Global Health
The denominator for infant mortality rate is:
1,000 live births in a given year
According to the four basic ethical principles of scarce resource allocation, which patient would you prioritize for treatment?
20-year-old pregnant teacher with HIV living below the poverty line
What is the percentage of people worldwide with access to improved sanitation?
60%
What is the approximate percentage of private out-of-pocket expenditure in India?
80%
Which statement about the present status of global health is true?
About 146,000 deaths occurred from measles globally in 2013
Early adolescence is defined as the period between:
Ages 10 and 14
Which of the following represents a human rights issue for patients with HIV/AIDS?
All of the above
Which statement about ancillary care is true?
All of these are correct
Based on experiences in China and India, in addition to providing improved stoves, what can be done to encourage uptake?
All of these are correct.
Key factors contributing to the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases include:
All of these are correct.
What are common mental health problems among adolescents?
All of these are correct.
Which of the following is most likely to have the lowest life expectancy at birth?
An aboriginal Australian female
Which statement about the treatment and prevention of diabetes is true?
Avoiding being overweight is the single most important way to prevent type II diabetes.
Assessing risks and benefits fulfills which ethical principle, as listed in the Belmont Report?
Beneficence
Which of the following is a Millennium Development Goal?
Between 1990 and 2015, halve the proportion of people who suffer from hunger
Which of the following statements about HIV/AID is false?
Cambodia faces a generalized epidemic of HIV/AIDS.
What is least likely to be included in a primary healthcare package?
Cardiac catheritazation
What would buy you the most health gained for the least cost?
Childhood vaccination
Which disease is least likely to be attributed to poor sanitation, water, and hygiene?
Colon cancer
Which of the following is not a Millennium Development Goal?
Combat heart disease, diabetes, and other diseases
The Tamil Nadu Nutrition Project best represents:
Community mobilization
Paying women for three prenatal checks represents which RBF scheme?
Conditional cash transfer
What was not a feature of the Oportunidades program in Mexico?
Conditional cash transfers to all households in Mexico to improve nutritional status and health.
What is the most cost-effective intervention to improve health in a rural village in a country like Nepal?
Constructing a community-based water system, along with promoting hygiene
Which statement about health expenditure and outcomes is false?
Cuba spends a relatively high share of its GDP on health and has a low life expectancy.
What doesn't represent international research ethics guidelines?
Declaration of Alma Ata
What is the most important milestone achieved in global health over the last 50 years?
Decrease in the under-5 mortality rate to 48 per 1,000 children
Which of the following was not a feature of smallpox?
Diagnosis was made by laboratory testing since the rash was not distinct
Of the leading causes of DALYs for adolescents aged 10-14 years, which is not a leading cause for adolescents aged 15-19 years?
Diarrheal disease and road injury
Mass chemotherapy can be administered for all of the following, except:
Diphtheria
Which service can be provided at a health center level?
Directly observed therapy, short-course for TB
Which option best represents the ideal characteristics of drugs for use in low- and middle-income countries?
Easy to transport and store, oral administration, heat stable, single dose
Which measure would have the least impact on decreasing alcohol consumption in a low-income country?
Education and counseling by healthcare providers
Reducing the incidence of a disease in a specific area to zero is termed:
Elimination
Which of the following is not a model of behavioral change?
Environmental model
Which WHO region has the highest percentage of adolescents who are current drinkers?
Europe
Where would you expect to find the highest prevalence of tobacco smoking among adults?
Europe and Central Asia
Anxiety disorders are a leading cause of DALYs among:
Females, ages 15-19
Which statement about global health is false?
Global health focuses on individual level clinical care
What is least likely to be a direct determinant of health?
Government policies
High adolescent mortality in Africa is driven primarily by:
HIV/AIDS
What is the theoretical foundation of several injury prevention and control efforts?
Haddon's matrix
What is overwhelmingly true about Cuba?
Health care is financed and delivered by the public sector
Which statement about the French healthcare system is false?
Health is regarded as a personal good
All of the following are emerging infectious diseases, except:
Hepatitis B
What is the most important factor in the spread of TB from lower-income countries to higher-income countries?
Immigration
Which measure would you prioritize to control tobacco use in Burkina Faso, assuming that no restrictions currently exist?
Implement relatively high taxation of cigarettes
What would you expect to happen to the incidence and prevalence of a disease if a new drug were discovered that prevented mortality from the disease but did not cure it?
Incidence unchanged, prevalence increases
According to WHO, what is not fundamental to addressing mental health disorders?
Increasing the budget for the national mental hospital
Which statement about indoor air pollution is true?
Indoor air pollution can lead to a variety of respiratory problems.
People who flee or are forced to migrate during a disaster and leave their homes but stay in the country in which they were living are called:
Internally displaced persons
Which statement about the burden of cardiovascular disease is true?
Ischemic heart disease is the largest cause of death in all regions
Which statement about social assessment is false?
It focuses on the impact of the intervention and is not important in the implementation of monitoring and management programs.
Which statement about WHO is false?
It is a major financing agency for global health projects.
Which statement about the Welcome Trust is true?
It is a major funder of health research, and funds research only for the problems of high-income countries.
Which statement about health equity is true?
It is a multidimensional concept, that includes issues of fairness within and across countries
Which statement about the Global Fund is false?
It is primarily a technical agency.
What is least likely a potential barrier to using improved sanitation systems in low- and middle-income countries?
Lack of NGO involvement
In which World Bank region would you expect the maternal mortality ratio to be the highest?
Latin America and the Caribbean
Which country is considered low-income, according to the World Bank definition?
Liberia
A country with gross national income per capita of $1,000 is classified by the World Bank as a:
Low-income country *The book says low-middle-income country
What is not a leading cause of death among adolescents in high-income countries?
Lower respiratory infections
Where would you expect to have diabetes contributing to the most DALYs in 2030, according to WHO projections?
Lower-middle-income countries
Which region has the lowest rates of high-risk drinking?
Middle East and North Africa
Which statement about informed consent is false?
Minors can provide consent as long as they completely understand the risks and benefits of the study
What best represents a culturally-appropriate targeted intervention to promote exclusive breastfeeding in the Burundi case study context?
Mobilization of community-based spiritual leaders to show support for exclusive breastfeeding among the people in their community
Which statement about the burden of disease from environmental factors is false?
Most deaths attributable to outdoor air pollution occurs in adults less than 45 years of age.
Which country is most likely to have a "population pyramid," with a wide base and progressively tapering tip (triangle shaped)?
Niger
What is not a key intervention in controlling malaria in highly endemic regions of Africa?
Outdoor residual spraying of insecticides
According to the diffusion of innovations model, what is least likely to influence adopting behavioral change?
Perceived ecological impact of the innovation
What best defines water-washed transmission of infection?
Person-to-person transmission because of a lack of water for hygiene
What is least likely to represent social and cultural barriers to polio vaccination in India?
Poor sanitation
Which group is most likely to have the lowest measles immunization rate?
Poorest 20% population of West and Central Africa
What is the correct progression of behavioral change, according to the stages of change model?
Precontemplation, contemplation, decision, action, maintenance
What does not represent one of the four Ps of social marketing?
Presence of patent
What does not represent ethical principles for allocation of scarce resources?
Priority to the better off
Which approach is the most culturally appropriate and acceptable by the population in an indigenous village in the Andes?
Provide services in local languages by providers from these villages
Which statement best applies to push mechanisms?
Reduce risk and encourage product development through lowering the costs of product development, with a focus on research and development
The three leading causes of deaths among adolescents globally are:
Road injury, HIV/AIDS, and self-harm
Improved access to water for hygiene purposes would have the greatest impact on:
Scabies
Of the leading causes of death for adolescents aged 15-19 years, which is not a leading cause for children aged 5-9 years?
Self-harm and diarrheal disease
Which is not a health system building block according to WHO framework?
Social and financial risk protection
Which one of the following is not considered private health spending?
Social security system
Which statement about health and maternal education is false?
Studies in Philippines have shown that even better educated mothers were unable to keep their children healthy in locations without safe water supply.
Which country is most likely to have the highest private health expenditure as a percentage of the total health expenditure?
Sudan
The proponent of the short-course AZT trials defended the study design by stating all of the following except:
That using the 076 regimen as active control would most likely show that the short-course regimen was superior
Which statement about the prevention and treatment of TB is false?
The BCG vaccine is important in reducing the transmission of TB.
Which statement about the Tuskegee study is false?
The Public Health Service allowed the participants to receive effective treatment when penicillin became widely available after WWII
Which statement about measles vaccination by income quintile is true?
The gaps in vaccine coverage between income groups is greater in West and Central Africa than among the same groups in South Asia
The numerator for neonatal mortality rate is:
The number of deaths of infants under 28 days of age in a given year
The maternal mortality ratio is:
The number of women who die as a result of pregnancy and childbirth complications per 100,000 live births in a given year
Case fatality rate is:
The proportion of people with a disease that die from the disease
What is the most cost-effective intervention to address neglected tropical diseases in sub-Saharan Africa?
The rapid-impact package
What is the best strategy in the short to medium term to combat the acute shortage of doctors who can perform cesarean sections in a low-income country?
Train nursing staff to perform cesarean sections
Which of the following represents an upper-middle-income country according to the World Bank classification?
Turkey
Which of the following has a pluralistic health system?
USA
What is not one of the top three environmental factors leading to disease in low- and middle-income countries?
Unhealthy urban lifestyle
In which area would you expect to have the highest rates of contraception use?
Urban East Asia and the Pacific
All of the following all under the six conditions that a clinical research protocol must satisfy to be ethical, except:
Written consent
Life expectancy at birth is:
the average number of years a newborn could be expected.....