Globalization Midterm

Klemens von Metternich

- Led charge to end Napoleon's reign - The Foreign Minister of Austria; he had the most influence at the Congress of Vienna. - Conservative revolutionary; efforts to reinforce conservatism + monarchy - used secret police + spies

Class Conflict

- Marx called this scientific socialism becoz he thought these events were inevitable: - Bourgeoisie + proletariat (oppressed working class, their only value is their labor, they're a commodity) o Capital becomes concentrated in the hands of the few o Working class becomes dissatisfied w/ their political/economic disenfranchisement (class consciousness/conflict grows) o They have been alienated from their labor, they have just become an appendage of their machine o System will collapse, workers will cease the state + means of production, abolish private property, + create a communist society.

Consequences of Industrial Rev

- New social groups (less defined by status at birth + more defined by place in this new economy) - women + children in workforce - Formation of a new elite (bankers, merchants, entrepreneurs) - Expansion of cities - Population explosion - Living conditions for rural ppl worsen as growing population puts pressure on land- (Irish Potato Famine) - Improved communication networks give rural populations a better sense of events + opportunities outside their villages, but also govs can intrude in ppl's lives better... (like collecting more taxes) - Middle class was a wide-ranging social group - Wealth + poverty - Class consciousness

Napoleon Bonaparte

- Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. - Napoleon's dream was to liberate nations from their regimes, but he is defeated as an imperial conqueror. - abolishes privilege (career is open to anyone w/ talent rather than high birth status), centralizes France's administrative departments which creates fairer taxation system, replaces all local officials w/ centrally appointed prefects who answer to him directly + report on economy statistics, oversee education, + public works/roads (this is like if US governors answered to prez instead of their own state). This is a significant contribution to our understanding of what a state is responsible for.

Realpolitik

- Political realism or practical politics, especially policy based on power rather than on ideals. - Rejected the aspirations of earlier generations of liberal reformers in Germany (becoz the past revs failed + felt burned after Frankfurt Assembly - goal: achieve nationalism + liberalism.

Taubira Law

- Recently ppl question Napoleon's state-building, heroic legacy becoz of his reinstitution of slavery. In 2001, Christiane Taubira (black), member of French National Assembly, made a law that acknowledged slave trade as a crime against humanity, + required it to be in French curriculum.

Nationalism in 1848

- Reformers in 1848 sought liberal political change, but they also championed the cause of national unity. - Uprisings showed the power of nationalism to mobilize diverse segments of society - nationalism could also divide

Negative Results of French Rev

- Reign of Terror + guillotine

Toussaint Louverture

- Set up a constitution in 1801 that abolished slavery, swore allegiance to France, + made himself ruler for life, made Christianity a state religion. (SOUNDS LIKE NAPOLEON!!!) - alludes to the symbol of universal potential of revolutionary ideas - Captured in 1802 (BY NAPOLEON + HIS ARMY, looking to expand into the new world + bring the island under his control). Napoleon reestablishes slavery in St. Domingue.

Meiji Restoration

- The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism. - A group of young Japanese reformers topple Tokugawa shogunate in the 60s by adopting rejection of Western ideas. - Women emerged (women's schools were created); - Western dress - brought major changes to Japan's political, social, + economic structures; economic transformation w/ abolition of the feudal system - rapid industrialization - farmers see their standard of living rise - new schools + professionalized army; - constitution introduced based on German model (parliament). - China sees Japan growing + doesn't like their sphere of influence growing, as Japan looks to take over Korea. - China suffers a loss after going to war w/ Japan. Japanese regarded their imperialist conquerers as racially inferior (creates in + out groups)

#RhodesMustFall

- diamond mogul + colonial politician who attempted to create a southern African empire - o black students protested this statue of Rhodes being at their South African university, who paved the way for apartheid, institutionalized racism, + white supremacy. After student activism (throwing feces at statue even) the statue was taken down. These statues show ongoing legacy of colonialism. Questions about undoing all legacies at these universities (there's also 1 at Oxford)

Emmeline Pankhurst (early 1900s)

- even tho socialist reforms were happening in England, Pankhurst militantly demanded women's suffrage

Arthur de Gobineau

- importance: contributed to imperialism + racial "science" - wrote "Inequality of the Races", arguing that blood was defining factor in human history; believed in 3 races (white, yellow, black), where white is purest - his followers justified their racism + "civilizing" missions through his "science"

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

- issued by National Assembly in September 1789; outlines the basic rights of French; includes 17 articles about property, liberty, security, resistance to oppression, freedom of speech + religion + press, due process, sovereignty resides in ppl, fair taxes, bans slavery (IN CONTINENTAL FRANCE). (there is a distinction between man + citizen becoz not even all white men are citizens yet); ppl not given rights: women, slaves, children, foreigners.

Napoleonic Code (1804)

- no more women participation in politics + subordination of women + children to husbands (paternal authority) (went against radical phase of rev in 1793 where men + women were declared equal), abolishes privilege (career is open to anyone w/ talent rather than high birth status), centralizes France's administrative departments which creates an orderly + fair system of taxation, protection against arbitrary arrest, he replaces all local officials w/ centrally appointed prefects who answer to him directly + report on economy statistics, oversee education, + public works/roads (this is like if US governors answered to prez instead of their own state). - by 1804, Napoleon has clearly cast off traces of republicanism from the rev, even tho the rev had created conditions that made it possible for him to rise to power in the 1st place (irony). W/out the rev, Napoleon wouldn't have come to power. - a significant contribution to our understanding of what a state is responsible for. Napoleon kinda invents idea that state is responsible for public health, education, infrastructure.

Socialism

- radical republicanism - response to industrialization/intensification of labor/poverty of working-class neighborhoods, equality over individualism, new ways to organize society. They don't oppose industry + economic prosperity, they just want an industrial society that's also humane.

Positive Results of French Rev

- revolutionary change is possible + can help amend political + social probs - liberties: freedom of religion, speech, press - end to monarchy + new sources of political legitimacy (sovereignty to the ppl) + wider political participation + consciousness - abolition of remnants of feudalism - women's political rights

Cavour

- unification of Italian state from above - instead of a democratic movement, he promotes economic expansion by the state, encouraged by things like the construction of railroads. Cavour pushed for a more conservative, state-driven vision of Italian nationhood. He unites upper parts of Italy, but Sicily is up for grabs. - Cavour wants unification w/out any revolts or conflicts, so he goes south + tells Cavour to stand down. Garibaldi actually agrees.

Garibaldi

- unification of Italian state from below - Italian republican nationalist whose conquest of Sicily formed the republican Italian state - comes to Sicily w/ an army + they take the island. Garibaldi's military success puts him on collision course w/ Cavour. Cavour wants unification w/out any revolts or conflicts, so he goes south + tells Cavour to stand down. Garibaldi actually agrees.

Casement Report (1905)

Irish Roger Casement returns to Britain w/ a case report of all the abuse going on in Congo; he created Congo Reform Association to end Leopold's reign

Why does Industrial Rev take off in Britain

1) Access to capital through banking 2) Primogeniture creates a culture of wealth seeking if u aren't eldest son 3) Rise in consumerism

Storming of the Bastille (July 1789)

1st big, violent revolt of rev; Sans-Culottes go to Bastille (symbol of royal authority) + demand the commander hand over arms, commanders shoot into crowd, + they storm Bastille + put commander's head on pike; PERSUADED KING LOUIS XVI + NOBILITY TO ALLOW NATIONAL ASSEMBLY

The Great Fear (August 1789)

2nd big revolt of rev that happens in countryside; peasants hear rumors about what's going on in the cities (storming of Bastille) + are worried that vengeful aristocrats will starve the countryside, so Villagers stop paying taxes, organize into militias, + attack + burn manor houses.

October Days

3rd major revolt of French Rev; Women are pissed at rising price of bread becoz they cant afford to feed their families-> Women of Paris March on Versailles: demand king come back to Paris. King actually agrees.

Concordat (1801)

Act of political reconciliation; Agreement w/ pope that puts an end to more than a decade of hostility between church + state; Reopened churches + removed worship restrictions; Did NOT revoke the principle of religious freedom from the Rev Napoleon thought that reconciling would create domestic + international harmony; Napoleon won conservative support, becoz they had opposed the godlessness of the OG rev; Overall, this move is a good political balancing act on Napoleon's part.

Estates-General Meeting of 1788

King Louis XVI calls all 3 estates together to come up with a new tax in order to work on France's mounting debt. Usually each estate meets separately + each estate votes as a single body (so usually clergy + nobility beat out commoners 2-1 on stuff). Commoners are tired of this + demand that: 1) all 3 estates sit together + each head votes 2) 3rd estate should have twice as many members (more representation, even tho they deserved more!)

Frankfurt Assembly (mid 1850's)

All-German assembly meets to create a unified German state, where delegates debated national unification; the major point of disagreement: "Great" (include as many German states as possible) or "Small" (leaves out all of the small lands of Austria) Germany?. - created Constitution providing universal suffrage, parliamentary gov, + wanted to crown an Emperor BUT... Frederick Wilhelm refused to be crowned in a "dog collar that stinks of revolution", (he thought the reform w/ a constitution was way too liberal)

National Convention

Measures that move France toward democracy: participation of all those who have rights (some white men), confiscating property of enemies of rev, abolish slavery in colonies, set maximum prices for grain, adopts new calendar that begins on birth of Republic + not Christ's birthday (effort to root out Christianity from everyday life)

Abolition of Privilege

August; National Assembly creates Abolition of Privilege (very radical stage of rev)- (abolished labor tax, church tithe, tax on harvest, nobility's special hunting privileges, nobility tax exemptions). This eliminates all the remnants of feudalism that still lingered in France, + a lot of men of privilege renounced a lot of their privilege.

Class Consciousness

Biggest defining feature of working class during industrialization was vulnerability: to unemployment, sickness, accidents in the workplace, food price spikes. Families survived by working several jobs. These conditions cause working class ppl to be conscious of themselves as different from + conscious of the middle class.

Berlin Conference (1884)

Bismarck presides to divide Africa unequally among European nations + unleashed the "Scramble for Africa"; rights of Africans were disregarded; recognized Congo the Free State as King Leopold || of Belgium's, who plundered area for ivory + rubber at the cost of human lives

Why do you think there was no Rev in Britain in 1830s?

British Parliament was older + more stable than France, political leaders show more willingness to work w/ ppl than France did.

Banquets

Campaign for electoral reform in France in 1830, in order to actually make France more liberal. Political meetings are not allowed, so we call them "banquets"

Three Estates of France

Clergy (no taxes), Nobility (no taxes), Everyone else (pay the most taxes). - u could buy noble title + tax collector title, so richer end of "everyone else" began resenting nobility (increasing economic + social tensions)

What's happening post-Napoleon (1820s)?

Conservatism is slowly trying to be re-implemented.

Committee of Public Safety

Convention was supposed to have universal male suffrage, but wartime emergency causes them to delegate powers to a small group of 12 leaders; Committee sets out to defeat all internal + external enemies during this time called the "Reign of Terror", where most victims are actually peasants, not aristocrats, accused of threat + counter-rev activity

Coup of 18 Brumaire

Coup establishes a 3-man executive (the consulate). Napolen is 1st consul, Sieyès is 2nd + 3rd.

Revolutionary Calendar

Created by the National Convention, it established after the French Revolution -day one was the first day of the French Republic

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (|||)

Elected president of France following general election. Won 70% of the votes because of his name. Once in office, he begins siding w/ conservative elites + not those who put him in power. He restores church, cracks down on radical activities (freedom of press, worker associations, etc.) - Plebescites: · 1) new constitution · 2) makes 2nd Empire of France, abolishing liberal constitution from 1848. He is named Napoleon lll Emperor of the French (he's using this idea of France not as a state but as a people, which was revolutionary's ideas, but uses it in an imperial sense.

National Assembly

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). After Louis XVI denies the 3rd Estate's request to be dissolved at first as the Estates General meeting in May 1789, 500 ppl (most commoners but some radical clergymen + nobility) assembled to demand radical change; passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.

National Workshops (1848)

French program of public works to guarantee employment. - Moderate republicans do NOT like this becoz they don't want everyone to have jobs.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790)

National Assembly realigns Church w/ French State (brings Church under full state control in order to make the church free from interference from Rome, where state will pay their salaries). 2/3 of priests say no to this oath, + they are prohibited from giving sacraments. It caused schism w/ French Church + many Catholics who turned against the rev

"Separate Spheres"

Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics

London Pan-African Conference (1900)

Demanded autonomy + political representation; W.E.B. Du Bois was chair; attempt to create unity + common interest among all Africans.

"Civilizing Mission"/ "The White Man's Burden"

Desire to bring European progress (technology/ science) to rest of world

Sans-Culottes (late 1700s)

"w/out breaches" (stockings that aristocrats wear); As price of bread keeps rising + radical peasants suffer, they wanted a greater voice in gov, lower bread prices, and an end of food shortages. So they parade around in their anti-aristocrat LONG pants + threaten violence

Friedrich Engels

- "Condition of the Working Class in England" in (mid 1850s): chronicled the miserable working conditions of the poor in Manchester, where he managed his father's textile mill. He perceived the growing presence of women in factories in England. He says ppl r becoming unsexed: women r working + behaving like men + men are acting like women. He says children r running crazy in the streets + need to be drugged so mothers can work. Mothers go all day without seeing their kids. Structure of fam has turned upside down w/ the reign of wife over husband. His audience is prob working men, wealthier class, factory owners, parliament who has power to remove women from factories.

France's New Radical Right

- 3rd Republic revolters - New forms of radical right-wing politics replacing previous pillars of conservatism - nationalist, anti-parliamentary, + anti-liberal · Secularization: French make new laws separating Church + state, making French schools secular + republican - Linked w/ xenophobia + antisemitism

Liberalism

- Actually believe voting should actually only be reserved for a few - Core commitment to individual liberties, rights § 1) Equality before the law (meaning the abolition of privilege) § 2) Gov based on the consent of the governed § 3) Freedom from interference in economic activity (LAISSEZ FAIRE) - Liberalism DOESN'T require democracy. - Owning property + rights to education are most important, but all rights are actually NOT for everyone. - Tension between rights of liberty of ppl vs economic gains of keeping slavery

Paris Commune (1871)

- After the Franco-Prussian war, Parisians elected this new municipal government that would administer Paris separate from the rest of France. Was dominated by "petty bourgeois members" (radicals+socialists) that did not want a worker's state, but a nation of relatively independent, radically democratic enclaves. - anarchism - more barricades - Its later suppression by the National Assembly represented the triumph of a centralized nation-state.

Paris Cholera Epidemic (1832)

- Air pollution is bad for health, contamination of drinking water causes cholera -> - Led to changes in urban landscape, creation of underground sewers, wider streets, paved sidewalks.

Kulturkampf

- Bismarck's anti-Catholic culture movement - tries to reign in the control church has over education; persecutes clergy.

Peterloo Massacre (1819)

- Britain - 60,000 gathered demanding political reform of parliamentary representation, soldiers charged the crowd + killed ppl. - Congress passes 6 ACTS to crack down: make it harder for ppl to buy newspapers, allows for house searches, bans assembly, etc.

Bismarck

- Chancellor of Prussia - Conservative nationalist - responsible for the creation of the German Empire - master of realpolitik - he opposed all the liberal reformers, he wants unification + he wants Prussia to have the influence over Germany becoz he thinks Germany will eventually unify, so he wanted to be the one to unify. He does NOT like constitutions, and his "Iron and Blood speech" communicate that unification will happen w/ industrialization + war, u can't make a nation w/ some abstract idea of "the ppl" + constitutions.

Causes of French Rev

- Class conflict

Railroads

- Coal: used to burn wood + heat iron to make metal products. Steam engine was made to make mining coal more efficient. - This contributed to trains + railways which could transport large quantities in fast time. One thing trains do is contribute to the idea that u aren't just from your small town, u r a part of a larger state.

Reform Bill of 1867

- Conservative British move by Benjamin Disraeli to grant suffrage to certain working class men (w/ pressure from below). (peaceful restructuring of British politics, becoz a lot of socialist agenda has already gone through) o Doubles franchise (1/3 of adult men can now vote ("the responsible middle class")

Louis Blanc

- Early French socialist reformer w/ a more practical plan of reform than Owens + Fourier (Utopian industrial communities) - State as "banker of the poor" - Advocated for workshops to guarantee jobs + security

Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)

- European monarchs meet to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon; divvied up Napoleon's territories - Ideas: Balance of power (no country should be able to expand like Napoleon); consolidate German states from 300 to 40, so that Germany is strong enough to stifle Russian/French expansion.

Baron Haussmann (1850s-60s)

- French prefect from France's 2nd empire who presides over rebuilding project "champion of cleanliness + order" (Hausmanization) - to rebuild the medieval infrastructure that was buckling under population growth, also w/ sewers, roads, cafes, public health iniativies, wider streets (so u cant barricade anymore LOL!), etc.

Saint Domingue

- Haiti - played big role in world economy becoz of sugar trade. - 500,000 enslaved ppl! With these high #'s, slaveowners were in constant fear of rebellion + so they treated slaves VERY harshly (avg life of a slave was 15, so they had to replenish from Africa a lot). - A group of free men of color ask National Assembly to be seated in Paris to discuss more freedom. National Assembly declines, which causes Rebellion in St. Domingue (1790), where French colonial authorities repress the rebellion violently. - On verge of collapse, French gov agrees to make all free men of color in St. Domingue citizens. In 1793, French give citizenship to all male slaves who agree to join French in fighting British + Spanish (who invaded St. Domingue after 2nd rebellion in hopes of conquering + getting in on the sugar profits).

The Social Question

- How do you solve the probs caused by Industrial Rev? - Issues relating to lower classes in western Europe during the Industrial Revolution, particularly workers and women (low wages, long hrs, UE, disease) - Solutions: police, sewers, water supplies, factory laws, elementary schools.

The Directory (1795-1799)

- In a move to reverse more radical moves from Reign of Terror, National Convention empowers this 5-man executive committee that ruled France in its own interests as a republic after Robespierre's execution and prior to Napoleon's coming to power. More conservative policies are also put into place (suffrage to literate men, freedom of speech+assembly+press, indirect elections). Period of instability causes Directory to look to Napoleon to take power.

1830 Revolution

- In the move back to conservatism, Charles X (RADICAL CONSERVATIVE) comes into power. He compensates nobles for lost property, restores Catholic Church to its traditional place, etc. - Ppl oppose Charles X, so he calls for new elections + when he loses, he overthrows + restricts voting rights -> 1830 REVOLUTION (3 GLORIOUS DAYS) (liberals are scared of rev, so the ppl revolting are middle class)

Haitian Rev

- Jean-Jacques Dessaline, general in army of former slaves, declared Haiti independent in 1804. Only successful major slave rebellion in history, + it suggests that emancipatory ideas of rev might apply to non-Europeans + enslaved ppl. Affects the idea of slavery in the rest of the world (ex: more slave uprisings happen in US + Thomas Jefferson refuses to recognize Haiti) - only successful slave rebellion in history; led to formation of world's 1st black-led republic.

Louis Philippe

- July Monarchy: named as monarch after 1830 Rev in the name of stability. - Revolutionary ruler, but not strong enough for revolutionaries to fully support him. "Liberal citizen king" - Surrounded himself w/ banking + elite, disappointing this who revolted for him.

French Revolution of 1848

Overthrew the French monarchy (Louis Philippe) established in 1830; briefly established the Second French Republic. - radical gov of republicans, liberals + socialists that make a new constitution outlining universal male suffrage, free speech, assembly, + abolishes slavery. (liberal ideas of individual rights w/ Republic ideas of universal male suffrage) - flourishing popular politics - In the end, elections bring moderate republicans/conservatives into power. They CLOSE national workshops + send all members to French Army, so ppl end up revolting again + putting up barricades in streets.

Congo Free State (1885-1908)

Personal possession of King Leopold II of Belgium Plundered area for ivory + rubber at the cost of human lives Congo River is exploited/opened up to free trade

Great Famine (1845-1849)

Potatoes had come to Europe from New World + transformed ppl's diets w/ their nutrition. Ireland loved potatoes since overpopulation put a lot of pressure on land. When fungus hit potato crops + there were no alternate foods, ppl died of starvation, + many Irish leave Ireland for North America to escape death + malnutrition.

Abbé Sièyes

Radical clergy member; "what is the 3rd estate?"

Jacobins

Radical republicans (lawyers + professionals) during the French Revolution; National Assembly gives them more power in 1792 as Rev becomes more radicalized.

Why does French Rev take a radical turn in Summer of 1792?

Rev's more moderate leaders are replaced by radical Republicans who repudiate the monarchy entirely becoz: 1) Changes in popular politics: Rev politicized common ppl 2) lack of effective national leadership (weak monarch (ex: Flight to Varennes)) 3) International polarization/war: Other European countries (Austria + Prussia) declare that rights of monarchs are issues of all sovereigns in Europe (they don't want a rev to happen at home!). Anti-rev nobles flea France, + National Assembly fears that they will plot w/ other foreign powers who are against French Rev to come back + reverse rev. Oddly, rev supporters thought war might be beneficial by uniting French ppl together in the face of the enemy of Foreign countries, + also by demonstrating that other countries can also revolt in their countries + start their own revolutions to be like France.

Nation Building from above

Ruling elite create nations (former critics of nationalism)

Decembrists (1825)

Russian army vets from Napoleonic wars/conservative aristocrats revolted against Tsar Nicholas I on the 1st day of his reign. They wanted a new constitution + for Russia to embody a real "liberator"

Liberty-Equality Nation

The legacy of the French Revolution and Napoleonic era (believe in liberty + equality or death! (reign of terror))

Franco-Prussian War

There are tensions between French + Germany + Bismarck fans the flames, thinking that a conflict w/ France would ignite a nationalism. France is conquered + declares democratic/parliamentary 3rd Republic.

Tennis Court Oath (June 1789)

Under leadership of aristocrat Abbé Sieyés, National Assembly members swear an oath to not leave Versailles until they draft a new constitution for France + limit King's authority.

Chartism

Whig political reforms by British workers in the late 1830s. Chartist demands included universal male suffrage, annual parliamentary electors, no more property qualifications for office, equal electoral districts (no more rotten boroughs), secret ballots, + salaries for members of the House of Commons.

Nation

a community/grouping of ppl on the basis of shared features + qualities (history, culture, language) "imagined communities" (SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED)

Gustave Le Bone

conservative + critic of democracy; published The Crowd on mass psychology; ppl in crowds begin to think in images; using language of science to talk about physiology of the body, but it's pseudoscience! - o an important phenomenon in the age of industrialization + democratization. "The substitution of the unconscious action of crowds for the conscious activity of individuals"; united by a common belief

Reform Bill of 1832

o Championed by liberal Whig party o Eliminated "rotten" boroughs (^the gerrymandered ones w/ literally 1 or 2 ppl in them LOL!) o Reallocated seats in Parliament o Expanded the franchise. o This modest reform made liberals + middle class friends o Liberal becoz they later end up abolishing slavery, making factory/working conditions laws, etc.

Karl Marx

o Communist manifesto (1848) § 3 stages: · Master and slave · Lord and serf in feudalism · Bourgeoisie + proletariat (oppressed working class, their only value is their labor, they're a commodity)

Nationalism

o French Rev redefined nation to mean the ppl o Symbolized legal equality, constitutional gov unity o Govs sought to harness national feeling (even by educating kids in national language) o Rising literacy helped ppl be more nationalism (as more ppl can read newspaper, it allowed ppl to view newspapers as getting in a common project/knowledge)

Dreyfus Affair (1894-1906)

o In 1894, Captain Alfred Dreyfus, the 1st Jewish officer to be appointed to the French general staff, was convicted of selling secrets to Germany + sentenced to prison for life on the basis of forged evidence. o Dreyfus Affair tore France apart. The Right- nationalists, clergy, army, royalists, conservatives- believing that the honor of the army was at stake, insisted on Dreyfus' guilt despite the mounting evidence that he was framed. o Liberals + socialists side w/ Dreyfus saying they are imposing on his rights. o He is later found not guilty + given his badges + place in army back.

Conservatism

o Supports monarchy + social hierarchy (nobles should have the most power) o Change should be slow, incremental, + we should maintain tradition

New Imperialism

o distinguished by scope + long-term exploitative consequences § Economic: Industrialization demands raw materials from other continents (ex: cotton) § Political: competition between states + prestige of power desired § Cultural: "Civilizing Mission": Desire to bring European progress (technology, science, etc.) to res of the world o Belief of Western superiority + nationalism o There's a sense of anxiety from West that comes in this new age of Imperialism becoz of competition to conquer, hard to keep track of all the territories u conquer, fear of uprisings of all the ppl u conquered, + once u have an empire u have something to lose...

Social Darwinism (late 1800s)

o natural selection; Darwin's world appeared governed by random chance + constant struggle, not by order, harmony, + good will; theory of racial hierarchy emerged, which challenged the basis of religious belief, becoz religious ppl struggled to accept his theory that the world was run by random chance + constant struggle, + that u were meant to try to survive, lowkey w/out a moral compass. He said humans are superior to all other animal species

Sigmund Freud

o new discipline of psychoanalysis held that a range of unconscious drives + desires conflicted w/ moral conscience; id/ego/superego; by stressing the power of the irrational Freud's theories fed anxieties about the limits of human reason. Inability to regulate conflict between id + superego was explanation for mental illness.

State

sovereign entities/organized political entities that exercise control over an area (welfare public/poor relief programs, industrialization/infrastructure, public health, schools)

Herero and Nama Genocide (1904-1907)

· "1st genocide of 20th century" - ethnic extermination and collective punishment waged by the German Empire against the Herero, the Nama, and the San in German South West Africa, in order to rid the colony of expendable (less than human) ppl + gain access to the land.

India Mutiny of 1857

· India is center of British empire + was already secured before "new imperialism" and are controlled by British East India Company o triggered by refusal of Indian troops to grease rifle cartridges w/ pork fat (Indians think this is unacceptable) o Revolt spread rapidly; British repression followed o abolition of East India Company, direct rule over India is established o Missionary activity largely given up in favor of secular reform- (roads, irrigation), they elect "Indian elite" that will serve British interests but make Indians feel they have some power

Boxer Uprising (1899-1901)

· Name that foreigners gave to a group that used martial arts to make them stronger in military; peasant uprising that sought to rid China of foreign + Christian influences becoz the boxers were targets of missionaries; crushed by a foreign army + resulted in the Boxer Protocol + political + economic concessions to the west, a crippling blow to Qing (supported by Boxers). Boxers wanted to "support the Qing, destroy the foreign (influencers). Chinese see Boxers as potentially over the top becoz they might be hard to control, but also USEFUL in that they can keep foreigners in check.

Theodor Herzl

· Political Zionism: believes Jews might never assimilate; advocated for a Jewish national homeland outside Europe; for "Jewish Question" (what do we do for Jews w/ rising nationalism + anti-semitism).

German Social Democratic Party (SPD)

· SPD was a secret underground organization, but now became a large political Marxist party in Europe. - as Bismarck used anti-catholic sentiment, he makes a new enemy of the empire (social democrats). He prohibits social democrats from convening, + even expels them out of cities. This polarizes ppl + ppl see social democratism as the only solution to their economic needs. SO Bismarck offers them a carrot (passes legislation mandating: o sickness + accident insurance, factory inspections, limited working hrs for women + children, maximum hrs for men, pensions), which is not a very conservative move, but he wanted to maintain control + buy their support (realpolitik in action!). If he makes these moves, what reason do his opponents, SDP, have for existing if he is doing what the other side wants.

Emancipation Decree of 1861

· Tsar Alexander ll emancipates serfdom - also reduction of militarism, + creating a school system that teaches Russian language + culture. All these reforms strengthen the state, but don't do much for common ppl. Richer ppl take the nice land + leave the shitty land for commoners. They were willing to make reforms, but not fix the gov structure.

Boer War (1899-1902)

· between Dutch settlers (Afrikaners who arrived in early 19th century) + British leads to a shooting war. In 1830's, they trekked inland + set up some territories away from British influence. GOLD is found in these areas, so Cecil Rhodes provokes a war between Britain + Boers to gain control of the mines, 1st creation of concentration camps...