

28. True or False? Invoking the extraordinary dangers of the times, Lincoln called for a suspension of regular elections for the duration of the war.

False

3. True or False? Abraham Lincoln was a firm supporter of votes for black Americans prior to the Civil War.

False

31. True or False? Lincoln waited until after the Union victory at Gettysburg to deliver the Emancipation Proclamation in January 1863.

False

44. True or False? The Sea Islands experiment was an experiment in the Sea Islands of South Carolina in which a large breakwater was constructed to stop massive flooding during hurricanes.

False

19. True or False? The Battle of Appomattox Courthouse, or the last stand of the Army of Northern Virginia, was the bloodiest and most useless battle of the Civil War, as Richmond and most of the South were occupied by Union forces and defeat was obvious.

False Seeing that defeat was inevitable, Lee chose to surrender his army at Appomattox rather than fight a bloody and fruitless battle. While other Confederate armies remained in the field, for all intents and purposes the shooting war was over.

20. True or False? Grant's strategy of attrition worked brilliantly, as by the end of 1864 he captured Petersburg, Virginia, and forced the surrender of Robert E. Lee.

False While Grant's strategy was working in 1864, it would take time. Grant had attempted to take the vital rail hub of Petersburg, Virginia, and cut Richmond off to force its surrender. Instead, Lee arrived just in time and the war would drag on, as Grant had no other option but to settle into a siege.

7. The Civil War had a profound impact on western Indians. The Union army launched a series of campaigns in the West against tribes such as the Kiowas, Comanches, and Navajo. At one point, Union soldiers forced 8,000 Navajo people to travel hundreds of miles over eighteen days. This became known as the Navajo's Long Walk. Where did the Long Walk of the Navajo end?

Fort Sumner The Navajo's Long Walk became as central to their historical experience as the Trail of Tears was to the Cherokee.

10. When Union forces occupied the Sea Islands off the coast of South Carolina causing the local white population to flee, former slaves took advantage of the sale of abandoned property. The map below illustrates Port Royal Island in South Carolina, where in 1864 eighteen blacks selected plots on the Sea Island plantation for purchase. According to the map, which former slave claimed a plot of land that had both a road and a creek running through it?

Frank Middleton By 1865, the "Sea Islands experiment" of allowing former slaves to buy land was widely held to be a success.

8. Select on the map the site of the battle where the Confederacy reached its "high tide"—its farthest military advance into Union territory.

Gettysburg After Lee's retreat from Gettysburg, Confederate troops never again set foot on Union soil.

2. The bombardment of Fort Sumter in April 1861, at the entrance to the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina, marked the start of the war.

South Carolina

13. True or False? Confederate authorities eventually became so desperate to make up for manpower shortages that they made it legal to arm slaves and offer them their freedom in exchange for enlisting and defending the Confederacy. The measure became law in March 1865.

There is no evidence that any more than a few impressed black soldiers ever entered the line to defend the Confederacy.

25. True or False? In March 1865, the month before the Civil War ended, the Confederate Congress authorized the arming of slaves to fight for the South.

True

29. True or False? Later in life, Ulysses Grant traveled on a two-year world tour with his wife, and was generally greeted as a modern-day hero.

True

32. True or False? Many late nineteenth-century "captains of industry" made their initial fortunes during the Civil War.

True

33. True or False? More Americans died in the Civil War than in any other war in U.S. history.

True

39. True or False? Photographs of battlefields, soldiers, war dead, war encampments, and so forth carried the war into millions of Americans' living rooms.

True

48. True or False? The Wade-Davis Bill, introduced in Congress in the summer of 1864, required a majority of white male southerners to pledge support for the Union before Reconstruction could begin, and guaranteed blacks equality before the law, but not the right to vote.

True

50. True or False? The transformation of American government and society brought about by the Civil War was also called the Second American Revolution.

True

9. True or False? Black soldiers played a crucial role in winning the Civil War and in defining the war's consequences.

True

33. True or False? The Battle of Chancellorsville in May 1863 was a brilliant victory for Lee in central Virginia, as he was outnumbered by General Joseph Hooker's Army of the Potomac two to one.

True Lee humiliated Hooker and the Army of the Potomac, but in doing so he lost his most gifted subordinate, "Stonewall" Jackson, which would prove important to his high command. On hearing of Jackson's death, Lee equated it with the loss of his right arm.

9. Select on the map the site of the battle where victory gave the Union control of the entire Mississippi Valley.

Vicksburg In 1863, 30,000 Confederate troops surrendered at Vicksburg. With defeats at Gettysburg and Vicksburg, the Confederacy lost any realistic hope of winning the war.

1. The map below illustrates the loyalties of the Southern states at the start of the Civil War. Which state that came into existence as a result of southern secession and the Civil War.

West Virginia The western half of Virginia remained loyal to the Union, and the state was split into two separate states to keep the loyal counties from seceding.

41.Place the following battles in chronological order to show the progression of the Civil War. A. The Battle of Antietam B. The Seven Days' Campaign C. The Battle of Bull Run D. The Second Battle of Bull Run

1. C. The Battle of Bull Run: The first Battle of Bull Run, which took place in northern Virginia on July 21, 1861, was the first significant engagement of the war. It ended in a defeat for the Union forces and a chaotic retreat back to Washington for soldiers and sightseers alike. The fierce nature of this first battle disabused both sides of the idea that it would be a short conflict. 2. B. The Seven Days' Campaign: These were a series of battles in June 1862. Union general George B. McClellan invaded Virginia via the James Peninsula where he was defeated in a seven-day series of battles by Confederate general Robert E. Lee, defending Richmond. 3. The Second Battle of Bull Run: Union general George B. McClellan retreated to the vicinity of Washington, D.C., after his defeat in the Seven Days' battles of June 1862. McClellan was replaced by General John Pope, who was then in turn defeated by Robert E. Lee on virtually the same ground as that of the first Battle of Bull Run in August 1862. 4. The Battle of Antietam: After his victory at the second Battle of Bull Run, Lee launched an invasion of the North, hoping to gain the Confederacy recognition from Britain and France. Antietam, September 17, 1862, was the bloodiest day of battle in American history as Lee was defeated, 4,000 men were killed, and 18,000 were wounded. The repulse of Lee's invasion and his battlefield defeat allowed Lincoln the political room to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.

56. The Civil War laid the foundation for modern America. In fighting the war, both the North and the South lost something they had gone to war to defend. Identify what each side had to sacrifice. A. Northern capital dominated American politics, but in gaining that lead, it both weakened free labor and transformed the small shop and independent farm into powerful industrial giants. B. The North lost precious industrial resources. C. The South was forced to end the state of war with Spain that had led to its annexation of Cuba in 1863. D. The South lost slavery, economic power, and southern dominance of American politics.

A. Correct: According to Wendell Philips, Americans would "never again ... see the republic in which they were born." B. Incorrect: The North's industrial sector experienced explosive growth. C. Correct: The Confederacy was founded with slavery as its cornerstone and that institution was gone, as was the economic dominance of cotton in the world economy. The South was now only a marginal player on the national stage. D. Correct: Cuba had been on many southerners' list of places to annex to the Confederacy but it never happened. The United States would eventually invade and conquer Cuba, though as a united nation, during the Spanish-American War in 1898.

49. Identify the advantages that the Union held over the Confederacy at the outbreak of the Civil War. A. The Union had more railroad mileage, industrial capacity, and financial resources. B. The Union had a larger population. C. The Union had a massive slave population. D. The Union did not have to invade enemy territory, but rather, could wait for the war to come to them.

A. Correct: All three of these resources are crucial for the ability to wage war, from the ability to manufacture weapons and supplies on a large scale, move troops and equipment, and finance the total war effort. The North was far superior in each of these critical categories. B. Correct: The North mobilized 2.1 million men, or approximately 10 percent of its population. The Union's population is thus a sizable advantage, considering the South mobilized more than 10 percent and still managed only roughly 900,000 men. C. Incorrect: The number of slaves in the North was approximately 500,000. The slaves in the Union were located in the agricultural border states. D. Incorrect: The Union had to invade and conquer Confederate territory, an area larger than western Europe.

38. According to this map, in which areas did Union forces gain success in 1863

A. Gettysburg: General George Gordon Meade's Army of the Potomac defeated Lee's forces in south-central Pennsylvania in what many Union veterans later defined as the turning point of the Civil War. B. Chattanooga: The Union victory pushed the Confederate forces into Georgia and opened up a vital railroad junction at Chattanooga. The battle resulted in approximately 14,000 casualties between both Union and Confederate armies. C. Vicksburg: Grant's success at Vicksburg opened the Mississippi River and divided the Confederacy D. Port Hudson: Union general Nathaniel Banks's federal forces captured the Confederate stronghold of Port Hudson along the Mississippi River in early July 1863. Federal forces now dominated the Mississippi River. The Civil War in 1863 represented significant Union victories in both the Eastern and Western theaters. Still, the Civil War continued to drag on for two more long, bloody years

55. Union forces in the Western Theater met great success in the first two years of the war, arguably fatally crippling the Confederacy in the process. Who are the two major military figures that brought Union victory in the West during the first two years of the war? A. General Ulysses S. Grant B. Lord Horatio Nelson C. Admiral David G. Farragut D. General Robert E. Lee

A. Correct: Grant was a West Point graduate who had some success in the Mexican War but was accused of heavy drinking and subsequently resigned from the army. He proved to be the man of the hour as his daring, tactical, and strategic vision led him to battlefield success. In February 1862, he captured Fort Donelson and Fort Henry in the first major Union victories of the war. B. Incorrect: Nelson was a legendary admiral, but he was British and instrumental in defeating Napoleon's naval forces at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. C. Correct: Farragut was the Union naval commander who led a daring and successful attack on New Orleans in April 1862. In taking New Orleans, Farragut began the slow process of strangling the South as he controlled both the mouth of the Mississippi River and the largest city in the South D. Robert E. Lee was the Confederate general in charge of the Army of Northern Virginia. He was successful in keeping Union forces in the East at bay for almost three years

60. April 1865 witnessed some of the most momentous events in American history. Which of the following events occurred that month? A. Grant finally broke the siege lines at Petersburg, forcing the retreat and abandonment of Richmond by the Army of Northern Virginia. B. Abraham Lincoln became the first president of the United States to be assassinated. C. Britain formally declared war on the United States in a final bid to save the Confederacy from collapse and ensure a steady supply of cotton to British mills. D. Napoleon Bonaparte III offered a French army to help Robert E. Lee defend Richmond from Union forces under Grant.

A. Correct: Grant's military campaign of attrition had finally succeeded in wearing out the Confederate army. On April 9, 1865, Grant accepted Robert E. Lee's surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox Courthouse. B. Correct: Lincoln had spurned bodyguards, even when visiting Richmond only a few days before his assassination C. Incorrect: By late 1862 it was apparent that Britain would not intervene in the war on behalf of the Confederacy. D. Incorrect: The French were too involved in their intervention in Mexico to interfere in American politics.

40. Identify the causes of economic hardship and disaffection among the population of the Confederate States of America that undermined the war effort. A. The government of the Confederacy was unwilling to tax the wealthy planting class that could pay for the war. B. The high price of cotton made it difficult to sell to Britain and France. C. The Confederate reliance on the gold standard for its currency made it difficult for most small landowners to pay their bills. D. The Confederate Congress authorized the army to confiscate what it needed from farmers to supply itself.

A. Correct: Instead, the Confederacy produced paper money, which led to high inflation and the eventual near collapse of the economy as goods and services were paid for in useless currency. B. Incorrect: Bumper crops had led to a glut in the market and then the development of foreign sources knocked "King Cotton" off its throne. C. Incorrect: The lack of a gold standard led to a weak and useless paper currency in the Confederacy. D. Correct: Known as "impressment," this practice led many farmers to feel that their own army treated them worse than the federal army

52. Analyze the following map titled "The Civil War in the West, 1861-1862." Which of the following are valid statements about the war in the Western Theater? A. The Battle of Shiloh was a Union victory. B. The Confederacy retained possession of New Orleans, thereby keeping open a vital port city. C. Union forces gained control of waterways, namely rivers, and port cities. D. Like in the East, the Union armies experienced a regular string of defeats in the Western Theater.

A. Correct: Located in western Tennessee, General Ulysses S. Grant's forces defeated Confederate troops under the command of General Albert Sidney Johnston. The battle resulted in approximately 23,000 casualties, the deadliest battle of the war at that time. B. Incorrect: Union forces under the command of General Benjamin Butler and Admiral David Farragut captured New Orleans on April 26, 1862. New Orleans was the largest Confederacy city, and its loss represented a critical moment in the Civil War. C. Correct: The rivers in the Western Theater ran on a north-south axis that allowed Union troops to penetrate deep into the Confederate territory. Union success at Fort Henry, located on the Tennessee River, and Fort Donelson, situated on the Cumberland River, opened up significant territory for the Union forces. The capture of New Orleans in April 1862 deprived the Confederacy of a vital port. D. Incorrect: In the war's first two years, Union forces gained success at Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, and New Orleans. Most of the Union's victories in the first two years of the war occurred in the Western Theater. Here General Grant directed bold offensives, producing significant Union victories. Grant's success in the West positioned him to be President Lincoln's leading general of the Civil War. After Grant's victory at Vicksburg in July 1863, President Lincoln declared, "Grant is my man, and I am his the rest of the war!"

42. Identify the statements that accurately describe the secession of the southern states and the creation of the Confederate States of America according to this map. A. Louisiana seceded before the fall of Fort Sumter. B. Virginia was one of the first states to secede from the Union after the election of Abraham Lincoln. C. North Carolina was the last state to secede from the Union. D. Florida was the only southern state not to secede from the Union

A. Correct: Louisiana became the sixth state of the Deep South to secede from the Union and join the Confederacy. B. Incorrect: The Secession Convention convened on February 13, and Unionism suffered serious setbacks. The Confederate attack on Fort Sumter on April 12 and Lincoln's public determination to defend federal property pushed the Secession Convention to vote for Virginia secession on April 17 C. Correct: North Carolina did not move to secede until after Virginia officially seceded and Fort Sumter fell to Confederate forces. Technically, Tennessee was the last state to secede as it did not formally pass its resolution until June 8, 1861. D. Incorrect: Florida was the third of the Deep South states to secede from the Union on January 10, 1861, and form the Confederacy.

39. Read and analyze the "Voices of Freedom" primary source document from the chapter, titled "Address at Sanitary Fair, Baltimore" (1864) by Abraham Lincoln. Which of the following are valid statements about Lincoln's vision of freedom as illustrated in this source? A. Lincoln believed Maryland should retain slavery. B. Lincoln acknowledged northerners had different views of liberty. C. The American people as a whole had a firm, consistent definition of liberty. D. Lincoln's use of a parable of the sheep, shepherd, and wolf underscored his thinking about slavery and emancipation.

A. Incorrect: Lincoln applauded Maryland's consideration of amending its state constitution to prohibit slavery. This, in fact, was the reason for his speech. B. Correct: While northerners were "all professing to love liberty," Lincoln understood that northerners lacked uniformity in their definition of liberty. C. Incorrect: Lincoln believed the United States, like the world, lacked a consistent definition of liberty and recognized that people defined liberty differently. D. Correct: Here Lincoln acknowledged that the North was conflicted on emancipation, but noted that the sheep's definition of liberty was the correct one. In this brief speech, Lincoln articulated his views of slavery, emancipation, and liberty. The timing was opportune. Lincoln seldom left Washington, D.C., but traveled to Baltimore to urge Marylanders to support the new constitution that abolished slavery.

44. As in the North, Confederate women found themselves drawn into many spheres of life normally reserved for men. How did Confederate women respond to the hardships of war? A. Confederate women were mostly Unionists and suffered a disproportionate level of state incarceration. B. Initially, as in the North, women worked in factories and businesses, ran plantations, and attempted to farm with some enthusiasm. C. Eventually, women's morale collapsed, which led to a general collapse of morale both at home and in the Confederate armies. D. Confederate morale among the women at home never wavered or faltered and sustained the cause for much longer than necessary.

A. Incorrect: The facts seem to indicate that many women in the South simply became weary and suspicious of a war that was asking them to sacrifice everything for a planter class that cared little for their efforts and sacrifice. B. Correct: Southern women sacrificed much for the Confederacy, but as non-slaveholding white women they attempted to maintain subsistence-level farms in the face of ever greater deprivation and extended absence and death of crucial male loved ones. This made their situation untenable. C. Correct: The poignant call to come home in letters led to the desertion of 100,000 men from the Confederate army. D. Incorrect: The complete destruction of the southern economy and the physical occupation of much of the South left most women with little left to give.

37. In November 1864, Sherman and his army of 60,000 set out from Atlanta on their March to the Sea. Which of the following statements describe the events of the March to the Sea and Sherman's subsequent military actions? A. Sherman retreated back into Tennessee in the face of a superior Confederate army. B. Sherman's army cut a sixty-mile-wide swath of destruction through the heart of Georgia, destroying anything that could be considered war material. C. In January 1865, Sherman marched into South Carolina, causing even more destruction than he had in Georgia. D. Sherman marched into Florida and occupied Orlando and Miami.

A. Incorrect: The fall of Atlanta broke the back of the Confederate forces facing Sherman, so he encountered only an almost non-existent force. B. Correct: Sherman's men destroyed railroads, bridges, farms, buildings, and anything that could be used to support the Confederate war effort, though few civilians were harmed. C. Correct: South Carolina suffered even more than Georgia as it was seen as the very heart of the rebellion because it was the first to secede and fired the first shots of the war at Fort Sumter. D. Incorrect: Little of military value was in Florida at the time.

47. Why did Abraham Lincoln wait until after the Battle of Antietam to announce his Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation? A. Secretary of State William Seward thought that Lincoln should wait for a victory, lest emancipation be seen as a desperate act of a losing nation. B. The Battle of Gettysburg allowed Lincoln to feel even more confident in Union victory before he finally announced the Emancipation Proclamation. C. The North was losing, and so emancipation was a final effort to rally enthusiasm and support for the Union.

A. Secretary of State William Seward thought that Lincoln should wait for a victory, lest emancipation be seen as a desperate act of a losing nation. Antietam provided the victory Lincoln needed, as Lee's invasion of the North had been defeated. A victorious Lincoln could now issue the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation threatening that if the South did not lay down its arms by the end of 1862, he would decree abolition.

36. What does this image reveal about social and economic changes that occurred during the Civil War? A. Women contributed to the war efforts in traditional domestic roles, including cooking and clearing. B. Women assumed managerial roles, overseeing both men and women. C. Both men and women worked in the factories of the North, performing essential war work.

C. Both men and women worked in the factories of the North, performing essential war work. The war opened new doors for women. The shortage of labor meant women could work in jobs normally reserved for men. In some jobs women made permanent gains in normally male-dominated occupations such as working in government offices, nursing, and selling retail goods.

29. True or False? President Lincoln favored a strategy that focused on capturing and holding Confederate territory—namely Richmond, the Confederate capital—not the destruction of the Confederate armies.

False Although some of the North's early military campaigns focused on Richmond, Lincoln realized that the South would be defeated by the annihilation of the Confederate armies.

62. True or False? During the Civil War, the Union and Confederacy rarely utilized propaganda through newspapers and mass marketing to mobilize public opinion.

False In both the Union and Confederacy, lithographs, souvenirs, sheet music, and pamphlets issued by patriotic organizations and the governments reaffirmed their values and the villainy of the opposing side.

43. True or False? During the Civil War, the North went through a period of massive economic growth and expansion in comparison with economic stagnation and devastation in the South.

True With government money flowing into huge contracts to supply the war effort, northern industry boomed as money was used to modernize and expand production to meet government demand. The South in the meantime was economically cut off from world markets by the northern naval blockade and suffered the actual physical devastation of war.

3. Abraham Lincoln's path to emancipation was gradual and incremental. Place the following initiatives in order, culminating in the Emancipation Proclamation. A. Lincoln rescinded General Frémont's proclamation freeing slaves in Missouri. B. Lincoln vetoed the Thirteenth Amendment. C. Congress prohibited the army from returning fugitive slaves. D. Lincoln championed colonization. E. Lincoln issued the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation:Following the Union victory at Antietam in September 1862, Lincoln issued the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, which stated that unless the South surrendered, he would abolish slavery. Thus, on January 1, 1863, Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation.

1. A 2. C 3. D: In August 1862, Lincoln met with black leaders to discuss colonization and later that year signed an agreement to settle former slaves in Haiti. 4. E. Lincoln's most immediate war aim was preservation of the Union; emancipation evolved gradually as the war progressed. Slaves themselves, by escaping to Union lines for example, forced northerners to reconsider their position on emancipation. Lincoln never vetoed the 13th amendment

49. The total population in the North was 22 million in 1860, while the white population of the South in 1860 was ____. A. 5.5 million. B. 8 million. C. 3.5 million. D. 9 million.

A. 5.5 million

46. The Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in December 1865, ____. A. Abolished slavery throughout the Union. B. Asserted that the nation would proceed "with malice toward none." C. Asserted that black men could vote. D. Asserted that African-Americans were American citizens.

A. Abolished slavery throughout the Union.

7. Identify the battles according to its outcome. A. Resulted in control of the Mississippi River for the Union in July 1863 B. The largest battle in the history of North America in July 1863 C. Stunning defeat of General Joseph Hooker's Army of the Potomac in May 1863

A. Battle of Vicksburg: Grant was able to destroy an entire Confederate field army as 30,000 soldiers surrendered to his army, and the Union cut the Confederacy in two by controlling the Mississippi River. B. The Battle of Gettysburg: Lee's 1863 invasion of the North was defeated, and he was forced to retreat to Virginia. For the rest of the war he would be on the strategic defensive and never threaten the North with invasion again. C. Hooker's Army outnumbered Lee by two to one, and yet he still suffered a humiliating defeat. For Lee the victory was bittersweet as General "Stonewall" Jackson, his brightest subordinate, was accidentally shot by his own men and died of pneumonia while recovering from the wound.

30. The Civil War was not the first war in which modern weaponry and technology was used to affect the outcome on the battlefield. That distinction belongs to the Crimean War (1854-1856). What new technologies were revolutionizing warfare in the 1860s? A. The telegraph was used to command and control a vast area of operations. B. The horse-drawn wagon allowed troops to be transported quickly over long distances. C. Ironclad warships participated in direct combat with one another. D. The mass-produced rifled musket allowed for greater accuracy.

A. Correct: Abraham Lincoln created a headquarters in Washington that received and relayed information and orders all over the United States in a matter of minutes. The use of the telegraph by the Union meant that Lincoln was better informed of the current war situation than many of his generals. B. Incorrect: While trains could move men in long-distance strategic moves faster than ever before in history, once an army reached its area of operations it was still limited by the fact that it moved by horse-drawn wagons. C. Correct: European navies had theorized and designed ironclad warships by the time of the Civil War (British Royal Navy HMS Warrior 1859 and the French Navy Gloire 1859). However, the Union Monitor and Confederate Merrimac were the first ironclads to battle each other, and they proved the superiority of ironclads over wooden ships D. Correct: While rifled muskets theoretically improved the accuracy of musketry in the Civil War, this was not the practical effect, as casualty rates in the Civil War are very similar to those in the Napoleonic Wars. Rather, rifled muskets and artillery increased the range of battles and extended the kill zone.

14.Identify the characteristics that defined the first Battle of Bull Run. A. The Confederate forces defeated Union troops. B. Fought in Mississippi, this battle opened the Mississippi River to Union forces. C. It was the first significant battle of the Civil War. D. It was the final battle of the Civil War, fought on the campaign to Appomattox Courthouse.

A. Correct: Confederate generals Joseph Johnston and Pierre G. T. Beauregard's forces united to defeat Union troops under the command of General Irvin McDowell. B. Incorrect: The Battle of Bull Run was fought just on the outskirts of northern Virginia. Because Richmond (the Confederate capital) and Washington, D.C., were only 100 miles apart, this assured that many fights would occur in this corridor. C. Correct: While both sides went to war thinking the conflict would be short, Bull Run quickly disabused both northerners and southerners of this optimism. D. Incorrect: Bull Run was the first battle of the Civil War, fought on July 21, 1861, in northern Virginia, just twenty miles west of Washington, D.C. The first Battle of Bull Run resulted in approximately 4,600 casualties, including 800 dead. While these casualty numbers would be eclipsed in subsequent battles, at the time more Americans died at Bull Run than any other previous battle in American history.

10. The Thirteenth Amendment was approved by Congress on January 31, 1865. What did the amendment accomplish? A. For the first time, the word "slavery" appeared in the Constitution. B. It abolished slavery throughout the entire United States. C. It allowed for slavery only while an area was in territorial status. D. It guaranteed black Americans free speech and equal rights.

A. Correct: Considering the role slavery played in the history and politics of the United States, this was a large admission. B. Correct: There were no exceptions; slavery was finally brought to an end in the United States. C. Incorrect: There were no exceptions; slavery was abolished throughout the United States and its territories. D. Incorrect: The Thirteenth Amendment only abolished slavery.

26.The most radical implication of the Emancipation Proclamation was the enrollment of blacks into military service in the Union army. Identify the statements that describe their military contributions to the Union war effort during the Civil War. A. By the end of the Civil War, more than 180,000 black men had served in the Union army and 24,000 in the Union navy. B. Freed slaves rarely joined the Union army. C. U.S. naval ships were highly segregated during the Civil War. D. Initially, the Union army was hesitant to accept northern black volunteers.

A. Correct: From the very beginning of the war, blacks could serve in the Union navy. During the war, one-third of the blacks who enlisted died in the war while serving. Fifteen black soldiers and eight black sailors received the Medal of Honor—the highest award for military valor that the U.S. military awards. B. Incorrect: More than 76,000 freed black slaves from the Mississippi Valley alone joined. Many units throughout the Union army were formed of freed slaves. C. Incorrect: Naval ships were too cramped, and conditions made segregation impossible. White and black sailors on U.S. naval ships were treated the same. D. Correct: The Lincoln administration feared that racism would cause many northerners not to fight alongside black men, and that enlisting black soldiers would alienate the border slave states.

21. The Wade-Davis Bill was an unsuccessful bill named after two leading Republican members of Congress unhappy with Lincoln's Ten-Percent Plan of Reconstruction. Which of the following were provisions of the Wade-Davis Bill? A. The Wade-Davis Bill called for equality for blacks before the law. B. The Bill passed Congress but was dead when Lincoln refused to sign it. C. The Wade-Davis Bill called for 10 percent of blacks to swear a loyalty oath to the United States before any state government could be reconstructed D. The bill required a majority, not 10 percent, of white male southerners to pledge support for the Union before Reconstruction commenced.

A. Correct: Ironically, the bill did not provide the right of blacks to vote and determine their own destiny. B. Correct: As the war was ending, it was apparent that no comprehensive plan of Reconstruction existed and many differed over its mechanics. C. Incorrect: There was no provision in the Wade-Davis Bill for either a political role, or an ability to vote, for blacks. D. Correct: The 10 percent plan had been based on 1860 voters' rolls, which would have been outdated by 1864.

22. The Confederacy firmly believed that "King Cotton diplomacy" would lead to great power intervention on its behalf in the war. Which of the following are reasons that "King Cotton diplomacy" failed? A. Russia developed viable artificial substitutes for cotton. B. Many nations recognized their overdependence on southern cotton, and they developed their own sources. C. Resumed American cotton production after the war led to worldwide overproduction, which reduced the price of cotton. D. Britain's Royal Navy lost several important naval engagements off the coast of North Carolina.

A. Incorrect: The Russians actually developed cotton agriculture in Central Asia. B. Correct: Russia developed Central Asia, and Britain invested in Egypt and India to produce cotton. These sources all proved so productive that by the time the Civil War ended and southern cotton was back on the market it created an oversupply and the price crashed, never to fully recover. C. Correct: As a result, farmers around the world fell into poverty. D. Incorrect: The Royal Navy never directly intervened to break the federal blockade of southern ports.

5. During the Civil War, Christianity and patriotism were joined in a civic religion unprecedented in American history. How did the war transform American religious and political life? A. Many clergy in the North professed that the war was God's instrument to rid the nation of slavery and turn it into the true land of freedom. B. Lincoln turned away from religion and rarely encouraged the use of Christianity to justify his humanistic aims of liberty and freedom. C. People turned to religion and spiritualism to cope with the unprecedented number of deaths. D. The war deepened the divide between the secular and the religious in the United States.

A. Correct: Lincoln encouraged this use of church sermons to boost support for the nation at war, even as he himself never joined a church. B. Incorrect: Lincoln himself never joined a church, but he did not discourage those who used the church to justify his war aims. He also harnessed religion to support his war aims, including encouraging northern clergymen to support Republican candidates for office. C. Correct: In coping with the death of loved ones, people transformed ideas of heaven to mimic the middle-class living room, sought spiritual contact with the dead through séances, or wished for death in order to be with loved ones again. D. Incorrect: God and Christianity were invoked incessantly in support of Union war aims and to justify the sacrifices being made by the nation. Christianity and American patriotism were wedded like never before in the nation's history.

11. Initially, as Union forces moved into Confederate territory, escaped slaves were returned to their owners in a policy to show southerners that the federal government had no intention of interfering with slavery. Yet this policy changed as the war progressed. Eventually, escaped slaves were welcomed into Union lines. Identify the reasons for the change in escaped slaves' status by Union forces. A. Long before Lincoln called for emancipation, blacks in the North and South referred to the war as the "freedom war." This undermined the institution throughout the South and led to mass exoduses to Union lines. B. The Confederacy sent slaves to work as military laborers, and so increasingly more blacks were escaping to northern lines. C. Abraham Lincoln believed that escaped slaves should be returned to slaveowners on promises of good behavior and loyalty toward the Union. D. The Union army realized that it could resell escaped slaves to British and French slave companies at a profit to support the Union war effort.

A. Correct: Slaves escaped by the thousands and provided vital intelligence and assistance to Union armies. As soldiers in the Union army came into contact with slavery for the first time, many were repulsed by the institution. B. Correct: By the end of 1861, the Union forces started to treat escaped slaves as contraband of war. In a policy started by General Benjamin Butler, they were seen as property of military value and liable to confiscation. Thus, escaped slaves became known as "the contrabands." C. Incorrect: The Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves in all rebel territories. There were no slaves returned to owners after January 1863 as the war was now finally and irrevocably about slavery. D. Incorrect: Slavery had been made illegal in both the British and French empires by the time of the American Civil War.

6. In 1863, Lincoln announced his Ten-Percent Plan of Reconstruction for occupied Louisiana and other areas of the Confederacy occupied by Union forces. The plan proved controversial. Identify the statements that accurately describe Lincoln's Ten-Percent Plan of Reconstruction. A. Lincoln essentially offered amnesty and full restoration rights, including property (except slaves), to nearly all white southerners who took an oath of loyalty to the Union and supported emancipation. B. Lincoln's Ten-Percent Plan offered no role to blacks in shaping the post-slavery order. This led to free blacks pushing for equality before the law and a role in government. C. Lincoln's plan was contingent on 10 percent of the free black population taking a loyalty oath to the United States and a guarantee of whites' rights in the New South.

A. Correct: The "ten percent" refers to the fact that only ten percent of the white population of 1860 had to take the oath before the restoration of a new state government. B. Correct: The push for equality was spearheaded by the free blacks of New Orleans and led to the Wade-Davis Bill sponsored by Radical Republicans in Congress. This bill called for the majority of whites to accept emancipation and loyalty, and it guaranteed blacks equality before the law. C. Incorrect: Lincoln's Ten-Percent plan used voter rolls only from 1860 when determining those eligible to take the oath.

16. While he may have been able to wax elegant in the U.S. Senate, Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederacy, failed to communicate the reasons and meaning of the Confederate war effort. What other failures in the Confederate war effort can be attributed to Jefferson Davis and the political leadership of the Confederacy? A. The Confederate leadership borrowed heavily to finance the war, but refused to levy adequate taxes on the planter class. B. Davis fired General Robert E. Lee after his failure at Gettysburg. C. The Confederate government failed to find an effective means of utilizing its major economic resource—cotton. D. Draft exemptions given to plantation owners convinced non-slaveholders that they were bearing an unfair share of the war's burdens.

A. Correct: The Confederate Congress relied on paper money, of which it issued $1.5 billion B. Incorrect: In reality, Lee became untouchable. Even his failure at Gettysburg was deflected onto his subordinates by Confederate politicians and public. By the end of the war his Army of Northern Virginia was the embodiment of the Confederacy. C. Correct: "King Cotton diplomacy" was the belief that Britain, France, and other nations needed southern cotton to such an extent that they would put pressure on the North to end the war. But huge crops in 1859 and 1860 left warehouses across the globe full and gave time for viable alternatives to southern cotton to be developed. D. Correct: The "twenty-negro" provision convinced many yeomen that the struggle for southern independence had become "a rich man's war and a poor man's fight."

26. In an effort to expand the Confederacy into western regions, Confederate units from Texas launched an 1861 invasion into ____. A. New Mexico. B. California. C. Utah. D. Nevada.

A. New Mexico.

9. In July 1863, an angry mob in ____, many of whom were Irish immigrants, rioted for five days. The riots, originally launched as an attempt to obstruct the ____, eventually escalated into an assault on the city's black population. By the time the uprising was quelled, ____ people had died.

A. New York City B. Draft C. More than 100 This riot demonstrated that the northern home front was not completely free of dissent and turmoil. Following Union victory at Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863), Army of the Potomac commander George Meade detached Union troops and sent them to New York City to help quell the riot.

34. The intense new nationalism in the North made criticism of the war effort and the Lincoln administration tantamount to treason to many northerners. Identify the statements that accurately describe wartime dissent under the Lincoln administration. A. The Constitution was murky on addressing who held the power to suspend the writ of habeas corpus, and so Lincoln claimed that right under the presidential war powers and suspended it twice for those accused of "disloyal activities." B. Lincoln suspended free elections for the duration of hostilities during the Civil War. C. Arbitrary arrests for dissenting views numbered in the thousands during the war, and they included opposition newspaper editors, Democratic politicians, and simple ordinary civilians. D. Lincoln refused to arrest and detain anyone using military courts.

A. Correct: The courts generally gave Lincoln a free hand. They refused to intervene in many civilian and military cases. Even when the court ordered men to be freed occasionally, Lincoln ignored it. While there were many arbitrary arrests and the suspension of habeas corpus (the ability to hold prisoners without charge) on occasion, most of those arrested were held only briefly. B. Incorrect: The Democratic Party was not made illegal, and contested elections were held during the war. C. Correct: As an example of how extreme the arrests became, one man in Chicago was arrested for simply calling Lincoln a "damned fool." D. Incorrect: Military courts did try and convict civilians under Lincoln's administration. The case of John Merryman in 1866 led the Supreme Court to make the Ex parte Milligan decision, which declared it illegal to bring civilians before military courts as long as civilian courts were functioning.

8. During the summer of 1862, Lincoln concluded that emancipation had become a political and military necessity. Many factors contributed to this decision. Which of the following are factors that led Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation? A. An economic strategy, such as eliminating slavery, would undermine the entire southern economy. B. There was fear of a Russian intervention on the side of the Confederacy. C. There was a lack of a quick military success to end the war. D. There was a fear of slaves joining the Confederate army.

A. Correct: The entire southern economy was based on slavery. To undermine the institution of slavery was to undermine the entire southern economy, not to mention the possibility of the thousands of recruits to the Union army. B. Incorrect: This was never a real possibility. C. Correct: The war was turning into a longer conflict than anticipated, and a strong moral reason to continue the war was necessary. This moral reason was also seen as a strong way to keep Britain out of the war. British public opinion would not continue interfering in a war to "save" slavery. D. Incorrect: While black conscription was attempted by the Confederacy by the end of the war, blacks did not participate in any significant numbers, if at all, as combatants in the Confederate army.

4. A seldom-discussed aspect of the Civil War is the Union's continuing wars against the Native Americans in the West. Identify the statements that accurately describe Native Americans and the Union in the West during the Civil War. A. The U.S. army attacked the Kiowas and Comanches in the Southwest in retaliation for raids on settlements and ranches. B. The Cherokee, forced to Oklahoma by the Indian Removal Act, still owned slaves and sided with the Confederacy at the time of the Civil War. C. The Navajo's Long Walk was the Navajo people's forced removal from their ancestral lands by the U.S. army. D. A large contingent of Colorado militia was massacred at the Battle of Sand Creek.

A. Correct: These raids were an important, but disruptive, part of the borderlands economy in the Southwest as all sides traded the goods and animals that exchanged hands. B. Correct: The Cherokee once again lost land to the United States at the end of the war and were forced to free their slaves, make them citizens of the Cherokee Nation, and give them land. The Cherokee were the only slaveowners forced to give their former slaves land. C. Correct: The Navajo were a more settled community and suffered greatly from Comanche and Kiowa raids but then suffered the collective punishment of the U.S. army as their orchards were burned, sheep killed or stolen, and they were forced onto reservations D. Incorrect: The peaceful Indians at Sand Creek were attacked by Colorado militia bent on vengeance for raids committed by other Indians on nearby settlements. One hundred and fifty men, women, and children were killed in the attack.

17. As a quick and conventional military victory eluded Union armies, Radical Republicans moved the nation closer to the idea of total emancipation as an economic means to hurt the Confederacy. Identify the steps taken by the Union against slavery before total emancipation. A. Abolition in the District of Columbia and the territories B. The Second Confiscation Act C. A March 1862 prohibition by Congress on the Union army from returning fugitive slaves D. The Kentucky Freedom Act

A. Correct: This abolition came with monetary compensation to owners. B. Correct: This act liberated the slaves of disloyal owners in Union-occupied territory, as well as slaves who escaped to Union lines. C. Correct: Slaves were being used as military laborers, thus they were providing military assistance against their will to Confederate forces. D. Incorrect: No such act was made. Even the Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves only in territory under Confederate control.

27.What does this map reveal about the impact of the Emancipation Proclamation? A. Louisiana was split between territory exempt from and subject to the Emancipation Proclamation. B. The Emancipation Proclamation did not apply to Missouri. C. North Carolina was exempt from the Emancipation Proclamation. D. New York refused to agree to the Emancipation Proclamation.

A. Correct: This divide was because Union forces occupying certain portions of Louisiana had allowed people to return their loyalty to the Union. B. Correct: The Emancipation Proclamation was intended to cripple only the Confederate states. Hence, the border states were exempt as well as were former areas of the Confederacy brought back into the Union, such as portions of Tennessee and Louisiana. C. Incorrect: North Carolina was not exempt. D. Incorrect: Because the Emancipation Proclamation was a presidential decree, it was not up to New York to approve or disapprove. New York had emancipated its slaves prior to the Civil War.

5. As Lincoln withdrew forces in the West to protect areas in the East, tensions flared between the Indians and settlers, leading to ____. A. Sioux Indians killing hundreds of white farmers. B. Settlers taking the law into their own hands, establishing martial law in all the western territories. C. The deaths of thousands of Apaches as they were defeated by Colonel Chivington at Sand Creek. D. Peaceful assimilation by the Cherokees to avoid violence with their tribes.

A. Sioux Indians killing hundreds of white farmers.

18. In July 1863, Robert E. Lee clashed with federal forces at the Battle of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania. Identify the statements that accurately describe the Battle of Gettysburg. A. Gettysburg was a strategic offensive by the southern army in northern territory. B. With more than 165,000 men engaged in the battle, Gettysburg is the largest battle ever to have taken place in North America. C. Lee's army of 200,000 men outnumbered the Union army at Gettysburg two to one. D. Gettysburg was a crushing defeat for Lee, and his army would never again return to northern soil.

A. Correct: While Lee was a brilliant general when fighting on the strategic defensive in the South, his two major invasions of the North at Antietam and Gettysburg both failed. B. Correct: In three days of intense fighting the casualties for both sides numbered more than 51,000 men. The crucial moment of the battle occurred on July 3, as Lee ordered Pickett's division and other elements of the Confederate army numbering 14,000 men to execute a frontal assault on the Union center. It was a complete fiasco as Pickett gained no ground and lost more than half his men. C. Correct: While smaller Confederate armies would threaten Washington, D.C., in diversionary attacks later in the war, there was never again a serious military threat to northern territory. D. Incorrect: Lee's army numbered 75,000 men. It was the largest number of Confederate soldiers the Army of Northern Virginia would ever rally to fight against almost 100,000 Unionists. He was aware of this disparity and also the fact that to attack he should have outnumbered his enemy. Overconfident, blinded by his own previous success, he attacked anyway and lost.

6. Using the map, label the following states, territories, or regions as a slave state to which the Emancipation Proclamation does not apply, free state, Confederate area occupied by the Union, or Confederate area to which the Emancipation Proclamation applies. Note that some descriptions may apply to more than one area A. Kansas B. Eastern Coastal North Carolina C. Tennessee D. Maryland E. Virginia

A. Free State B. Confederate area occupied by the Union C. Confederate area occupied by the Union D. Slave state to which proclamation did not apply E. Confederate area to which the Emancipation Proclamation applied Tennessee was a special case. It was a rebel state but already firmly under Union control, and so the freeing of slaves there could not be rationalized as necessary for the war effort.

20. General William T. Sherman moved his forces from Tennessee into this state, seizing the main railroad center in 1864. A. Georgia B. Kentucky C. Alabama D. Mississippi

A. Georgia

1. he war was only a few months old when Union naval forces occupied the Sea Islands off the coast of South Carolina. The Sea Islands became famous as a test case for the transition from slavery to freedom as over 10,000 slaves were left on the islands. Numerous northerners arrived, from government officials to private investors. All were there to take stock of the situation. One group, ____, was made up of black and white reformers committed to uplifting the freed slaves. Convinced that ____ was the key to making self-reliant, productive citizens of the former slaves, northern-born teachers ____ and Laura M. Towne, devoted themselves to teaching the freed blacks of the Sea Islands.

A. Gideon's Band B. Education C. Charlotte Forten The successful reforms on the islands became known as the Sea Islands experiment and were followed eagerly by a northern public hungry for good news

12. How does this artist depict the presidential election of 1864? A. The Republican Party remained divided over continuing the war. B. The war faction of the Democratic Party remained the most powerful. C. The Democratic Party was united in its views in negotiating peace with the Confederacy. D. Lincoln, positioned in the background, urged McClellan to unify the Democratic Party.

A. Incorrect: Here this artist focused on the Democratic Party, whose 1864 nominee was former Union general George McClellan. While the Radical Republicans did nominate John C. Frémont to oppose Lincoln's candidacy, Frémont withdrew from the race and Lincoln was reelected. B. Correct: The artist's depiction of the horses illustrated the comparative strength of the war and peace factions of the Democratic Party. The peace platform of the party struck many northerners as equivalent to surrender C. Incorrect: McClellan's struggle to balance the "peace" and "war" horses illustrated the divide within the Democratic Party. Why would the artist depict the "war" horse as strong and powerful and the "peace" horse as frail and timid? D. Incorrect: The artist depicts Lincoln as ridiculing McClellan for his failures on the Peninsula Campaign in 1862. Lincoln won the 1864 election with a considerable mandate, claiming 221 electoral votes to McClellan's 21. This election reinforced the North's commitment to pursue the war to the Confederacy's surrender.

23. Identify the statements that point to the differences between the European and American experience of nation-building in the nineteenth century. A. The United States represented the nationalist principle that immigrants could not become full American citizens. B. European nations were being built on the idea of unifying a people of the same ethnic, cultural, and linguistic group into a unified nation. C. Lincoln believed that the United States as a nation was embodied in a particular set of universal ideals. D. Lincoln was against the idea of political democracy extending beyond the descendants of Anglo-Saxons.

A. Incorrect: Lincoln was convinced that his vision of the United States and its freedoms is what allowed people to come from all over the world and become Americans. B. Correct: European nationalism was not looking to create multiethnic states based on principles or ideals universal to all mankind but was rather arguing for the rights of a particular ethnic group. C. Correct: Lincoln believed that the United States was based on the central theme of political democracy and human liberty. This country was not limited to any particular ethnic group, but open to all. People could come from all over the world and become Americans. D. Incorrect: Lincoln was not rooted to the belief that any one ethnic group was more deserving than any other. He firmly believed that all people deserved a fair deal. "Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal"—Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, November 19, 1863.

32. The transcontinental railroad was first proposed by Asa Whitney in 1846 and was quickly called "too gigantic" and "entirely impracticable" by Congress. Yet the railroad was built by 1869 and transformed the United States. Which of the following statements concerning the transcontinental railroad are true? A. When construction began, the railroad took only two years to complete. B. The construction of the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads eventually employed 20,000 workers. C. The transcontinental railroad shortened travel across the continent from an average five to six months to five or six days. D. Congress gave 100 million acres of land to the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads.

A. Incorrect: The Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads were chartered in 1862, and the transcontinental railroad was completed by 1869. The Central Pacific moved forward only twenty miles a year during the first three years of construction because the Sierra Nevada range in the mountains of California was almost impassable. B. Correct: Many of these workers were Chinese immigrants called "coolies" by Americans. Hundreds died during construction. C. Correct: Running from Omaha, Nebraska, to San Francisco, California, the railroad dramatically changed travel. Additionally, the railroad opened the West to world and national markets and facilitated the spread of settlements into the West. D. Correct: Congress also made land grants to other railroad companies throughout the country and made huge money grants to improve the nation's infrastructure during the Civil War.

28. In the Western Theater of operations, Ulysses S. Grant laid siege to the city of Vicksburg, and it fell on July 4, 1863. What did Grant accomplish with this victory? A. It accomplished very little militarily for the North. B. It gave Union forces complete control of the Mississippi, cutting the Confederacy in two. C. Approximately 30,000 Confederate troops under the command of General John C. Pemberton surrendered to Grant, which was a loss the Confederacy could not afford. D. Grant was not given credit for his brilliant leadership of Union forces during the Vicksburg campaign.

A. Incorrect: The fall of Vicksburg was a crucial blow to Confederate lines of communication and supply B. Correct: The defeats at Vicksburg and Gettysburg were twin blows that the Confederacy would never recover from, either materially or morally. C. Correct: General Pemberton was a Pennsylvanian who had decided to fight for the Confederacy. The loss of 30,000 troops was an even more stunning victory than Gettysburg for the North, as it eliminated an entire Confederate field army. D. Incorrect: Grant would be promoted and, in March 1864, sent eastward to challenge and eventually defeat the seemingly undefeatable Robert E. Lee.

31. The Homestead Act was passed by Congress to increase agricultural output in the United States. Identify the statements that accurately describe the Homestead Act. A. Very few people took up the offer of fifty-five acres of free public land. B. The Homestead Act went into effect the very same day as the Emancipation Proclamation, C. The Homestead Act made it illegal to set up household on government-owned land. D. Some 400,000 families accepted land under the Homestead Act.

A. Incorrect: The offer was actually 160 acres of free public land per family to set up a working farm. B. Correct: The Homestead Act offered a possibility of a different type of freedom: economic freedom C. Incorrect: The Homestead Act was designed to encourage settlement of the West, as government-owned land could be obtained to set up a family farm. D. Correct: According to government statistics, by the 1930s 400,000 families had accepted land under the Homestead Act and set up farms.

3. For the border states that chose not to secede from the Union, what was the impact of their decision? A. They would remain neutral in the war about to begin. B. They would later be exempted from the Emancipation Proclamation. C. They would be required to free all slaves within their borders. D. No fighting would take place on their soil.

A. Incorrect: There were no "neutral" states in the Civil War. B. Correct: The Emancipation Proclamation applied only to slaves in parts of the Confederacy not under Union control on January 1, 1863. C. Incorrect: Lincoln did not "free the slaves" with a stroke of his pen, but the Emancipation Proclamation did change the nature of the Civil War. D. Incorrect: Most of the border states saw little fighting. But Antietam was fought in Maryland, and there were also engagements near Louisville, Kentucky.

5. Some of the Confederate forces that opposed Grant at Shiloh had recently retreated from another location. What city had they left behind? A. Vicksburg Mississippi B. Nashville, Tennessee C. Memphis, Tennessee D. Mobile, Alabama

A. Incorrect: This map shows an advance from Vicksburg to Memphis B. Correct C. Incorrect: This map shows an advance from Memphis, not a retreat D. Incorrect: This map shows an advance from Mobile, not a retreat Nashville was the first Confederate city to surrender to Union troops after the Confederate troops evacuated.

2. Identify the reason why the Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862, was significant. A. Lee's invasion of the North successfully influenced the 1862 mid-term elections. B. Antietam itself had no political ramifications, as the battle proved to be minor in scope and importance. C. Lee's invasion of the North resulted in the single bloodiest day in American military history. D. Lee's success at Antietam pushed Maryland and the other border states to join the Confederacy.

A. Incorrect: While this was one of Lee's objectives, this did not come to fruition. In the House, the Republicans lost several seats, but gained seats in the Senate. The Republican Party continued to control Congress. B. Incorrect: The battle had massive political and diplomatic consequences. Lee's defeat meant that France and Britain held back diplomatic recognition of the Confederate States of America and Lincoln was given the victory he needed to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. C. Correct: The battle saw some 4,000 men killed in action and more than 18,000 wounded. It is estimated that more than 2,000 of the wounded later died. D. Incorrect: One of Lee's objectives during his 1862 invasion of the North had been to convince the border states to join the Confederacy. His failure at Antietam ensured the border states stayed in the Union.

24. In 1860, Union forces destroyed the orchards and sheep of this tribe and forced 8,000 of their people to move to a new reservation, which is called ____. A. Navajo's Long Walk. B. Trail of Tears. C. Arapaho Way. D. Oneida Trail.

A. Navajo's Long Walk

15. Identify the following significant events of the Civil War in Indian territory based on their description. A. More than 300 indigenous people were sentenced to death for killing white farmers. B. November 1864 assault by Union troops of approximately 700 Cheyennes and Arapahos in Colorado C. Confederate defeat in New Mexico in March 1862

A. Sioux Massacre: The military court sentenced 300 Sioux to death, but Lincoln commuted the sentence of all but 38. B. Sand Creek Massacre: Led by Colonel John Chivington, Colorado militiamen assaulted a peaceful indigenous settlement along the Sand Creek in retaliation for indigenous raids on nearby Union settlements. C. Glorieta Pass: Jefferson Davis hoped to expand slavery into the Southwest, including New Mexico and California. Confederates were defeated by a small contingent of Federal soldiers detached from Colorado and California. The Civil War engulfed territories west of the Mississippi River. Both Union and Confederate forces vied for territories and alliances, while the war divided white communities and indigenous tribes.

25. South Carolina plantation owner Thomas Drayton believed that the____ was fighting for home and liberty, for the ____ of states' rights, and for the establishment of ____.

A. South: Drayton informed his brother that the South was fighting for home and liberty. In doing so, he also denied that the South's primary motivation was to protect slavery. B. Protection C. Law and Order: This letter shows how deeply the Civil War divided the nation, as well as families. Thomas's letter underscored how he differed from his brother in their views of the power of the federal government, individual rights, and freedom.

7. At Vicksburg in July 1863, ____. A. The Union, under Ulysses S. Grant's leadership, was victorious. B. The Confederacy, under John C. Pemberton's leadership, was victorious. C. The battle was a draw. D. The battle saw the greatest number of dead on a single day of battle during the war.

A. The Union, under Ulysses S. Grant's leadership, was victorious.

43. The Homestead Act ____. A. Took effect on January 1, 1863, and offered 160 acres of free public land to settlers in the West. B. Assisted states in establishing "agricultural and mechanical colleges." C. Guaranteed all freedmen the right to thirty acres and a mule. D. Offered people a rail ticket to the West, under the proviso, "Go West, Young Man," instead of a home.

A. Took effect on January 1, 1863, and offered 160 acres of free public land to settlers in the West.

18. During the first two years of the Civil War, most of the fighting took place in ____. A. Virginia and Maryland. B. Delaware and New Jersey. C. New York and Virginia. D. Georgia and South Carolina.

A. Virginia and Maryland.

4. Select on the map the site of the battle where more Americans died than on any other single day in history.

Antietam In a single day of fighting in September 1862, nearly 4,000 men were killed and 18,000 wounded. McClellan forced Lee to retreat at Antietam, but Lincoln's patience with McClellan's cautious style of warfare had run out. Lincoln tapped Burnside as McClellan's replacement.