GML Chapter 24

As late as the 1990s, nearly 90 percent of suburban whites lived in communities with non-white populations of less than

1 percent.

After World War II, most working women:

After World War II, most working women:

A leading voice of the Beats was

Allen Ginsberg.

The name for the small group of poets and writers who railed against mainstream culture, and that included Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg, was

Beats.

What was the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case decided on May 17, 1954, in which the "Warren Court" unanimously asserted that segregation in public education violated the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment?

Brown v. Board of Education

Which state became the most prominent symbol of the postwar suburban boom?

California

During the 1950s, Americans:

During the 1950s, Americans: on average married younger and had more children than previous generations

The Cold War began in

Europe.

Which of the following series of events is listed in proper sequence?

Geneva summit between Eisenhower and Khrushchev; Soviet invasion of Hungary; U-2 incident

President Eisenhower used the CIA to overthrow which Middle Eastern government in the early 1950s, in large part because this government attempted to nationalize British-owned oil fields?

Iran.

The kitchen debates were between:

Khrushchev and Nixon.

Many conservative businessmen found intellectual reinforcement in the writings of the economist:

Milton Friedman.

What did President Eisenhower call his domestic agenda, which embraced a "mixed economy," in which the government played a major role in planning economic activity, and by which Eisenhower consolidated and legitimized the New Deal?

Modern Republicanism

In the aftermath of Rosa Parks's arrest for refusing to give her bus seat to a white rider, a yearlong bus boycott took place in what city?

Montgomery, Alabama

The so-called kitchen debate between Nixon and Khrushchev occurred in

Moscow, Russia.

Which Supreme Court decision did Brown overturn?

Plessy v. Ferguson.

All of the following are examples of 1950s cultural dissent EXCEPT:

Port Huron statement

All of the following contributed to the emergence of the civil rights movement of the 1950s EXCEPT:

President Truman's refusal to desegregate the military.

As families escaped their everyday lives for the "open road," this businessman franchised his business into approximately 700 McDonald's fast-food stands built by 1964.

Ray Kroc

Which does not describe Rosa Parks in the years prior to her December 1, 1955, arrest?

She was a housewife, with no previous experience as a political activist

Which statement best describes how the white South reacted to the Brown v. Board of Education decision?

Some states closed the public schools rather than integrate, and offered white children the choice to opt out of integrated schools.

What was the organization called that Martin Luther King Jr. established after the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).

The center of gravity of American farming after World War II shifted to:

Texas, Arizona, and California.

In Brown v. Board of Education, what was Thurgood Marshall's main argument before the Supreme Court?

That segregation did lifelong damage to black children, undermining their self-esteem.

Which statement about industry is FALSE?

The West did not benefit from the industries that sprang up from the Cold War.

Who argued the case Brown v. Board of Education before the Supreme Court?

Thurgood Marshall.

Why did Eisenhower intervene in Vietnam?

To prevent Vietnam from becoming a communist nation.

Which was not part of the new "social contract" between organized labor and management in leading industries during the 1950s?

Unions sponsored "wildcat" strikes in an effort to discipline management.

Along with a home and a TV, what became part of the "standard consumer package" of the 1950s?

a car

Which of the following was not a prominent feature of suburban married life during the Fifties?

a growing tendency of husbands and wives to share the roles of breadwinner and homemaker

Regarding the first intercontinental ballistic missile, John F. Kennedy warned that Republicans had allowed this to develop in which the Soviets had achieved technological and military superiority over the United States.

a missile gap

Which of the following was not a significant trend in 1950s America?

a surge of student radicalism on college campuses

After World War II, the automobile:

altered the American landscape.

Milton Friedman's book Capitalism and Freedom outlined all of the following ideas regarding individual liberty except

an increase in the minimum wage laws.

During the 1950s, television:

became an effective advertising medium.

William Levitt, with the help of the GI Bill, gave many Americans the opportunity to

buy a home

The term used to describe developing countries that refused to align with either of the two Cold War powers was:

c) "Third World countries."

Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed which kind of individuals to his cabinet?

c) Wealthy businessmen to run the government like an efficient business.

Secretary of State John Foster Dulles's policy of massive retaliation:

declared that any Soviet attack would be countered by a nuclear attack.

The new conservatives:

emphasized tradition, community, and moral commitment.

In response to the Brown decision and to the general growth of the civil rights movement during the 1950s, southern states:

flew the Confederate flag over state capitol buildings.

In 1954, the Supreme Court case known as Brown v. Board of Education:

found that separate-but-equal was unconstitutional.

In the 1950s, Richard Nixon pioneered efforts to transform the Republican Party's image

from defender of business to champion of the "forgotten man," for whom heavy taxation had become a burden.

Between 1950 and 1970, suburbanization:

hardened racial divisions in American life.

The 1960 presidential debate between John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon:

highlighted the impact of television on political campaigns.

Challenges to the mass conformity of the 1950s came from:

hippies.

In the 1960 presidential race, John F. Kennedy became the Democratic candidate, despite:

his Catholicism.

After World War II, suburban growth:

increased dramatically, especially in California.

To libertarian conservatives, freedom meant:

individual autonomy, limited government, and unregulated capitalism.

Martin Luther King Jr. was:

inspired by the teachings of Gandhi.

Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected president in 1952 in part because he:

manifested a public image of fatherly warmth.

The 1954 update to the doctrine of containment, announced by Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, that declared a Soviet attack on any American ally would be countered by a nuclear attack on the Soviet Union, was called "brinksmanship" by its critics and this by supporters.

massive retaliation

While most Americans saw the alliance of the Defense Department and private industry as a source of jobs and national security, Eisenhower felt it was a threat to democracy, calling this power the

military-industrial complex.

Between 1946 and 1960, the American gross national product:

more than doubled, and wages increased.

In 1957, the Eisenhower Doctrine

pledged the United States to defend Middle Eastern governments threatened by communism or Arab nationalism.

All of the following were new innovations of the 1950s that helped to transform Americans daily lives EXCEPT:

radio

In the 1952 presidential campaign, Richard Nixon's Checkers speech:

reflected the growing importance of television in American life.

New conservatives trusted government to:

regulate personal behavior.

The Housing Act of 1949:

reinforced the concentration of poverty in nonwhite urban neighborhoods.

The Southern Manifesto:

repudiated the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education.

During the 1950s, agricultural production:

rose by 50 percent

One of the key advantages the Soviet Union held over the United States on a global scale was America's continuing issue of

segregation.

The ability to influence the world with American goods and popular culture is called:

soft power.

The principal organization in the Southwest—the equivalent of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)—that challenged restrictions on housing and employment, as well as the segregation of Latino students was named

the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC).

What was the coalition of black ministers and civil rights activists that pressed for desegregation and was formed in 1955, and in whose organizing Martin Luther King Jr., took the lead?

the Southern Christian Leadership Conference

The National Defense Education Act, which for the first time offered direct federal funding for higher education, was passed into law by Congress in 1957 in response to

the Soviet launch of the first artificial Earth satellite, Sputnik.

As a result of the Montgomery boycott in 1955-1956:

the Supreme Court ruled that segregation in public transportation was illegal.

After Vietnam was divided at a peace conference in Geneva:

the United States supported the anticommunist leader Ngo Dinh Diem.

Modern Republicanism included:

the expansion of core New Deal programs.

All of the following were instrumental in suburban life and the rise of the subdivisions except

the loss of a communal city center.

The baby boom lasted until

the mid-1960s.

In his 1961 farewell address, President Eisenhower warned Americans about:

the military-industrial complex.

Causes of the civil rights revolution included all of the following except

the passage of the Taft-Hartley Act in 1947.

During the 1950s, the mass movement for civil rights found principal support among

the southern black church.

Which of the following did not inform or influence Martin Luther King Jr.'s, 1950s leadership of the civil rights movement?

the writings of Malcolm X, particularly his autobiography

All of the following spurred the growth of the suburban middle class EXCEPT:

trains and streetcars.

Under this kind of program, cities demolished poor neighborhoods in city centers that occupied potentially valuable real estate; in its place were constructed retail centers and all-white middle-income housing complexes.

urban renewal

In response to the court-ordered desegregation of Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas:

violence broke out, and President Eisenhower sent in federal troops.

During the 1950s, American teenagers:

voted in significant numbers.

The Southern Christian Leadership Conference:

was a coalition of black ministers and civil rights activists who fought for desegregation.

The Montgomery Bus Boycott:

was sparked when Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give her seat up to a white man.

During the Cold War, religious differences:

were absorbed within the notion of a common Judeo-Christian heritage.

During the postwar suburban boom, African-Americans:

were often unable to receive financing for housing.